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PubMed1985

[Arterial supply to the anterior segment of the eye. Radioanatomical study of a series of 25 human eyes].

We studied the arterial vascularization of the anterior segment of 25 cadaver eyes. Arteries had been opacified by an injection of an aqueous suspension of barium. Our study has focused on the anterior ciliary arteries (ACA), emerging from the four rectus muscles. Among the numerous individual variations, we have noticed the following predominant aspects: for the external rectus muscle, the ACA is usually unique and thin, located in the superior or inferior third of the muscle. For the others rectus muscles, the ACA are rather big and frequently observed in pairs. They tend to be found on each lateral side of the muscle. By and large, the vertical ACA look bigger and more numerous than the horizontal ACA. The number, the size and the position of the long posterior ciliary arteries are quite uniform. The major arterial circle of the iris seems to be discontinuous, and is more and less made of arterial anastomoses. This study enabled us to reconsider the usual anatomical description of arterial supply of the anterior segment. The vascularization by the ACA, especially at the level of the inferior and superior rectus muscle, has to be known in order to avoid an anterior segment ischemia following strabismus surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The concentration of microfilariae in the skin near the eye as a simple measure of the severity of onchocerciasis in a community and as an indicator of danger to the eye.

The parsitological and ophthalmological findings in an onchocerciasis survey in 8 villages (832 persons) and 5 primary schools (285 children) in Cameroon are reportedl The use of the coneoscleral punch/microtiter plate quantitative skin snip technique greatly facilitated this study, and its advantages over the weighed skin snip method are discussed. This simple technique could be used by paramedical personnel to detect the number of people in a community who have more than 15 microfilariae in a snip near the eye. This is shown to be a measure of the intensity of infection, and a good indicator of the number of people at risk of developing ocular pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Rapid eye movement sleep, non-rapid eye movement sleep, dreams, and hallucinations.

After the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 1953, oneiric activity was long thought to be associated uniquely with REM sleep. Subsequent evaluation of sleep in humans combining neurophysiologic, psychophysiologic, and, more recently, functional neuroimaging investigations, has instead shown that dreaming also occurs during non-REM (NREM) sleep. It has been documented that hallucinatory activity during sleep is a normal phenomenon that is not constant throughout the night but increases toward morning when it tends to become present to the same extent in REM and NREM sleep. The role of sleep mechanisms in the generation of visual hallucinations is well-recognized in narcolepsy in the case of hypnagogic hallucinations, which are thought to derive from a REM-dissociation state in which dream imagery intrudes into wakefulness. Similar mechanisms have been hypothesized to play a role in the physiopathogenesis of visual hallucinations in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence indicates that not only REM but also NREM processes, such as arousal-related processes, may play a role in the physiopathogenesis of hallucinations in the aforementioned disorders. The role of these processes has been most extensively documented in visual hallucinations occurring in the context of delirium tremens and Parkinson's disease.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

The relation of retinal microvascular characteristics to age-related eye disease: the Beaver Dam eye study.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between microvascular characteristics (central retinal artery equivalent [CRAE], central retinal vein equivalent [CRVE], arteriole-to-venule ratio [AVR], focal retinal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous [A/V] nicking, and retinopathy) associated with systemic hypertension and ocular disease (age-related maculopathy [ARM], three types of cataract, and open-angle glaucoma). DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. METHODS: Standardized grading of microvascular characteristics was performed at baseline on fundus photographs taken on 4,926 persons aged 43 to 86 years who participated in the Beaver Dam Eye study at the baseline examination. Age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma status were determined at baseline; ARM and cataract were again determined at 5-year and 10-year follow-up examinations using standard protocols. RESULTS: While controlling for age and sex, generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing (lowest quintile of CRAE) was associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) depigmentation (risk ratio [RR] 1st vs 5th quintile, 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11, 3.34) and, inversely, with incident nuclear cataract (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.50, 0.99). Arteriovenous nicking was associated with the incidence of early ARM (RR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.02, 5.57). Otherwise, there were no statistically significant associations of focal arteriolar narrowing or retinopathy with incident ARM or any type of age-related cataract and no relation of CRAE, focal arteriolar narrowing, A/V nicking, or retinopathy with the prevalence of glaucoma. CONCLUSION: These data show that retinal vascular characteristics associated with hypertension are related to the incidence of ARM and nuclear cataract but not to prevalent glaucoma. Relationships, however, were weak and inconsistent.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Visual outcome of blind eyes in pituitary apoplexy after transsphenoidal surgery: a series of 14 eyes.

