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PubMed2006

Olive oil consumption and weight change: the SUN prospective cohort study.

The aim of this dynamic prospective follow-up study was to assess the association between olive oil consumption and the likelihood of weight gain or the incidence of overweight or obesity in a large Mediterranean cohort of 7,368 male and female Spanish university graduates (the SUN Project) who were followed for a median period of 28.5 mon. A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered at baseline, and respondents also completed a follow-up questionnaire after 28.5 mon. Changes in participants' consumption of olive oil and their weight were assessed during follow-up. A higher baseline consumption of olive oil was associated with a lower likelihood of weight gain, although the differences were not statistically significant. The adjusted difference in weight gain (kg) was -0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.42 to +0.11] for participants in the upper quintile of olive oil consumption (median: 46 g/d) compared with those in the lowest quintile (median: 6 g/d). For participants with a high baseline consumption of olive oil whose olive oil consumption also increased during follow-up, we found a slightly increased but nonsignificant risk of incidence of overweight or obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.95). Our study, carried out in a sample of free-living people, shows that a high amount of olive oil consumption is not associated with higher weight gain or a significantly higher risk of developing overweight or obesity in the context of the Mediterranean food pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Appropriateness of kaolin consumption as an index of motion sickness in the rat.

The appropriateness of kaolin consumption, one form of pica, as an index of motion sickness in the rat was examined. Unlike other motion sickness indices, the use of kaolin consumption results in a bitonic function across daily rotation sessions. This bitonic function is not predicted from any theory of motion sickness (viz., the Sensory Rearrangement Theory), rather an inverse relationship should exist between the severity of motion sickness and repeated exposure to the effective motion (i.e., habituation). The results of Experiments 1 and 2 support the continued use of kaolin consumption as an index of motion sickness in the rat. A response interference process is proposed to account for the first portion of the bitonic kaolin consumption function with grooming possibly representing a higher probability behavior than kaolin consumption. Experiment 3 examined and confirmed that kaolin consumption indexes the process of rehabituation to an effective motion. This extends the number of principles that are characteristic of motion sickness exhibited by species capable of emesis and supports the continued use of kaolin consumption as an index of motion sickness and general gastrointestinal malaise in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Voluntary consumption of cyclophosphamide by nondeprived Mrl-lpr/lpr and Mrl +/+ mice.

Cyclophosphamide dissolved in several dilutions of chocolate milk was presented for 20 hr daily to nondeprived, symptomatic, autoimmune Mrl-lpr/lpr and asymptomatic Mrl +/+ mice. In the absence of cyclophosphamide, daily consumption was inversely related to the concentration of the chocolate milk solutions and increased from the first to the fourth day of exposure. There were no effects of strain or sex on the consumption of plain chocolate milk. Consumption of 0.1 or 0.2 mg cyclophosphamide per ml of different dilutions of chocolate milk increased over days 1-4 and decreased on day 8. Consumption of 0.4 mg/ml cyclophosphamide did not change over days. Generally, consumption was inversely related to the cyclophosphamide concentration. Females consumed more cyclophosphamide than males. Autoimmune lpr/lpr mice consumed more cyclophosphamide than +/+ mice. Dilution of chocolate milk had no effect on consumption of cyclophosphamide. Lymphoproliferation and anti-ssDNA antibody titer were reduced by the consumption of cyclophosphamide-chocolate milk solutions. It is hypothesized that autoimmune lpr/lpr mice voluntarily consume more cyclophosphamide than asymptomatic +/+ mice in an effort to "correct" their immune system dysregulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

MIF-I suppresses deprivation-induced fluid consumption in rats.

