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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Lipid raft-associated GTPase signaling controls morphology and CD8+ T cell stimulatory capacity of human dendritic cells.

Their eponymous morphology and unique ability to activate naive T cells are hallmark features of dendritic cells (DCs). Specific properties of the actin cytoskeleton may define both characteristics. In search for regulators that coordinate DC phenotype and function, we observed strongly increased expression of the actin-remodeling GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 during DC development from human stem cells. Cdc42 and Rac1 are constitutively active in immature DCs, and their activity is further up-regulated by maturational stimuli such as LPS or CD40L. Activation of Rac1 is associated with its rapid recruitment into lipid rafts. Cdc42 is not recruited into rafts, but readily activated by raft-associated moieties. The functional interplay of rafts, GTPases, and cortical actin is further shown by GTPase activation and actin remodeling after pharmacological disruption of lipid rafts and by the loss of the actin-based DC morphology by transfection of dominant-negative Cdc42 and Rac1. Both Cdc42 and Rac1 also control the transport of essential immunostimulatory molecules to the DC surface. Transfection with dominant-negative GTPases led to reduced surface expression of MHC class I and CD86. Consecutively, DCs display a reduced stimulatory capacity for CD8(+) T cells, whereas MHC class II-dependent stimulation of CD4(+) T cells remains unperturbed. We conclude that Cdc42 and Rac1 signaling controls DC morphology and conditions DCs for efficient CD8(+) T cell stimulation.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

[Takayasu's arteritis. A concise review and some observations on a putative case reported by Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1761)].

The discovery of Takayasu's arteritis is likely to date back as far as 1830, owing to the first description of the Japanese Rokushu Yamamoto. Thereafter, several authors from certain geographical areas and in various historical periods described such a vascular disorder, by introducing a quantity of definitions. At present, it is defined as an eponymic disease, namely Takayasu's arteritis, since Makito Takayasu, a Japanese ophtalmologist, reported in 1908 the clinical history of a woman showing some particular retinal anastomotic shunts of arterioles and venules. In the present study the description of an about 40 year-old woman suffering from a pulseless disease, as reported by Giovanni Battista Morgagni in 1761, is summarized. Such a description could be the first case report of Takayasu's arteritis, according to some previous literature data and our critical analysis.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2004

Comparative genomics, evolution and origins of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex.

The presence of a distinct nucleus, the compartment for confining the genome, transcription and RNA maturation, is a central (and eponymous) feature that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. Structural integrity of the nucleus is maintained by the nuclear envelope (NE). A crucial element of this structure is the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a macromolecular machine with over 90 protein components, which mediates nucleo-cytoplasmic communication. We investigated the provenance of the conserved domains found in these perinuclear proteins and reconstructed a parsimonious scenario for NE and NPC evolution by means of comparative-genomic analysis of their components from the available sequences of 28 sequenced eukaryotic genomes. We show that the NE and NPC proteins were tinkered together from diverse domains, which evolved from prokaryotic precursors at different points in eukaryotic evolution, divergence from pre-existing eukaryotic paralogs performing other functions, and de novo. It is shown that several central components of the NPC, in particular, the RanGDP import factor NTF2, the HEH domain of Src1p-Man1, and, probably, also the key domains of karyopherins and nucleoporins, the HEAT/ARM and WD40 repeats, have a bacterial, most likely, endosymbiotic origin. The specialized immunoglobulin (Ig) domain in the globular tail of the animal lamins, and the Ig domains in the nuclear membrane protein GP210 are shown to be related to distinct prokaryotic families of Ig domains. This suggests that independent, late horizontal gene transfer events from bacterial sources might have contributed to the evolution of perinuclear proteins in some of the major eukaryotic lineages. Snurportin 1, one of the highly conserved karyopherins, contains a cap-binding domain which is shown to be an inactive paralog of the guanylyl transferase domain of the mRNA-capping enzyme, exemplifying recruitment of paralogs of pre-exsiting proteins for perinuclear functions. It is shown that several NPC proteins containing super-structure- forming alpha-helical and beta-propeller modules are most closely related to corresponding proteins in the cytoplasmic vesicle biogenesis and coating complexes. From these observations, we infer an autogenous scenario of nuclear evolution in which the nucleus emerged in the primitive eukaryotic ancestor (the "prekaryote") as part of cell compartmentalization triggered by archaeo-bacterial symbiosis. A pivotal event in this process was the radiation of Ras-superfamily GTPases yielding Ran, the key regulator of nuclear transport. A primitive NPC with approximately 20 proteins and a Src1p-Man1-like membrane protein with a DNA-tethering HEH domain are inferred to have been integral perinuclear components in the las common ancestor of modern eukaryotes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Popliteal Cysts: Historical Background and Current Knowledge.

