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PubMedDate not supplied

Connective tissue growth factor is directly related to liver fibrosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Connective tissue growth factor is a mitogenic, chemotactic, and cell matrix-inducing factor for fibroblasts, and is exclusively and directly induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1. In skin fibrosis, connective tissue growth factor is thought to be a downstream effector of transforming growth factor-beta 1 that is directly involved in the proliferation of connective tissue cells and the accumulation of matrix. Our aim is to confirm the involvement of connective tissue growth factor in liver fibrosis. METHODOLOGY: Specimens obtained from autopsy of 12 patients with normal liver (n = 3), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3), liver cirrhosis secondary to alcoholic abuse (n = 3), or viral hepatitis (n = 3), were used for digoxigenin labeled in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Abundant connective tissue growth factor messages were detected in the fibrotic area between cirrhotic nodules. Hepatocytes did not show any signals even when they became carcinomas. Normal livers showed few or no signals. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirmed the direct relationship between connective tissue growth factor gene expression and liver fibrotic change.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed2002

Connective tissue and bacterial deposits on rubber dam sheet and ePTFE barrier membranes in guided periodontal tissue regeneration.

The aim of this study was to compare the connective tissue and bacterial deposits on rubber dam sheets and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes used as barrier membranes in guided tissue regeneration for periodontal treatment. Twenty patients having intrabony defects and/or furcation defects were surgically treated by guided tissue regeneration employing either rubber dam sheets (10 patients) or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (10 patients) as barrier membranes. Four to six weeks after the first operation, membranes were retrieved from the lesion sites and processed for scanning electron microscopy. The lesion-facing surfaces of membranes were examined for the presence of connective tissue and bacterial deposits. The differences between the numbers of fields and the distributions of connective tissue and bacteria on both types of membranes were analysed by the Chi-square test at the level of 0.05 significance. The results showed a lot of fibroblasts with their secreted extracellular matrices, known as components of the connective tissue on rubber dam sheets and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. There was no significant difference in the total number of connective tissue on both types of membranes (P = 0.456). Many bacterial forms including cocci, bacilli, filaments and spirochetes with the interbacterial matrices were identified. The total number of bacteria on rubber dam sheets was statistically less than that on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (P < 0.001). The comparable number of connective tissue on both types of membranes suggests that the healing process under both types of membranes was also comparable. Therefore, the rubber dam sheet might be used as a barrier membrane in guided tissue regeneration.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2005

[Interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease].

INTRODUCTION: The authors analyzed the incidence of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease. They were seeking an answer to the following problems: the nature of the pathological course of mixed connective tissue disease complicated by and the therapy to be used in interstitial lung disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 179 patients were followed up during a period of 15.9 +/- 6.1 years. Interstitial lung disease was diagnosed using high resolution computed tomography. The diagnosis of interstitial lung disease was not obvious in 5 patients thus open lung biopsy was performed, which confirmed common interstitial pneumonitis. The patients were followed-up, and the data of computed tomography and respiratory function tests were detected 6 months, and then 4 years after the acute lung disease complicated by mixed connective tissue disease. RESULTS: Out of the 179 mixed connective tissue disease patients 96 (53.6%) had interstitial lung disease. The onset of interstitial lung disease was the most frequent in the 2-4 years of the disease. Four years after the first appearance of interstitial lung disease severe fibrosis was diagnosed in 24 patients (25%). A honey comb formation in the lung developed only in one patient. For the treatment of interstitial lung disease, corticosteroid treatment had to be combined with cyclophosphamide in 51 cases. In 4 patients (24%), pulmonary arterial hypertension evolved 2-4 years following interstitial lung disease. The high pulmonary arterial pressure decreased using pulsed corticosteroid treatment, cyclophosphamide, prostacyclin analogue, anticoagulants therapy and the 4 patients stay alive. The pulmonary arterial hypertension was caused by obliterative vasculopathy. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary involvement is found in more than half of the patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Early diagnosis of interstitial lung disease is possible by computed tomography. Interstitial lung disease can be treated by the combination of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. The authors were the first to detect the coexistence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension in mixed connective tissue disease. Subsequent respiratory alterations in these patient necessitate regular patient follow up.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of surface topography on the connective tissue attachment to subcutaneous implants.

