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PubMed2002

Dynamic and static moduli of elasticity of resin-based materials.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the elastic moduli of 34 resin-based materials using a dynamic and a static method. The effect of water storage was also studied up to 6 months. METHODS: Five samples of each material were prepared according to ISO-4049. The dynamic moduli were first determined non-destructively from the fundamental period of the vibrating specimen, then the static moduli were determined by a three-point bending test. The percentages of fillers by weight were determined by ashing in air at 900 degrees C. RESULTS: Low values were obtained with flowable composites as well as with two packable resin composites. Correlations were found between the static and the dynamic modulus of elasticity (r = 0.94; p = 0.0001) as well as between the weight percentage of fillers and the moduli of elasticity (r = 0.82; p < 0.05 for static modulus and r = 0.90; p < 0.05 for the dynamic modulus) both at 24h. Water storage significantly affected both static and dynamic moduli of elasticity (ANOVA two factors; p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The low moduli of the flowable composites do not allow their use in posterior cavities under high stress. However, this does not exclude their use for minimally-invasive Class I cavities when the opposing tooth is stabilized to a large amount on the natural enamel. The Grindosonic method is very useful and simple for determining the dynamic moduli although it gives higher values than the static one. The elastic modulus evolution of resin-based materials after water storage is unpredictable since different patterns were observed as a function of time.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Creep and visco-elastic recovery of cured and secondary-cured composites and resin-modified glass-ionomers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to study whether secondary curing had any effect or not on the visco-elastic stability of resin-based restoratives. MATERIALS: Five resin composite restorative materials (Tetric, Z100, Lite-fil, Palfique, Graft LC) and two resin-modified glass-ionomers (RM-GIC) (Fuji II LC&Photac-Bond), were chosen as representative of those clinically available. METHODS: Specimens were fabricated as short cylinders (6 mm x 4 mm), with and without secondary oven cure (120 degrees C, 7 min). A creep measurement apparatus was used to subject each specimen in turn to a cycle of constant compressive stress of 50 MPa for 6 h followed by 6 h of strain recovery, after load removal. Time-dependent creep and recovery were recorded. RESULTS: The creep curves of these VLC materials during loading and unloading were characterised by an initial rapid elastic deformation, greater than 1%, followed by a visco-elastic response. During unloading there was an initial elastic recovery, followed by the creep recovery, and finally permanent set. Secondary-cure had no statistically significant effect (p > 0.05) on maximum creep strain (Y1) which was 1-2% for resin-composites and 3-4% for RM-GIC. Permanent set for the RM-GIC were 0.68-0.77% and for resin-composites ranged from 0.13-0.46%. The influence of secondary-cure on creep recovery and permanent set was limited. However, some materials (Z100. Lite-fil and Photac-Bond) had permanent set significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by application of a second cure. SIGNIFICANCE: Visco-elastic creep values of less than 2% are acceptable for composites at the stress-levels applied. However the two-fold increase in creep response by RM-GIC suggests that these materials are unsuitable for stress-bearing areas.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2000

The hardness and modulus of elasticity of primary molar teeth: an ultra-micro-indentation study.

OBJECTIVE: Baseline information on the mechanical properties of and the effect of load upon dental hard tissue is important in the development of successful dental materials. Existing methods of measuring such properties of tissue are subject to significant experimental error. This study reports on the use of an Ultra-Micro-Indentation System (UMIS) to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of primary enamel and dentine. METHODS: Primary molar teeth were sectioned, set in resin and polished. Thirty indentations were made in enamel and dentine using a Berkovitch indentor, 15 of which were subject to a load of 50mN and 15 to a load of 150mN. An automated computerised system converted the force/penetration graph for each indentation in to a hardness vs depth graph from which values for the mean hardness and elastic modulus were calculated. RESULTS: Primary enamel had a mean hardness of 4.88+/-0.35GPa whilst the hardness of dentine was 0.92+/-0.11GPa The elastic modulus for enamel was 80.35+/-7.71GPa and that of dentine 19.89+/-1.92GPa. Using linear regression analysis a significant relationship could be shown between the hardness and the elastic modulus for both enamel and dentine when loaded to 150mN but only for dentine at 50mN (P<0.05). In general the elasticity of tooth structure increased as the hardness increased. CONCLUSION: The UMIS offers a simple and reproducible method of measuring basic mechanical properties of small samples of enamel and dentine.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Variation of common carotid artery elasticity with intimal-medial thickness: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities.