BACKGROUND: To study the visual outcome of patients who became blind after an episode of pituitary apoplexy and who subsequently underwent emergency transsphenoidal decompression of the optic apparatus, and to identify factors that may have a bearing on the visual outcome in such patients. METHODS: Twenty-three patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary apoplexy over a 5-year period at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences. Among them, 8 (35%) presented with visual deterioration to monocular (n = 2) or binocular (n = 6) blindness after the apoplectic episode. There were 7 males and 1 female with the average age of patients being 43 years. The mean delay between the apoplexy and neurosurgical consultation was 10 days, with a range of 4 to 30 days. The adenoma was classified as "giant" in 4 and multicompartmental in 2 patients. After surgery, all patients had a minimum follow-up of 3 months. RESULTS: Four patients (50%) had improvement in vision to greater than 2/60 (Snellen's), including 2 patients whose vision improved to 6/6. All patients in whom there was improvement in vision had been operated on within a week of the apoplectic episode. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that even completely blind eyes may have remarkable improvement in vision if surgical decompression of the optic apparatus is undertaken early. Awareness regarding pituitary apoplexy and reversibility of vision loss needs to be increased among the medical community, especially ophthalmologists and physicians, so that timely neurosurgical intervention can occur.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth.

A 24-year-old man experienced the sudden onset of a painless superior-temporal visual field defect of the left eye. Fundoscopy showed peripapillary pigmentary changes and a few nasal retinal white spots. Automated perimetry demonstrated an enlarged blind spot. The differential diagnosis of the various presumed inflammatory retinopathies and choroidopathies associated with an enlarged blind spot are reviewed and the classification of the white spot syndromes of the retina discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pursuit and saccadic eye movement subregions in human frontal eye field: a high-resolution fMRI investigation.

Recent positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have localized the frontal eye field (FEF) to the precentral sulcus (PCS). In macaque monkeys, low-threshold microstimulation and single unit recording studies have located a saccadic subregion of FEF in a restricted area along the anterior wall of the arcuate sulcus and a pursuit subregion located deeper in the sulcus close to the fundus. The functional organization and anatomical location of these two FEF subregions are still to be defined in humans. In the present study, we used fMRI with high spatial resolution image acquisition at 3.0 Tesla to map the saccade- and pursuit-related areas of FEF within the two walls of the PCS in 11 subjects. We localized the saccade-related area to the upper portion of the anterior wall of the precentral sulcus and the pursuit-related area to a deeper region along the anterior wall, extending in some subjects to the fundus or deep posterior wall. These findings localize distinct pursuit and saccadic subregions of FEF in humans and demonstrate a high degree of homology in the organization of these FEF subregions in the human and the macaque monkey.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Computer-assisted eye examinations IV. "Additive" lens systems in eye refractors.

After a brief introduction to the optical principles and terms, formulas are derived which demonstrate that with conventional methods and designs it is not possible to summate with accuracy the labeled power of three or more ophthalmic lenses in tandem. The effective power of sphero-cylindrical combinations in all currently available eye refractors, when powers of eight to ten diopters are exceeded, may differ from the summated labeled power by a quarter diopter or more, which can be clinically significant. This error can be directly and readily eliminated only in computer-actuated refractors by including a computer program which calculates the effective power and makes the necessary correction.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1997

Variation of electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep with phase of circadian melatonin rhythm in humans.

1. The circadian pacemaker regulates the timing, structure and consolidation of human sleep. The extent to which this pacemaker affects electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during sleep remains unclear. 2. To investigate this, a total of 1.22 million power spectra were computed from EEGs recorded in seven men (total, 146 sleep episodes; 9 h 20 min each) who participated in a one-month-long protocol in which the sleep-wake cycle was desynchronized from the rhythm of plasma melatonin, which is driven by the circadian pacemaker. 3. In rapid eye movement (REM) sleep a small circadian variation in EEG activity was observed. The nadir of the circadian rhythm of alpha activity (8.25-10.5 Hz) coincided with the end of the interval during which plasma melatonin values were high, i.e. close to the crest of the REM sleep rhythm. 4. In non-REM sleep, variation in EEG activity between 0.25 and 11.5 Hz was primarily dependent on prior sleep time and only slightly affected by circadian phase, such that the lowest values coincided with the phase of melatonin secretion. 5. In the frequency range of sleep spindles, high-amplitude circadian rhythms with opposite phase positions relative to the melatonin rhythm were observed. Low-frequency sleep spindle activity (12.25-13.0 Hz) reached its crest and high-frequency sleep spindle activity (14.25-15.5 Hz) reached its nadir when sleep coincided with the phase of melatonin secretion. 6. These data indicate that the circadian pacemaker induces changes in EEG activity during REM and non-REM sleep. The changes in non-REM sleep EEG spectra are dissimilar from the spectral changes induced by sleep deprivation and exhibit a close temporal association with the melatonin rhythm and the endogenous circadian phase of sleep consolidation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Changes in eye tension after panretinal xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation in normotensive diabetic eyes.