Rats were injected IP with a 0.1 mg/kg dose of MIF-I, naloxone, dynorphin, [D-Phe4]-Met-enkephalin, [D-Ala2, F5Phe4]-Met-enkephalin-NH2, or the diluent vehicle, placed in their home cages for ten minutes, and then given ad lib access to either 20% sucrose, 10% sucrose, water, 0.01% quinine, or 0.02% quinine in a repeated measures design with solutions counter-balanced over five days. Fluid consumption was measured very hour for 4 hours. A mixed analysis of variance yielded significant results for all main effects and the peptides by fluid and hours by fluid interactions. For the 4-hr test period, naloxone and [D-Phe4]-Met-enkephalin produced reliable increased in consumption while MIF-I produced a reliable decrease. Differences were obtained only with sucrose solutions, and the results clearly suggest that peptides modulate fluid consumption at positive levels of incentive motivation. To reconcile the findings of increased consumption after naloxone with the many studies suggesting a decrease in such paradigms, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of naloxone and MIF-I were administered as before but to independent groups of rats and intake was measured every 30 min. These results replicate and extend the above findings by showing that during the first 30-min period, both naloxone and MIF-I suppressed intake in a dose-dependent fashion, with MIF-I being more effective at each dose. The 0.1 mg/kg naloxone group, however, increased consumption over time and achieved a total consumption greater than control animals but comparable to that observed in the first study. It appears that at very low doses naloxone increases consumption over time, but at more commonly tested higher doses it has a suppressant effect. The results support the concept that in many situations MIF-I can produce the same effects as naloxone.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Consumption of methylxanthine-containing beverages and risk of pancreatic cancer.

This paper reviews published studies of a possible relationship of consumption of methylxanthine-containing beverages, primarily coffee, to risk of pancreatic cancer (PC). Certain ecologic studies suggested a possible relation of pancreatic cancer mortality and coffee consumption by country. The findings from case-control studies are not entirely consistent; in general, no significant increased risk with a clear dose-response relationship is reported, but some of the studies suggest the possibility of some increase in risk. The prospective studies reported generally agree that there is no significant association of coffee consumption with increased risk of PC. The few data available on tea consumption do not suggest an increased risk of PC. It seems reasonable to conclude that current epidemiologic evidence does not suggest any significant increased risk of PC with coffee consumption. Further research might clarify whether the divergent results reported for coffee consumption might be a result of confounding or other methodologic problems or might reflect some small but real increase in risk of PC associated with coffee consumption.

Beverages↗
PubMed1981

Alcohol policy measures and the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Finland, 1950 - 1975.

The relationship between changes in alcohol policy measures and alcohol consumption is discussed on the basis of experiences in Finland during the period 1950 - 1975. Our examples of the effects of changes in alcohol policy measures on the consumption of alcohol show that these changes clearly affect the level of alcohol consumption. Alcohol policy measures which have visible short-term effects on consumption also frequently have long-term effects which are not revealed by consumption statistics. Changes in control measures clearly mould the structure of alcohol consumption by beverage class. When using the structure of the consumption as an indicator of drinking patterns one should, therefore, first examine if changes in the beverage structure are reflections of changing alcohol policy measures and the extent to which this happens.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

Reducing alcohol-use disorders via decreased consumption: a comparison of population and high-risk strategies.

This study compared three alternative scenarios for effecting a 25% reduction in U.S. alcohol consumption in terms of their respective impacts on the prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence. The three approaches were (1) an overall 25% reduction in the volume of ethanol intake for all current drinkers, (2) an equivalent absolute reduction taken only among drinkers whose current intake ever exceeds moderate drinking guidelines, and (3) an equivalent reduction taken only among drinkers whose current intake usually exceeds moderate drinking guidelines. The per-occasion cutpoint for moderate consumption was set at the intake level demonstrated to produce psychomotor impairment, and was based on each individual's total body water level. The impact of reducing consumption on the prevalence of alcohol use disorders was estimated by means of a logistic regression model that adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, family history of alcoholism, and age at first drink, and that took into account interactions between the consumption and other variables. Taking an overall 25% reduction in intake resulted in the same decrease in the prevalence of abuse and dependence (21.7%) as was achieved by taking an equal volume of reduction among only those drinkers whose consumption usually exceeded the moderate drinking cutpoint. Restricting the reduction in consumption to those drinkers whose consumption ever exceeded this cutpoint resulted in a slightly greater reduction in alcohol use disorders, 24.6%.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the voluntary consumption of ethanol, water and solid food by UChA and UChB rats.