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study is a prospective investigation of the etiology and natural history of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in four U.S. communities. The purpose of this work is to investigate the relationship between common carotid artery elasticity and intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in the four race-gender groups represented in the ARIC cohort. Noninvasive ultrasonic methods were used to measure IMT and the [systolic minus diastolic] diameter change (DC) of the left common carotid artery in 10,920 black and white, men and women between the ages of 45 and 64 y. The relationship between DC and IMT and IMT2 was examined after adjustment of DC for age, height, diastolic diameter, diastolic blood pressure and linear and quadratic terms for pulse pressure. This adjusted value of DC was used as an index of elasticity of the common carotid artery in the ARIC cohort with larger values of adjusted DC implying a more elastic vessel. The general behavior of adjusted DC with increasing IMT was observed to be qualitatively similar in all four race-gender groups. Adjusted DC remained nearly constant or increased slightly for values of IMT between approximately 0.4 and 0.8 mm, up to approximately the 90th percentile of IMT, and then decreased above the 90th percentile of IMT. Common carotid artery elasticity, defined as adjusted DC, varies with increasing IMT in the ARIC cohort in a manner consistent with results from previous studies in animals and human subjects addressing the variation of several elasticity indices with atherosclerotic involvement and risk factor exposure in the aorta, and brachial and radial arteries. Our results suggest that thicker common carotid artery walls in middle-aged U.S. populations are no stiffer than thinner walls, except for the thickest 10% of arteries. Since the distal common carotid artery frequently contains atheromatous plaques in this population, the lack of change in stiffness, indeed, the reduction in stiffness per unit thickness, may reflect the various stages of early common carotid atherosclerosis most often found in this population. These are characterized more by destruction of arterial wall structural elements than by changes such as widespread or circumferential sclerosis, which would strengthen and stiffen the artery.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1998

Shear wave elasticity imaging: a new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics.

Shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) is a new approach to imaging and characterizing tissue structures based on the use of shear acoustic waves remotely induced by the radiation force of a focused ultrasonic beam. SWEI provides the physician with a virtual "finger" to probe the elasticity of the internal regions of the body. In SWEI, compared to other approaches in elasticity imaging, the induced strain in the tissue can be highly localized, because the remotely induced shear waves are attenuated fully within a very limited area of tissue in the vicinity of the focal point of a focused ultrasound beam. SWEI may add a new quality to conventional ultrasonic imaging or magnetic resonance imaging. Adding shear elasticity data ("palpation information") by superimposing color-coded elasticity data over ultrasonic or magnetic resonance images may enable better differentiation of tissues and further enhance diagnosis. This article presents a physical and mathematical basis of SWEI with some experimental results of pilot studies proving feasibility of this new ultrasonic technology. A theoretical model of shear oscillations in soft biological tissue remotely induced by the radiation force of focused ultrasound is described. Experimental studies based on optical and magnetic resonance imaging detection of these shear waves are presented. Recorded spatial and temporal profiles of propagating shear waves fully confirm the results of mathematical modeling. Finally, the safety of the SWEI method is discussed, and it is shown that typical ultrasonic exposure of SWEI is significantly below the threshold of damaging effects of focused ultrasound.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2002

The in vivo and in vitro interactions of elastic and rigid vesicles with human skin.

Elastic vesicles are the most novel development in vesicular systems design for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. However, interactions between these vesicles and human skin are not yet fully understood. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro interactions between elastic-, rigid vesicles and micelles with human skin were investigated. Vesicle and micelle solutions were applied onto human skin in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, a series of tape strippings were performed, which were visualised by freeze fracture electron microscopy (FFEM). The results showed no ultrastructural changes in skin treated with rigid vesicles. Skin treated with elastic vesicles, however, showed a fast partitioning of intact vesicles into the deeper layers of the stratum corneum (SC), where they accumulated in channel-like regions. Only little vesicle material was found in the deepest layers of the SC, suggesting that the partitioning of intact vesicles from the SC into the viable epidermis is unlikely to happen. Treatment with micelles resulted in rough, irregular fracture planes. Similar results were obtained in vitro and in vivo, indicating an excellent in vitro/in vivo correlation. These results support the hypothesis that elastic vesicles have superior characteristics to rigid vesicles for the interaction with human skin. Elastic vesicles and micelles demonstrated very different interactions with human skin and hence probably also have different mechanisms of action for the enhancement of drug transport.

Buffers↗
PubMed1981

Elastic tissue injury in human acute pancreatitis.

