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Results for “EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS”

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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Response of rubromotoneuronal cells identified by spike-triggered averaging of EMG activity in awake monkeys.

Red nucleus neurons were recorded in awake monkeys during alternating ramp-and-hold wrist movements into flexion and extension position zones. Spike-triggered averages (STAs) of rectified EMG activity of wrist flexor and extensor muscles were computed to document effects of single RN cells on the activity of forelimb motoneurons. Some red nucleus cells produced a transient short-latency post-spike facilitation (PSF) of motor unit firing probability, indicative of underlying rubromotoneuronal (RM) connections. We, therefore, termed these RM cells. The discharge of wrist-related red nucleus cells was more strongly correlated with the dynamic than static component of wrist movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lesions of substantia nigra retard pavlovian somatomotor learning but do not affect autonomic conditioning.

New Zealand albino rabbits with bilateral radio frequency lesions of the substantia nigra (SN) were compared with sham-operated animals on a pavlovian conditioning task in which eyeblink (EB) and heart rate (HR) responses were concomitantly assessed. Lesions of SN increased the number of trials required to reach an EB learning criterion but left the HR conditioned response intact. These results together with other reports in the literature suggest that extrapyramidal motor structures are involved in mediating somatomotor conditioning but are not involved in autonomic learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Anatomical evidence for an ipsilateral rubrospinal pathway and for direct rubrospinal projections to motoneurons in the cat.

In 11 cases [3H]leucine injections were made in various parts of the red nucleus (NR) and surrounding area. The autoradiographical tracing results confirmed the existence of a somatotopic organization in the location of the rubrospinal neurons. Moreover the results demonstrated direct NR projections to the most dorsolaterally located motoneuronal cell group in the C8 and upper T1 spinal segments and some ipsilaterally descending rubrospinal fibers terminating in the lateral part of the cervical intermediate zone.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Monosynaptic raphespinal and reticulospinal projection to forelimb motoneurones in cats.

Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected in the nerve branches to the spino- and acromiodeltoid muscles. After injection, the cats were awake for a period of 100 h during which they performed target-reaching and/or walking movements. Transneuronally labelled neurones were found in the nucleus raphe pallidus, in the magno- and gigantocellular parts of the medial reticular formation. All neurones were located between the level of the obex and 6 mm rostrally of the obex. These results demonstrate that medullary raphespinal and reticulospinal neurones have monosynaptic connexions with deltoid motoneurones. The raphespinal projection is partly from neurones with large cell bodies assumed to be non-monoaminergic.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pretreatment with a dopamine D1-receptor antagonist prevents metabolic activation by cocaine.

The pharmacological mechanism underlying metabolic activation of the rat extrapyramidal system by acute cocaine was examined using the quantitative 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method. Pretreatment with a selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, prevented cocaine-induced metabolic activation in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that activity in striatonigral circuits is induced by stimulation of D1-like receptors by dopamine in the presence of acute cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis: implications for pathogenesis.

Unprovoked hypothermia is an unusual presenting sign. When occurring with diaphoresis it has been referred to as episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis. Earlier reports described episodic, spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum and postulated a midline congenital malformation of the central nervous system. Since then, various endocrine, electrolyte, autonomic, and sleep disturbances have been described but the etiology remains undetermined. Three unrelated children are reported each of whom had an intact corpus callosum and normal endocrine function. Shivering was consistently absent despite marked symptomatic hypothermia. One child had spontaneous resolution of episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis and two children responded to the antiserotonergic, cyproheptadine. It is hypothesized that specific serotonergic dysfunction in the anterior hypothalamic extrapyramidal shivering mechanism is central in the pathogenesis of this condition.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1995

Sleep features in Tourette's syndrome, neuroacanthocytosis and Huntington's chorea.

Twenty-one patients affected by extrapyramidal disorders were polygraphically recorded during spontaneous nocturnal sleep for two consecutive nights to assess their sleep and movement patterns. The patients (pts) sample included: Gilles de La Tourette syndrome (TS, nine pts), neuroacanthocytosis (NA, six pts) and Hungtington's chorea (HC, six pts). Sleep recording included C3/A2, 01/A2, ROC/LOC, submental EMG, EKG, nasal airflow thoracoabdominal respirogram, bilateral anterior tibialis and other EMGs, in relation to the individual distribution of the abnormal movements. According to our observations, abnormal movements always decreased but never ceased completely during sleep. Sleep efficiency (SE) was nearly always poor with a high percentage of wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) and increased number of arousals. REM sleep was often reduced and in some cases (3 TS pts) incompletely defined as far as its microstructural aspects. Slow wave sleep (SWS) was reduced in HC, normal in NA, and increased in all TS patients with the exception of the two adult subjects more severely affected, while the percentage of stage 2 was not affected. Spindling was increased in NA, HC and in the two most severely affected adult TS patients.

Acanthocytes↗
PubMed1975

Unit recordings during Pavlovian conditioning.

The aim is to find some switches in the brain and to characterize them if possible as either temporary and requiring some reverberatory process or as more stable and structural. There were five assumptions involved; (a) that the very large population of neurons in the brain could be effectively sampled in a limited set of experiments; (b) that a middle kind of electrodes could direct themselves to a sufficiently stable single unit population to permit extended conditioning experiments: (c) that averaging could be used to eliminate the effects of all unwanted variables that were not correlated with the main auditory signals: (d) that latency mapping would permit the tracing of a signal even through the multiple-channeled pathways of the brain (and would help us to identify switching points; (e) that a middle kind of conditioning (not Pavlovian entirely nor Slinner experiment with the clear CS of a Pavlovian one...

Animals↗