The immediate and the long-lasting effects of PCPA (126 mg/kg IP for 3 days) on the voluntary consumption of 10% v/v ethanol solution, water and solid food were studied in genetically low (UChA) and high (UChB) ethanol consumer rats. Data were analysed according to the method proposed by the authors for recognizing specific effects on ethanol consumption. Results confirmed immediate specific decrease of ethanol consumption in UChB rats, while a nonspecific decrease of it was observed in UChA rats. In UChB rats ethanol consumption recovered the basic level about nine days after the first dose. By contradistincion, in UChA rats a significant specific increase of ethanol consumption, starting at the first week after the treatment, was observed. During this period 12 out of 21 UChA rats reached an ethanol consumption level commonly observed in UChB rats, and 10 of them recovered the pretreatment level in 15 to 30 weeks. The other 2 maintained the high consumption until 38 weeks of observation. At that time the serotonin content of cortex and hippocampus of these 2 rats was normal.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do rat strain differences in ethanol consumption reflect differences in ethanol sensitivity or the preparedness to learn?

Three strains of rats (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, Long-Evans; n = 10/strain) were trained to drink various concentrations of ethanol (ETOH) in the rats' home cage in daily 30-min drinking sessions using a modified "Samson" sucrose-fading procedure. Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were similar in their voluntary intake of a wide range of ETOH concentrations and both of these strains drank considerably more ETOH than the Long-Evans strain. For comparison purposes only, pharmacological pretreatment tests were later conducted with the Sprague-Dawley strain of rats using a maintenance concentration of 20% w/v ETOH. Low-dose ETOH pretreatments increased (125% of control), and high-dose ETOH pretreatments decreased the subsequent voluntary consumption of ETOH. Low-dose nicotine pretreatments increased ETOH consumption to 148% of control intake, and high doses of nicotine decreased ETOH consumption. Both opiate antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, produced dose-dependent decreases in ETOH consumption. The dopamine antagonist, haloperidol, produced dose- and time-dependent increases in voluntary ETOH consumption. The strain differences in voluntary ETOH consumption described in the present study differ from those previously described by other labs. We suggest that this strain-dependent disparity between laboratories, with respect to ETOH consumption/preference tasks, may reflect genetic differences in the preparedness to condition (learn) voluntary ETOH consumption rather than genetic differences in ETOH's reward/reinforcement attributes.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of bromocriptine on the voluntary consumption of ethanol, water, and solid food by UChA and UChB rats.

The effect of bromocriptine (stimulant of dopaminergic D2 receptors) on the daily consumption of 10% v/v ethanol solution, distilled water, and solid food, under free-choice conditions, was measured in nine genetically low (UChA) and six high ethanol consumer (UChB) adult female rats. Animals were housed in individual cages and maintained at room temperature of 23 +/- 1 degree C and with 12/12 h dark/light rhythm. The consumption of ethanol solution, water, and solid food was measured in pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment periods of 3 days (Tuesday through Thursday) of 3 consecutive weeks. During the treatment period rats received daily a single oral dose of 8 mg of bromocriptine mesylate (Sandoz) suspended in 1 ml of water per kg of body weight. Data analysis was performed with a method previously reported, which allows to recognize specific effect of ethanol intake, depurated from the effects on calories and/or water consumption. Results showed that all UChB rats decreased significantly and specifically the consumption of ethanol solution during the treatment period compared to the pretreatment period (mean: -58 +/- 15%) and recovered the pretreatment consumption in the posttreatment period, without significant changes in the consumption of food and/or total water. The only significant change observed in UChA rats was a decrease of the consumption of solid food (mean: -15 +/- 5%). Results are consistent with the idea that a dopaminergic D2 synapsis participates in the neural network responsible for satiation with ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Alcohol consumption and plasma homocysteine.

A few reports show that consumption of spirits and of wine correlate with elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), which is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. We analyzed the relation between tHcy and current daily ethanol consumption cross-sectionally in middle-aged Japanese men (n = 974, age 51-59 years). Plasma tHcy was positively associated with consumption of whiskey but not with consumption of shochu (Japanese spirits), sake, beer, or wine. Odds ratios of an increase in daily intake of 30 ml ethanol (approximately 1 standard deviation) for hyperhomocysteinemia (>14.0 micromol/l) were 2.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.29-5.14) for whiskey, 1.08 (0.78-1.50) for shochu, 0.99 (0.59-1.66) for sake, 0.98 (0.58-1.63) for beer, and 1.70 (0.31-9.50) for wine in a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for the daily number of cigarettes smoked, physical activity, vegetable consumption, and serum creatinine levels. After inclusion of plasma folate and vitamin B12 in the multivariate analysis model, the association between whiskey ethanol consumption and hyperhomocysteinemia remained significant with odds ratio of 2.79 (1.36-5.72). These results suggest that whiskey consumption correlates with hyperhomocysteinemia independently of plasma folate or vitamin B12 or lifestyle factors in the population studied.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

A quantitative risk-benefit analysis of changes in population fish consumption.