Popliteal cysts were first described in 1840 by Adams, but it is from Baker's writing in 1877 that we derive the commonly used eponymic term "Baker's cyst." Associated intra-articular lesions are very common with popliteal cysts. Ultra-sonography, arthrography, and magnetic resonance imaging have all proved useful in distinguishing popliteal cysts from other cysts and from soft-tissue tumors about the knee, as well as in identifying coexisting intra-articular lesions. Cysts in pediatric patients are generally self-limited and should be treated conservatively. In the adult population, treatment is primarily nonsurgical. Arthroscopic evaluation is indicated if an intra-articular lesion is causing mechanical symptoms or if there is no response to appropriate conservative treatment, such as use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and compression sleeves. Surgical excision is reserved for cases in which this approach has been unsuccessful.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monteggia fractures in children and adults.

The eponymous term "Monteggia fracture" is most precisely used to refer to dislocation of the proximal radioulnar joint in association with a forearm fracture. It is the character of the ulnar fracture, rather than the direction of radial head dislocation, that is useful in determining the optimal treatment of Monteggia fractures in both children and adults. Stable anatomic reduction of the ulnar fracture results in anatomic reduction of the radial head. The notoriously poor results of treatment of Monteggia fractures in adults improved dramatically after the development of modern techniques of plate-and-screw fixation, which facilitate early mobilization by ensuring anatomic reduction. The relatively good results associated with nonoperative treatment of pediatric Monteggia injuries reflect the prevalence of stable (incomplete) fractures in children. Unstable (complete) ulnar fractures are prone to residual or recurrent displacement and may require operative fixation. Late reconstruction of chronic Monteggia lesions in children can be complicated and unpredictable. The key to a good outcome after a Monteggia-type fracture-dislocation of the forearm remains early recognition of proximal radioulnar dissociation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perforated appendix in an inguinal hernial sac: Amyand's hernia.

A patient with a perforated appendix in a right inguinal hernial sac is reported. Some of the history of this condition is reviewed and a case is made that an appendix appearing in an inguinal hernial sac should carry the eponymous term "Amyand's hernia".

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The Wenckebach phenomenon: a salute and comment on the centennial of its original description.

In 1899, Karel F. Wenckebach unraveled the complicated arrhythmia that bears his name--one of the most famous eponyms in medicine. He reported his findings before the benefit of clinical electrocardiography or the discovery of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. Born and educated in The Netherlands, Wenckebach first worked in Utrecht in the physiology laboratory of T.W. Engelmann, his respected mentor, where he became familiar with kymographic recordings and rhythm disturbances in frog experiments. He then entered country practice in 1891, where he gained great respect for practicing physicians as well as the importance of clinical experience. In 1896, he returned to Utrecht to work again in the laboratory with Engelmann. In 1898, a woman consulted Wenckebach about her irregular pulse. His investigation of her irregular heart action by using radial arterial pulse tracings and experimental atrial and ventricular pulse tracings from the heart of a frog enabled him to discover the mechanism of partial heart block. In later years, he continued to be a leader in academic medicine, chairing the departments of medicine in Groningen, Strasbourg, and Vienna. He achieved fame for investigating cardiac arrhythmias and other contributions and is considered to be one of the founders of modern cardiology. He is remembered for his insight into atrioventricular conduction, which is as valid today as it was a century ago.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Long-arm Charnley splint.