Pancreatic vessel wall alterations were studied in tissue material obtained from six patients subjected to resection of the gland for acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Special attention was paid to elastic tissue damage, which was studied using special stains in light and electron microscopy. Vascular wall elastic laminae showed changes varying from fragmentation to complete dissolution. The outer elastic lamina was more consistently affected. Elastic tissue damage was observed in pancreatic areas with minor acinar alterations and in vessels with otherwise relatively well-preserved walls. These observations suggest 1/ an early participation of elastase in the production of tissue damage in human acute pancreatitis and 2/ a primary role for elastic tissue injury in the vascular alterations leading to haemorrhage and tissue necrosis through ischaemia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Genetic disorders of the elastic fiber system.

Over the last decade, a considerable amount of new information has emerged describing the protein components of elastic fibers. It is now evident that elastic fibers are complex extracellular matrix polymers, composed of at least 19 different proteins that comprise both the microfibrillar and the amorphous components of elastic fibers. Mutations in three of the genes encoding the most abundant of these elastic fiber proteins result in a broad spectrum of elastic tissue phenotypes, ranging from skeletal and skin abnormalities to vascular and ocular defects. The following disorders will be discussed in this review: supravalvular aortic stenosis; Williams-Beuren syndrome; cutis laxa; Marfan syndrome; ectopia lentis; familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections; MASS syndrome; isolated skeletal features of Marfan syndrome; Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome; and congenital contractural arachnodactyly.

Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A method to evaluate the elastic behavior of vascular stents.

PURPOSE: To develop a simple method for determining the elastic behavior of vascular stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An experimental apparatus was constructed to determine the elastic behavior of four different vascular stents. Each stent was expanded within an artificial compliant vessel and was subjected to an increasing external pressure. The cross-sectional area of each stent was recorded at incremental changes in pressure. Compliance was estimated from the slope of a linear regression analysis fit to the pressure-area data in the elastic range of deformation. RESULTS: The self-expandable stents were the most compliant, and balloon-expandable stents exhibited the least compliance. The balloon- expandable stents initially deformed in an elastic manner and then yielded irrecoverably at higher pressures. CONCLUSION: A simple method has been devised that allows the elastic behavior of stents to be assessed. Quantification of stent compliance with this method is important as a predictor of stent resistance to compression in vivo.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Cellular aspects of elastogenesis in the elastic tendon of the chicken wing.

Morphological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods were used to investigate the role of cells during elastogenesis in the elastic tendon of the chicken wing. Intimate contact of the cell processes with elastic fibers was observed in adult birds. During development there was a sequential appearance of microfibril bundles that became progressively impregnated with amorphous elastin, which eventually predominated in fully developed elastic fibers. The growing elastic fibers were usually enveloped by recesses of the cell surface. The tendon cells were polarized in their association with fibrous components of the extracellular matrix. This arrangement suggests that these cells secrete and organize elastic and collagen fibers to different extracellular compartments. These results show that cells are intimately involved in producing components of different extracellular matrix fibers, in controlling their assembly, and in defining their borders and associations during development.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Coupling of fluid and elastic models for biomechanical simulations of brain deformations using FEM.

In order to improve the accuracy of image-guided neurosurgery, different biomechanical models have been developed to correct preoperative images with respect to intraoperative changes like brain shift or tumor resection. All existing biomechanical models simulate different anatomical structures by using either appropriate boundary conditions or by spatially varying material parameter values, while assuming the same physical model for all anatomical structures. In general, this leads to physically implausible results, especially in the case of adjacent elastic and fluid structures. Therefore, we propose a new approach which allows to couple different physical models. In our case, we simulate rigid, elastic and fluid regions by using the appropriate physical description for each material, namely either the Navier equation or the Stokes equation. To solve the resulting differential equations, we derive a linear matrix system for each region by applying the finite element method (FEM). Thereafter, the linear matrix systems are linked together, ending up with one overall linear matrix system. Our new approach has been tested and compared to a purely linear elastic model using synthetic as well as tomographic images. It turns out from our experiments, that the integrated treatment of rigid, elastic and fluid regions improves the physical plausibility of the predicted deformation results as compared to a purely linear elastic model.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Interfacial dilatational elasticity and viscosity of beta-lactoglobulin at air-water interface using pulsating bubble tensiometry.