PURPOSE: A major concern for implants that penetrate stratified epithelia is aggressive epithelial proliferation and migration. This epithelial downgrowth on the implant can be inhibited by a firm attachment between the underlying connective tissue and the implant. This study evaluates the connective tissue attachment to titanium implants with various well-defined surface topographies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Titanium-coated epoxy replicas of polished (PO; R(a) = 0.06 microm), finely blasted (FB; R(a) = 1.36 microm), coarsely blasted (CB; R(a) = 5.09 microm), acid-etched (AE; R(a) = 0.59 microm), coarsely blasted and acid-etched (SLA; R(a) = 4.39 microm), titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS; R(a) = 5.85 microm), machined-like (ML; R(a) = 2.15 microm), and micromachined grooved (GR; V-shaped grooves 30 microm deep) surfaces were implanted subcutaneously in 74 rats for 1 to 11 weeks. Animals were sacrificed weekly. Surfaces were processed for histomorphometric evaluation of connective tissue attachment, capsule thickness, and where applicable, the degree of separation between the tissue and implant. RESULTS: A total of 153 test surfaces were analyzed. Statistical analysis revealed that textured and rough substrata, namely the GR, TPS, AE, CB, and SLA surfaces, exhibited significantly greater (P < .05) connective tissue attachment and thinner fibrous encapsulation when compared to the PO surface. Tissue separation from the implant interface was of significantly lower magnitude and frequency with the rough surfaces than with the PO surface. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that rough implant surfaces are associated with stable connective tissue attachment, which has implications for their use in percutaneous and permucosal applications. In addition, data from the AE surface may indicate that the geometry of the surface irregularities can also be a significant determinant of the connective tissue response.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The interaction between host-supplied connective tissue and xenografted human tumor cells.

The scope of the present study was to investigate the interaction between human tumor cells heterotransplanted to athymic mice and the connective tissue supplied by the host animals. Thirteen human tumors of different origin and various histological types were analyzed by light and electron microscopy between days 1 and 30 after transplantation. Constant patterns of histological and ultrastructural changes were observed within all tumors investigated which were characterized by different histological type and varying growth velocity. Following an initial dying of most inoculated tumor cells, host-supplied inflammatory cells immigrated into the xenografts and phagocytozed the necrotic and degenerating tumor cells. Fibroblasts which produced vivaciously collagenous material invaded the xenografts and built up solid strands of connective tissue radiating from the periphery into the xenografts. These cords of connective tissue tightly contacted surviving tumor cells and were used as guide-rails for ingrowing capillaries. Immediately after their immigration into the fibrous strands, first mitoses of tumor cells occurred in close proximity to capillary-conducting strands of connective tissue, resulting in a revival of tumor cell proliferation at first near to the fibrous cords and a spreading of newly formed tumor cells along the strands of connective tissue. These results indicate that the host-supplied connective tissue plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation and local tumor expansion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The aging of connective tissue. Molecular and cellular aspects].

Connective tissues are made of cells and extra-cellular matrix. The predominant cells in vascular connective tissue are smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. All these cells actively synthesize the macromolecules of the extracellular matrix. This matrix comprises four types of macromolecules: collagens (11 types known), proteoglycans (8 to 10 types known); elastin and structural glycoproteins (more than a dozen known). Ageing of the connective tissue concerns therefore ageing of its cells and the extracellular matrix. For all connective tissue cells, the limit of proliferation (limit of Hayflick) was verified. The ageing of the matrix is different according to the macromolecules considered: rigidification (cross-linking) of collagen, degradation of elastin, decrease and alteration of the proteoglycans ratio. Structural glycoproteins such as fibronectin may be increased in the plasma and the tissues. Connective tissues diseases are implanted on these qualitative and quantitative modifications of the connective tissues.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Intrinsic connective tissue abnormalities in the heart muscle of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters.