Although a rich source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that may confer multiple health benefits, some fish contain methyl mercury (MeHg), which may harm the developing fetus. U.S. government recommendations for women of childbearing age are to modify consumption of high-MeHg fish, while recommendations encourage fish consumption among the general population because of nutritional benefits. To investigate the aggregate impacts of hypothetical shifts in fish consumption, the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis convened an expert panel (see acknowledgements). Effects investigated include prenatal cognitive development, coronary heart disease mortality, and stroke. Substitution of fish with high MeHg concentrations with fish containing less MeHg among women of childbearing age yields substantial developmental benefits and few negative impacts. However, if women instead decrease fish consumption, countervailing risks substantially reduce net benefits. If other adults (mistakenly and inappropriately) also reduce their fish consumption, the net public health impact is negative. Although high compliance with recommended fish consumption patterns can improve public health, unintended shifts in consumption can lead to public health losses. Risk managers should investigate and carefully consider how populations will respond to interventions, how those responses will influence nutrient intake and contaminant exposure, and how these changes will affect aggregate public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between lifetime alcohol consumption and Helicobacter pylori infection.

PURPOSE: Several studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between current moderate alcohol consumption and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection suggesting that alcohol consumption may facilitate elimination of this chronic infection. The aim of this study was to further explore this hypothesis by taking lifetime alcohol consumption, which may be a better marker of the relevant exposure than current alcohol consumption, into account. METHODS: A total of 1206 patients between 30 and 70 years of age who underwent in-patient rehabilitation due to coronary heart disease were included in a cross sectional study carried out between January 1999 and April 2000. Participants provided information on average amount of alcohol consumed during past 12 months as well as during lifetime. H. pylori infection status was measured by serum immunoglobulin G antibodies. RESULTS: There was an inverse non-linear relation between amount of current alcohol consumption and H. pylori seroprevalence. By contrast, we found an inverse dose-response relationship between lifetime alcohol consumption and H. pylori seroprevalence with the strongest risk reduction among subjects who had consumed more than 500,000 g of alcohol during life (adjusted odds ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-1.00). CONCLUSION: Our analysis supports the hypothesis that alcohol consumption may facilitate elimination of H. pylori infection among adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The benefits of authoritative feeding style: caregiver feeding styles and children's food consumption patterns.

This research tested the associations between caregiver feeding styles and children's food consumption patterns among African-American (AA) and Hispanic (H) caregivers and their preschool children. Participants were 231 caregivers (101 AA; 130 H) with children enrolled in Head Start. Caregivers completed questionnaires on authoritarian and authoritative feeding styles (Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire; CFSQ) and various aspects of children's food consumption patterns (availability of, feeding attempts for, and child's consumption of dairy, fruit, and vegetables). Simultaneous multiple regression analyses tested the unique contribution of feeding styles in predicting food consumption patterns. Authoritative feeding was positively associated whereas authoritarian feeding was negatively associated with the availability of fruit and vegetables. Authoritative feeding was also positively associated with attempts to get the child to eat dairy, fruit, and vegetables, and reported child consumption of dairy and vegetables. Authoritarian feeding was negatively associated with child's vegetable consumption. All results remained significant after controlling for child's gender and body mass index (BMI), and caregiver's ethnicity, BMI, and level of education. Overall, results provide evidence for the benefits of authoritative feeding and suggest that interventions to increase children's consumption of dairy, fruit, and vegetables should be targeted toward increasing caregivers' authoritative feeding behaviors.