In 30 diabetic patients with normal intraocular pressures a comparison of a long term (6 months) effect on eye tension of panretinal monocular xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation was made. The applanating suction cup method was used for the simultaneous, bilateral IOP recordings. Photocoagulation with the xenon are produced significant declines in IOP of 3.1 mmHg after one month and of 2.2 mmHg after 6 months. A significantly smaller decline in IOP (0.9 mmHg) was found after one month if the argon laser with retrobulbar anesthesia was used for the treatments. Photocoagulation performed with the argon laser without retrobulbar anesthesia produced no significant changes in IOP. There was no changes in outflow facility of aqueous humor.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of a non-preserved 0.1% T-Gel eye gel (single dose unit) with a preserved 0.1% T-Gel eye gel (multidose) in ocular hypertension and glaucomatous patients.

AIM: This comparative, open design, phase III study was to assess the non-inferiority of the non-preserved T-Gel 0.1% single dose unit (SDU) versus its preserved multidose (MD) reference. METHODS: 175 patients with bilateral POAG or OHT were randomised: 87 patients were to receive one drop daily of T-Gel 0.1% MD and 88 patients were to receive one drop daily of T-Gel 0.1% SDU, for a treatment period of 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) in the worse eye between the baseline and the last assessment. Subjective and objective ocular signs as well as adverse events were recorded for safety. Global tolerance was assessed by the investigator and by the patient. RESULTS: The mean percentage reduction from baseline IOP was 24% for both treatments groups, which was consistent with previous studies. The safety results were comparable in both treatment groups. Because of gel formulation, mild short lasting episodes of blurred vision occurred for about 20% of patients. The global tolerance assessment reported that both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The overall study results demonstrated that T-Gel 0.1% SDU is not inferior to T-Gel 0.1% MD.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of caspase-1 in rat brain reduces spontaneous nonrapid eye movement sleep and nonrapid eye movement sleep enhancement induced by lipopolysaccharide.

Evidence suggests that IL-1beta is involved in promoting physiological nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. IL-1beta has also been proposed to mediate NREM sleep enhancement induced by bacteria or their components. Mature and biologically active IL-1beta is cleaved from an inactive precursor by a cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease (caspase)-1. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that inhibition in brain of the cleavage of biologically active IL-1beta will reduce in rats both spontaneous NREM sleep and NREM sleep enhancement induced by the peripheral administration of components of the bacterial cell wall. To test this hypothesis, rats were intracerebroventricularly administered the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp chloromethyl ketone (YVAD; 3, 30, 300, and 1,500 ng) or were pretreated intracerebroventricularly with YVAD (300 ng) and then intraperitoneally injected with the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component LPS (250 microg/kg). Subsequent sleep-wake behavior was determined by standard polygraphic recordings. YVAD administration at the beginning of the light phase of the light-dark cycle significantly reduced time spontaneously spent in NREM sleep during the first 12 postinjection hours. YVAD pretreatment also completely prevented NREM sleep enhancement induced by peripheral LPS administration at the beginning of the dark phase. These results, in agreement with previous evidence, support the involvement of brain IL-1beta in physiological promotion of NREM sleep and in mediating NREM sleep enhancement induced by peripheral immune challenge.

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones↗
PubMed1980

Effect of aceclidine(+) isomer and pilocarpine on the intraocular pressure decrease and the miosis in glaucomatous eyes. Effect on accommodation in normal eyes of young subjects.

Previous studies demonstrated that the (+) isomer of aceclidine has a stronger cholinergic effect than pilocarpine or the racemic mixture of aceclidine. The effect of aceclidine(+) and pilocarpine on the intraocular pressure and the sphincter pupillae in patients suffering from open angle glaucoma, and on the accommodation in normal young subjects, was studied. The results demonstrated a similar effect of both drugs. The discrepancy between the cholinergic potential of the drugs and their effect in the eye is discussed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1982

Trimethoprim-polymyxin eye drops versus neomycin-polymyxin-gramicidin eye drops in the treatment of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis - a double-blind study.