Significant connective tissue abnormalities occurring in hearts of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters are reported. These abnormalities include a pronounced loss of the intrinsic connective tissue skeletal framework around foci of myocytolytic necrosis within the non-necrotic myocardium. These changes were demonstrated by a silver impregnation technique, and they were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Quantitation demonstrated more than a twofold increase in the area of ventricular wall affected by pathologic changes, when the connective tissue alterations were included with the myocardial necrosis. In addition, the authors also observed focal, thick "tethering" connective tissue fibers at the termini of necrotic lesions, seemingly connecting them to normal muscle. These connective tissue abnormalities may contribute to the progressive loss of ventricular function that occurs in this model of cardiomyopathy. They may permit greater wall thinning than would occur with focal necrosis alone, and they may increase focal mural stiffness in the tethered regions. Further investigation of the pathogenesis of these changes and their mechanical significance is indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Detection and analysis of aldehyde fuchsin positive fibers in the connective tissue of the human oviductal mucosa II. On the biomorphosis and structural identification of the morphological substratum (author's transl)].

As a result of our own investigations on the biomorphosis of the human uterine tube it is permitted to establish that the connective tissue of the lamina propria mucosae consists of 2 stainable and histochemical different types of fibers showing age-dependent changes in distribution, arrangement and localization. On the one side it is possible to detect aldehyde fuchsin positive fibrous structures (preliminary investigations and demonstration of ones were published in SCHULTKA [1980]). These fibers can be regarded as sulphur containing scleroproteins relating to the histochemical findings. The aldehyde fuchsin positive mucosal fibrous formations arising from mesenchymal tissue during the embryonal-fetal period extend into the tubal muscular system and form a subepithelial membrane-like fibrous network. In neonatal uterine tubes the fibers spread over the mucosa as a multidimensional network, and they have a intimate contact with the epithelium. Reaching the period of the fertile age the mucosal folds contain a fine branching network. Contrary to this finding, in organs of being aged women considerable thickened fibrous structures are mainly localized near the epithelium. On the other side picrofuchsin-positive connective tissue fibers, whose tinction is visibly reduced after collagenase-digestion, are localized in the tubal mucosa. Although the increase of a coarse-fibrous picrofuchsin-stainable connective tissue can be observed in the tubal folds during the 2nd half of the 4th decade of life, these morphological changes are characteristic of organs in the postmenopausis and in the senium. Finally, 2 different reacting parts of connective tissue are formed, firstly, a aldehyde fuchsin positive connective tissue localizing near the basis of the epithelium, and, secondly, a strongly picrofuchsin-positive connective tissue filling the folds, especially perivascularly. It is discussed whether, with respect to the fibrous structures selectively detected in the human mucosa, it could be the question of distinct types of collagen fibers, in which both types would represent the morphological substratum of the type III-collagen (aldehyde fuchsin positive pepsin- and papain-sensitive disulfide bonds-containing fibers) and of the type I-collagen (picrofuchsin--positive fibers), respectively. Besides, functional importance of the aldehyde fuchsin positive fibers is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Architecture and density of the connective tissue papillae of the human oral mucosa.

The papillary body of the human oral mucosa was studied at six different sites. Biopsy and autopsy material from 57 individuals, 11-81 years of age, was split chemically along the basal lamina and the epithelium-connective tissue interface examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques were employed in order to determine: epithelial thickness, height and density of connective tissue papillae and the percentage of basal epithelial surfaces occupied by them. In the majority of sites, connective tissue plateaux or ridges carrying a variable number of single or grouped papillae were found to be the basic structural units of the papillary body. Three regions with diferent characteristics of the epithelium-connective tissue interface could be identified: (1) floor of the mouth, (2) lip and cheek, (3) gingiva and hard palate. The floor of the mouth showed the lowest connective tissue papillae density, the smallest papillae, and connective tissue plateaux separated by narrow grooves. Lip and cheek mucosae revealed an intermediate density, the papillae were frequently bifurcated and angulated. Gingiva and hard palate were characterized by the highest papillary density and by papillae which were cylindrical, slender and erect. The alveolar mucosa exhibited intermediate features between those of the floor of the mouth and those of the cheek mucosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Use of static pressure-volume relations to estimate the total amount of pulmonary connective tissue--theoretical approach].