The ability of proteins to provide stability in foams is greatly influenced by their interfacial dilatational rheological properties. Surface tension response of a pulsatingbubble with an adsorbed layer of beta-lactoglobulin was measured for different frequencies and protein concentrations using a pulsating bubble tensiometer. A methodology, accounting for adsorption/desorption as well as variation of surface concentration due to expansion/contraction, was developed for the evaluation of surface dilatational elasticity and viscosity at different frequencies from these measurements. The adsorption rate constants were inferred from the surface pressure dynamics of protein adsorption using a Langmuir minitrough. The desorption rates were shown to be negligible for beta-lactoglobulin from the surface pressure response of a spread monolayer when subjected to compression in a Langmuir minitrough. The proposed model was employed to infer the interfacial dilatational viscosity and elasticity of an adsorbed beta-lactoglobulin layer at the air-water interface from experimental pulsating bubble data for protein concentrations in the range of 0.01-0.5 wt % at pH 7. As expected, the interfacial dilatational rheological properties were found to be higher at higher protein concentrations, this effect being less pronounced for dilatational elasticity. Heating at 80 degrees C for 30 min was found to result in higher interfacial dilatational viscosity and lower interfacial dilatational elasticity though this difference was within experimental error. The traditional approach for the inference of interfacial dilatational rheological properties is found to overpredict the interfacial dilatational elasticity whereas the viscosity values do not differ significantly from those obtained using the current analysis.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1999

Effect of stretching on undamped elasticity in muscle fibres from Rana temporaria.

Muscle stiffness was measured from the undamped elastic recoil taking place when the force attained during ramp stretches of muscle fibres, tetanized on the plateau of the tension-length relation, was suddenly reduced to the isometric value developed before the stretch, T0. Sarcomere elastic recoil was measured on a tendon-free segment of the fibre by means of a striation follower. After small ramp stretches, stiffness increases to a value 1.33x greater than that measured during release from a state of isometric contraction to 0.9 T0. While the relative increase in stiffness is equal to that reported for fibres of Rana esculenta (Piazzesi et al., 1992), the absolute value of stiffness measured during release from isometric contraction is just over half. As stretch amplitude is increased, on the plateau of the force-length relation, stiffness decreases toward the isometric value. This finding shows that the decrease in stiffness with large stretches cannot be due to a decrease in myofilament overlap (as may be the case when stretching occurs on the descending limb of the tension-length relation, Sugi & Tsuchiya, 1988), but must be due to an effect of the ramp stretch per se. For a given stretch amplitude, the after-stretch transient shortening against T0 taking place after the elastic recoil (which is expression of the work enhancement induced by stretching, Cavagna et al., 1986, 1994) is similar in fibres with very different stiffness of their undamped elastic elements. This suggests that this work enhancement is not due to the recoil of damped elastic structures recruited during stretching because of sarcomere length inhomogenity, a condition which would result in a decrease in stiffness (Morgan et al., 1996).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Varieties of elastic protein in invertebrate muscles.

Elastic proteins in the muscles of a nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), three insects (Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, Bombyx mori) and a crustacean (Procambus clarkii) were compared. The sequences of thick filament proteins, twitchin in the worm and projectin in the insects, have repeating modules with fibronectin-like (Fn) and immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains conserved between species. Projectin has additional tandem Igs and an elastic PEVK domain near the N-terminus. All the species have a second elastic protein we have called SLS protein after the Drosophila gene, sallimus. SLS protein is in the I-band. The N-terminal region has the sequence of kettin which is a spliced product of the gene composed of Ig-linker modules binding to actin. Downstream of kettin, SLS protein has two PEVK domains, unique sequence, tandem Igs, and Fn domains at the end. PEVK domains have repeating sequences: some are long and highly conserved and would have varying elasticity appropriate to different muscles. Insect indirect flight muscle (IFM) has short I-bands and electron micrographs of Lethocerus IFM show fine filaments branching from the end of thick filaments to join thin filaments before they enter the Z-disc. Projectin and kettin are in this region and the contribution of these to the high passive stiffness of Drosophila IFM myofibrils was measured from the force response to length oscillations. Kettin is attached both to actin near the Z-disc and to the end of thick filaments, and extraction of actin or digestion of kettin leads to rapid decrease in stiffness; residual tension is attributable to projectin. The wormlike chain model for polymer elasticity fitted the force-extension curve of IFM myofibrils and the number of predicted Igs in the chain is consistent with the tandem Igs in Drosophila SLS protein. We conclude that passive tension is due to kettin and projectin, either separate or linked in series.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Quantitative measurement of desquamation and skin elasticity in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetes mellitus is responsible for many cutaneous alterations. Xerosis and sclerotic change of the skin are the most common findings. Recently non-invasive computerized devices have been developed and used for determining the desquamation rate and measuring the mechanical properties of the skin. Using these devices, the necessity to characterize the conditions of the skin in the healthy as well as the diseased state is increasing. The aim of this study was to compare the elasticity and desquamation rate between the diabetic population and the normal population using non-invasive, objective methods. METHODS: Skin sites of 96 diabetics with normal appearance, were measured for skin elasticity and desquamation rate using the Cutometer and visual grading and D-Squame-image analysis method, respectively. The values of parameters were compared to values of 83 non-diabetics' results. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in skin elasticity (expressed by Uv/Ue and Ur/Uf of the face) and in the value of fine flakes in the diabetics. Although insignificant, the SDI (Scale Density Index) calculated from objective automatic measurement was higher in the diabetics than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The elasticity of facial skin was decreased in patients with diabetes. Decrease of the fine flakes of the diabetes patients reflect that irritation and xerotic changes are aggravated in skins of diabetic patients. The results indicate the presence of skin elasticity alteration and desquamation with diabetes mellitus. Such non-invasive evaluations of the skin may be useful for evaluating changes in the skin that are associated with diabetes mellitus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Elasticity and unfolding of single molecules of the giant muscle protein titin.