Black People↗
PubMed2005

C-reactive protein and alcohol consumption: Is there a U-shaped association? Results from a population-based study in Russia. The Arkhangelsk study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about association between markers of inflammation and alcohol consumption in Russian population where binge drinking pattern is prevalent. METHODS AND RESULTS: C-reactive protein was measured by a highly sensitive particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (hsCRP) in 1963 men and 1734 women, aged 18-90 years, in a population-based cross-sectional study. Total alcohol consumption consisted mainly of binge vodka intake. A revealed U-shaped association between hsCRP and total alcohol intake was due to high hsCRP levels in ex-drinkers. Ex-drinkers of both sexes were older and reported more diseases than non-abstainers. This U-shaped association became non-significant in both sexes after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking status, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular medication. When analysis was performed separately only for non-abstainers, hsCRP showed a positive linear association with total weekly alcohol consumption and with weekly vodka consumption in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The U-shaped association between hsCRP and weekly alcohol consumption was due to higher hsCRP levels in ex-drinkers than in non-abstainers. Factors other than the current level of alcohol consumption might be responsible for high hsCRP levels in ex-drinkers. When abstainers were excluded from analyses, the results indicated a pro-inflammatory effect of binge alcohol consumption in non-abstainers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Investigation on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of poplar under soil water deficits on the Loess Plateau.

The water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency (WUE) of poplar (Populus simonii) were investigated under the condition of three different soil water regimes, which were 70%, 55% and 40% of field capacity (FC), respectively. The results showed that water potential, water content, photosynthetic rate, WUE of leaves, and plant growth rate decreased significantly with reduction in soil water content. At the level of adequate and medium soil water content, rapid growth and biomass accumulation in poplar occurred during May and June, whereas this phenomenon occurred only during May under severe soil drought condition. Total water consumption and biomass growth were the greatest under adequate soil water condition, decreased under medium soil drought condition, and lowest under severe soil drought condition. Total WUE was the highest under medium soil water condition and lowest under severe soil condition. Changing patterns of water consumption for daily rate, every 10-day rate, and month rate were quite different under these three soil water regimes. For all these three treatments, the highest monthly water consumption rate occurred during July and June. The highest water consumption over a 10-day period was during in the second 10 days of July, the first 10 days of July, and the last 10 days of June for these three treatments, respectively. The day for the highest water consumption in the medium and severe drought treatments occurred 1 or 2 months earlier than the adequate soil water treatment. The daily time for the greatest water consumption was different throughout the life span of poplar under these soil water levels. According to these results, we concluded that poplar did not have the characteristics of drought-resistance plants, and we do not recommend that this tree species be planted over a wider range of the Loess Plateau in China.

Biomass↗
PubMed2006

Habitual coffee but not green tea consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome: an epidemiological study in a general Japanese population.

In Japan, metabolic syndrome used to be rare, and the level of coffee consumption was low. However, the Japanese life style has been changing rapidly, and these changes have been associated with a steady increase in the frequency of metabolic syndrome and with greater consumption of coffee. We examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the consumption of coffee or green tea. A total of 1902 Japanese aged over 40 years (785 men and 1117 women) received population-based health check-up in 1999. We measured components of metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profiles). Eating and drinking patterns were evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were performed to clarify the association between coffee or green tea consumption and the components of metabolic syndrome. All components of metabolic syndrome except for HDL-cholesterol were significantly (p<0.01) and inversely related to coffee but not green tea consumption by multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The larger was the number of components of metabolic syndrome, the lower was the level of coffee consumption (p<0.0001). In addition, there was a high frequency of metabolic syndrome in small coffee drinkers. Thus, coffee but not green tea consumption was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Reliability of sport fish consumption in the New York State Angler cohort study.

This paper examines the reliability of sport fish consumption data from the New York State Angler Cohort Study (NYSACS). NYSACS is a prospective cohort study conducted among New York State registered sportsmen and fishermen. Sport fish consumption information for New York State waters including the Great Lakes between June 1990 and June 1991 were collected through self-administered questionnaires, Spouses of male anglers were asked to provide their husbands' fish consumption during the same time period. A short telephone interview after the cohort was ascertained was also conducted among about 100 study participants for the purpose of quality control. Percentage agreement, kappa, and weighted kappa were calculated to evaluate the reliability of the interview using spousal data and reinterview data. Overall, for the total fish consumption between June 1990 and June 1991, percentage agreement, kappa, and weighted kappa between spousal data and primary response were 67.28%, 0.5087, and 0.6157, respectively. For reinterview data, weighted kappa ranged from 0.4510 to 0.5285 for season-specific analysis and kappa ranged from 0.4615 to 0.7006 for fish species-specific analysis. Spouses may be a good source of proxy data for fish consumption. The reliability of sport fish consumption data for the NYSACS study is acceptable, suggesting that the food frequency measuring methods employed are a viable approach to obtain retrospective sport fish consumption data from sportsmen and subsistence anglers.

Adolescent↗