Fractures of the distal forearm--the eponymic Colles' or Smith's fractures--are among the most common injuries treated by the orthopaedist. Most of these fractures are amenable to closed reduction and immobilization. A new modification of the Charnley splint is presented for use in the acutely injured patient. The major advantages of this new splint are decreased weight and ease of application.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1999

[Clinical signs and diagnosis of acute appendicitis].

Use of the eponyms "Point of McBurney or Lanz" for localisation of abdominal tenderness in appendicits is of little clinical value and confusing to the medical student. "Right lower quadrant" is more appropriate. "Rovsing's sign" and its proposed patho-mechanism are invalid and should be discarded. Differences in axillar and rectal temperatures are non-specific for appendicitis. German surgical textbooks should be revised accordingly.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

CATCH 22 syndrome: report of 7 infants with follow-up data and review of the recent advancements in the genetic knowledge of the locus 22q11.

CATCH 22 is a medical acronym for Cardiac defects, Abnormal facies, Thymic hypoplasia, Cleft palate, and Hypocalcemia, and a variable deletion on chromosome 22. The deletion within the chromosome region of 22q11 may occur in patients with three well-described dysmorphologic+ cardiological syndromes: DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAFS). We report in detail seven infants with a deletion of the locus 22q11 showing overlapping clinical features of DGS and CTAFS with complex congenital heart defects (double outlet right ventricle, atresia or stenosis of the pulmonary valve, atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, arcus aortae dexter, and persistence of the left superior vena cava). A homograft was implanted between the right ventricle and the main stem of the pulmonary artery in 2 patients, while a balloon valvuloplastic of the pulmonary valve was performed in one patient only. Pulmonary hemorrhage, acute hypoxia, and Aspergillus pneumonia were the complications. Death occurred in three out of seven patients. Recent advancements in the genetic knowledge of the locus 22q11 are described. Since the locus 22q11 is highly heterogeneous, the CATCH 22 acronym should be used and temporarily the old eponyms should be abandoned waiting for the identification of the different genes.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

[Correct use of anatomic nomenclature in selected Czech professional journals].

The objective was to assess in a qualitative study how correctly anatomical terms are used in four selected Czech medical journals (Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae and Traumatologicae Cechoslovaca, Ceská gynecology, Ceská radiology and Rozhledy v chirurgii, 1990-1996). A total of 1200 articles were evaluated where 145 anatomical terms were detected which differed from P.N.A. and from Nomina Anatomica valid at present. Of these 25 were terms from B.N.A. (4) and from I.N.A. (21). Approximately twice as frequent were anatomical and clinical eponyms (52). The highest ratio (71) was formed by incorrect terms (36 Latin and 35 Czech). The authors feel that in the improvement of the standard of exact anatomical terminology in clinical medicine as well as in the professional literature in future a part should be played by better teaching at medical faculties within the framework of the new curriculum and by higher demands on the standard of manuscripts accepted by editors of professional journals.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2000

[Terminologia anatomica: a new reference work for anatomy].

The Nomina anatomica (6th edition in 1989) was the standard anatomical nomenclature until recently. It has been succeeded by the Terminologia anatomica (TA) by resolution of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists in 1999. By now the TA has been published as a book and on cd-rom. The objective of the TA is to further uniformize the anatomical terminology, also internationally, and especially to democratize it, i.e. to ensure that it accommodates the needs of clinicians and medical scientists. The number of anatomical terms listed has grown to more than 7500. The increase is caused mainly by the insertion of clinical anatomical and neuro-anatomical names. A number of incorrect or misleading terms have been replaced. Each Latin term has a unique code number and is supplied with an English equivalent (International anatomical terminology; IAT) the spelling of which in either UK English or American English is considered equally correct. Based on the TA every language can formulate its own anatomical nomenclature. The nomenclature is presented per system or organ tract. An alphabetic index follows TA as well as the English IAT list. The use of eponyms is discouraged, but a list of well-known ones is appended to facilitate accessibility of older literature. Relevant suggestions about amendments are eagerly awaited and a broad basis of endorsement among the medical scientific world is hoped for. This journal will adopt the TA/IAT from now on as the work of reference regarding anatomical terms.

Anatomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Definition of Barrett's oesophagus.

Barrett's oesophagus is the eponym applied to the columnar epithelium-lined lower oesophagus. In 1976, Paull et al. described three types of columnar epithelia lining the distal oesophagus: a junctional or cardiac-type epithelium, a gastric fundic-type epithelium and a distinctive type of intestinal metaplasia referred to as specialized columnar epithelium. Even the normal oesophagus can be lined by 2 cm of columnar epithelium. To avoid the problem of false-positive diagnoses, arbitrary criteria for the extent of oesophageal columnar lining necessary to include patients in studies of Barrett's oesophagus were established in the early 1980s. The latter criteria require a circumferential segment of columnar lined epithelium of 2 or 3 cm in length. There are, however, a number of technical and conceptual problems related to this approach. The traditional definition excludes shorter segments and tongues of columnar lined epithelium. Only the specialized columnar epithelium defined by intestinal type goblet cells carries an inherent risk of malignancy. Therefore, a number of investigators currently define Barrett's oesophagus as any amount of columnar mucosa in the lower esophagus that has histologic evidence of goblet cells (highlighted in biopsies using the alcian blue pH 2.5 stain). Recently, short segments of specialized intestinal metaplasia in the distal oesophagus ("short segment Barrett's oesophagus") have attracted considerable attention. It has also become clear that intestinal metaplasia can occur at a normally located gastro-oesophageal junction. The etiology and clinical significance (in terms of possible relationship to the adenocarcinoma of the cardia) of this "intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia" and its potential relationship to Barrett's oesophagus are not yet completely understood.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A historical description of the association of macro-orchidea, mental retardation and cranial dysmorphia in males (fragile X chromosome syndrome) by A.B. Richerand].

INTRODUCTION: Anthelme Baltasar Richerand practiced medicine as Chief Surgeon of the Hospital de S. Luis in Paris and was professor of the Faculty of Medicine of that city during the first quarter of the XIX century. His greatest work was titled Nouveaux Eléments de Physiologie, a book considered to be the standard work on physiology of its time and was translated into several languages, including Spanish. DEVELOPMENT: In chapter CLV of this work there is the first description of associated macro-orchidia and mental retardation in males, with respect to three cases attended by the author. CONCLUSIONS: The fragile X chromosome syndrome is the commonest cause of hereditary male mental retardation associated with macro-orchidia. It is also known as the eponymous syndrome of Martin-Bell in honour of the first description published by these authors in 1943. However, the first recognition of the association of macro-orchidia with mental retardation in males was by Richerand at the beginning of the XIX century.

Fragile X Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The history and classification of human prion diseases].

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: The history of prion diseases is one of the most exciting chapters of the story of medicine in the twentieth century. It began in the nineteen twenties when Creutzfeldt (in one patient) and Jakob (in five patients) described a clinically polymorphic cerebral syndrome with a subacute or chronic course and fatal outcome. Although later reviews of these pioneer studies have cast doubt on the nosology of some of these cases, the eponym has been maintained over the years. It is even possible that the miliary sclerosis described by Gowers in the nineteenth century was in fact a spongiform encephalopathy. Subsequently the nosological limits of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease remained ill-defined. This explains the large number of names given to it whilst it continued to be included in the chapter on degenerative conditions of the nervous system. Perhaps the turning point was when, in the nineteen sixties, Carleton Gajdusek et al showed that it was transmissible. Previously Gajdusek and Zigas had (in 1957) described the disease kuru in a group of indigenous cannibals in Papua (New Guinea). The possibility of a parallel between this kuru and the scrapie of sheep (in which transmission had been proved twenty years before) led them to experiment and eventually prove its infectious nature. Over the following years, reports of iatrogenic cases with different routes of transmission gave further proof. The absence of conventional microorganisms responsible for this group of conditions led Prusiner (in 1982) to suggest the theory of the infecting proton or prion. CONCLUSION: This theory led to better understanding of several pathological and physiopathological aspects, however, we are aware that the full story of prion diseases is still being written at the present time.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2000