The giant muscle protein titin, also called connectin, is responsible for the elasticity of relaxed striated muscle, as well as acting as the molecular scaffold for thick-filament formation. The titin molecule consists largely of tandem domains of the immunoglobulin and fibronectin-III types, together with specialized binding regions and a putative elastic region, the PEVK domain. We have done mechanical experiments on single molecules of titin to determine their visco-elastic properties, using an optical-tweezers technique. On a fast (0.1s) timescale titin is elastic and force-extension data can be fitted with standard random-coil polymer models, showing that there are two main sources of elasticity: one deriving from the entropy of straightening the molecule; the other consistent with extension of the polypeptide chain in the PEVK region. On a slower timescale and above a certain force threshold, the molecule displays stress-relaxation, which occurs in rapid steps of a few piconewtons, corresponding to yielding of internal structures by about 20 nm. This stress-relaxation probably derives from unfolding of immunoglobulin and fibronectin domains.

Connectin↗
PubMed2004

Elastic fiber homeostasis requires lysyl oxidase-like 1 protein.

Elastic fibers are components of the extracellular matrix and confer resilience. Once laid down, they are thought to remain stable, except in the uterine tract where cycles of active remodeling occur. Loss of elastic fibers underlies connective tissue aging and important diseases including emphysema. Failure to maintain elastic fibers is explained by a theory of antielastase-elastase imbalance, but little is known about the role of renewal. Here we show that mice lacking the protein lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) do not deposit normal elastic fibers in the uterine tract post partum and develop pelvic organ prolapse, enlarged airspaces of the lung, loose skin and vascular abnormalities with concomitant tropoelastin accumulation. Distinct from the prototypic lysyl oxidase (LOX), LOXL1 localizes specifically to sites of elastogenesis and interacts with fibulin-5. Thus elastin polymer deposition is a crucial aspect of elastic fiber maintenance and is dependent on LOXL1, which serves both as a cross-linking enzyme and an element of the scaffold to ensure spatially defined deposition of elastin.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concentration of elastic system fibers in the corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, and tunica albuginea in the rabbit penis.

The corpus cavernosum (CC) extracellular matrix is essential for normal penile erection and is implicated in erectile dysfunction. Although investigations of these issues have used the rabbit CC, organization of its components is not well known to date. We characterized and quantified the volumetric density (Vv) of the elastic system fibers in the corpus spongiosum (CS), CC and tunica albuginea (TA) of the rabbit penis. Adult New Zealand rabbits (n = 10) were used. The penile mid-shaft fragments were fixed with 4% phosphate-buffered formalin solution and/or Bouin's liquid for 24-48 h, and processed using standard histological techniques. The sections were stained with Weigert's Fucsin-Resorcin with previous oxidation. The elastic system fibers Vv (%) was determined in 25 random fields of each fragment, using the M-42 test grid. The histochemical methods detected elastic system fibers in CS, CC and TA of all animals. The Vv of elastic fibers average was 25.03+/-2.0% for CC, 32.23+/-1.41% for CS and 22.38+/-3.61% for TA. Results for CC and CS were not significantly different. The great amount of elastic fibers distribution beneath the endothelium suggest that these fibers may have an important role in the erection process in rabbits. The present data should therefore provide important information for devising experiments and interpreting results when using the rabbit penis as a model for penile dysfunctions, especially when making comparisons with humans.

Animals↗