48 patients witha diagnosis of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis were assessed. They had been treated with either trimethoprim-polymyxin or neomycin-polymyxin-gramicidin eye drops in a randomised double-blind trial. There were 24 patients in each treatment group. There were no significant differences between the two preparations proved with regard to the eradication of organisms or clinical improvement, and both preparations proved to be very effective. Patient compliance was good and no adverse reactions were encountered with either preparation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Entrainment of ultradian oscillations in the secretion of insulin and glucagon to the nonrapid eye movement/rapid eye movement sleep rhythm in humans.

The cause of ultradian oscillations in the secretion of glucagon and insulin with a period length between 70-140 min has been atttributed to feedback mechanisms of glucose and insulin. Influences of the central nervous system on these ultradian glucagon and insulin oscillations remained to be elucidated. In the present study on one occasion, concentrations of glucose, glucagon, insulin, and GH were determined at 15-min intervals from 2100-0700 h in 16 healthy subjects while they were infused with saline solution. On another occasion, concentrations of these hormones during nocturnal sleep were determined in 10 of these subjects while they were constantly infused with glucose (4.5 mg/kg x min). The order of the treatments (placebo vs. glucose) was balanced across subjects, and experiments were performed in a double blind manner. Significant glucagon and insulin peaks were determined by the peak detection algorithm Cluster. Sleep was recorded somnopolygraphically. During the infusion of saline solution, glucagon concentrations showed spontaneous oscillations, with a mean periodicity of 107.9 +/- 13.2 min. During the constant infusion of glucose, oscillations of similar periodicity (110.1 +/- 10.3 min) were observed for insulin. The phases of glucagon and insulin secretory activity on the respective nights were entrained to the nonrapid eye movement (non-REM)/REM sleep cycle. Significant increases in the concentrations of glucagon (chi 5.23; P < 0.02) and insulin (chi= 7.32; P < 0.01) generally fell into epochs of non-REM sleep, with a preference for the beginning of the epochs, whereas decreasing concentrations of these hormones coincided significantly with epochs of REM sleep (P < 0.05). The time spent in the different sleep stages was not altered during glucose infusion. In conclusion, ultradian oscillations of insulin and glucagon concentrations are modulated by central nervous system mechanisms entraining secretory pulses of the alpha- and beta-cells of the endocrine pancreas to the non-REM sleep epochs of the non-REM/REM sleep cycle.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1999

The sleep supine position has a major effect on optimal nasal continuous positive airway pressure : relationship with rapid eye movements and non-rapid eye movements sleep, body mass index, respiratory disturbance index, and age.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of sleep position on optimal nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP [op-nCPAP]) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and to investigate how rapid eye movements (REM) and Non-REM (NREM) sleep, body mass index (BMI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and age are related to this effect. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Sleep Disorders Unit at Loewenstein Hospital Rehabilitation Center. PATIENTS: Eighty-three consecutive adult OSA patients who underwent a complete nCPAP titration. From this group, 60 patients who spent at least 30 min in both the supine (Sup) and lateral (Lat) positions and 46 patients who had data on both positions during REM and NREM sleep were included in the analysis. RESULTS: In most OSA patients (52; 86.7%), the recommended op-nCPAP was obtained when the patients slept in the Sup posture. The mean op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup posture (10.00 +/- 2.20 cm H(2)O) than it was in the Lat posture (7.61 +/- 2.69 cm H(2)O). The op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup position than it was in the Lat position in both REM and NREM sleep, as well as in the severe BMI group (BMI >/= 30) and in the less obese group (BMI < 30). Similarly, in the severe (RDI >/= 40) and less severe groups (RDI < 40), as well as in both age groups (< and > 60 years of age), the op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup posture than it was in the Lat posture. Irrespective of the four parameters mentioned, the actual differences in op-nCPAP between the two body postures were almost identical, ranging between 2.31 and 2.66 cm H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS: For most OSA patients, the op-nCPAP level is significantly higher in the Sup position than it is in the Lat position. This is true for REM and NREM sleep, for obese and nonobese patients, for patients with different degrees of severity, and for young and old OSA patients. Since the op-nCPAP was highest in the Sup posture during REM sleep, no nCPAP titration should be considered complete without the patient having slept in the Sup posture during REM sleep.

Adult↗