The Babinski sign--a reappraisal.

In 1896, Joseph Babinski, a French neurologist, first described the best known neurologic eponym 'the Babinski sign'. This sign is characterised by dorsiflexion of the big toe and recruitment of the extensor hallucis longus muscle, on stimulating the sole of the foot. He has emphasised from the outset, the intimate relationship between this sign and the shortening movement in other leg muscles, which form the flexion synergy of the lower limb. The Babinski sign is not a new reflex, rather it is released as a result of breakdown of the harmonious integration of the flexion and extension components of the normal defence reflex mechanism, due to pyramidal tract dysfunction. A pathological Babinski sign should be clearly distinguished from upgoing toes that may not always be a part of the flexion synergy. This article reviews the Babinski sign in detail, focusing on the historical perspectives, role of pyramidal tract dysfunction and art of elicitation and interpretation. The significance of assessing this phenomenon in the entire leg, and the clinical clues that will help to dispel the myths regarding the Babinski sign, have been emphasised.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Marcello Malpighi: the father of microscopic anatomy.

Biographical data of Malpighi to justify naming him "the father of microscopic anatomy", as he used the microscope, soon after its invention, to study and discover and accurately describe many biological, particularly anatomical, structures. Although he utilized the microscope as a scientific instrument, his ideas, innovations and discoveries caused such an opposition that the microscope could be considered as Malpighi's weapon to start a scientific revolution. He was a naturalist for whom the "natural world, known and experienced scientifically, was all that existed". He was also a "cardiocentrist", who opposed Galen's "hepatocentrism". Several anatomical structures known eponymically to honor Malpighi are listed followed by their synonyms. Malpighi is another example of a genius as an extraordinary man who stood on the shoulders of giants, such as Galilei, Hans and Zacharias Janssen, Borelli, Harvey, B. Massari, among others.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2001

The Bezold-Jarisch reflex. A historical perspective of cardiopulmonary reflexes.

The Bezold-Jarisch reflex is an eponym for a triad of responses (apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension) following intravenous injection of veratrum alkaloids in experimental animals. The observation was first reported in 1867 by von Bezold and Hirt, and confirmed in 1938-1940 by Jarisch. The triad depends on intact vagi and is mediated through cranial nervous medullary centers controlling respiration, heart rate, and vasomotor tone. The respiratory effects are mediated through pulmonary vagal afferents and the bradycardia and vasodepression through cardiac vagal afferents. The veratrum alkaloids activate all known receptors in the carotid-aortic and cardiopulmonary areas. The cardiopulmonary receptors (baroreceptors, cough receptors, and parenchymal stretch receptors) also respond to other chemical substances: nicotine, capsaicin, venom, antihistaminics, halogenated anesthetics, diguanides, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Derivatives of last-mentioned amine activate Type 1, 2, or 3 receptors and have potential therapeutic use. Since several types of cardiopulmonary receptors participate in the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, it has been difficult to develop a blockade to one type of receptor for therapeutic use (cough, bronchospasm, pulmonary hypertension, or coronary vasospasm). Axon reflexes influence pulmonary blood vessels, bronchial blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscles. These intrapulmonary reflexes need further study as to how they relate to the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in health and disease. The cardiopulmonary and carotid-aortic reflexes can serve as defense mechanisms against chemical hazards that are likely to be inhaled in the workplace and in the environment.

Animals↗