There is no accepted way to estimate the amount of connective tissue in the lungs in vivo. I propose an equation for estimating the total amount of pulmonary connective tissue from static pressure-volume relations. The stress-strain relations of pulmonary connective tissue were assumed to be describable by a non-linear exponential function: f = exp(ax)-1, where "f" is stress, "x" is strain, and "a" is Young's modulus of elasticity. The connective tissue elements were assumed to be distributed randomly in orientation within a pulmonary lobule, and the bodies of a pulmonary lobule were assumed to be packed in "equilibrium space division", as proposed by Suwa (1981). Stochastic geometry for elastic elements in the lung was used to obtain a set of equations describing the static pressure-volume relationship, such that P = (0.12 zeta 0/3V0) x [exp(ax)/(1 + x)2] and V = V0 (1 + x)3, where V0 is a reference lung volume in a perfectly relaxed state and zeta 0 is the total amount of connective tissue in the pulmonary parenchyma. This new model can accommodate static pressure-volume relations of human subjects in the range of relatively high lung volumes reported by Turner et al. (J App Physiol 25: 664, 1968), by Corbin et al. (Am Rev Respir Dis 120: 293, 1979), and by Finucane et al. (J App Physiol 26: 330, 1969). In conclusion, the total amount of connective tissue in lung parenchyma can be estimated with this new model of the static pressure-volume relationship at relatively high lung volumes.

Connective Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Undifferentiated systemic connective tissue disease-"overlap' in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical characteristics of the overlapping, undifferentiated systemic connective tissue disease in one of the tropical African countries. DESIGN: A descriptive retrospective study of records of patients registered on a special rheumatology clinic between 1989 and 1994. SETTING: Harare Central Hospital Rheumatology Clinic, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: All registered patients with systemic connective tissue diseases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of patients, laboratory and clinical features of undifferentiated overlapping connective tissue disease. RESULTS: The distribution for those who satisfied internationally accepted criteria for classification/diagnosis were: 48(52.8pc) rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 17(18.7pc) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 10(11pc) juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), four (4.4pc) polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PMD) and 11 (12.1pc) overlapping connective tissue disease (overlap) and one unclassified disease. No pure progressive systemic (PSS) was registered. Among the overlap patients, five had SLE-RA, three SLE-PSS and one each for SLE-RA-PSS, RA-PSS and SLE-PDM overlapping clinical features respectively. In two patients with SLE-PSS, the criteria of each of the individual connective tissue disease were satisfied. Similarly, in one patient with SLE-RA and another with RA-PSS features, the criteria of individual disease were also satisfied. CONCLUSION: In undifferentiated overlapping connective tissue diseases-overlaps occur in tropical Africa, the SLE-RA overlapping features predominate and are moderately severe diseases.

Connective Tissue Diseases↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of two techniques for obtaining a connective tissue graft from the palate.

Connective tissue grafts have become an important part of periodontal reconstructive surgery. There are several techniques available to harvest a suitable connective tissue graft. In this study, two techniques for obtaining a connective tissue graft were compared. The techniques examined were the free gingival knife method and the parallel incisions method. The connective tissue grafts were used in a root coverage procedure: the connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft technique. No statistically significant difference in the mean root coverage was detected when comparing the results produced by these graft harvesting techniques (98.3% to 98.7%). Root coverage of 100% was obtained in 84.2% of the cases treated with the free gingival graft knife method and in 93.3% of the cases treated with the parallel incisions method. Additionally, the parallel incisions method produced less patient discomfort, a smaller wound at 1 week postoperative, a more uniform graft, and was easier to use clinically. Based on this study, the parallel incision method meets more of the goals of an ideal technique for harvesting a connective tissue graft than the free gingival graft knife method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Volumetric changes following barrier regeneration procedures for the surgical management of grade II molar furcation defects in baboons: II. Bone, cementum, epithelium, and connective tissue.

In Part I, a computer imaging technique was used to measure the volumetric fill that occurred in surgically created grade II molar furcation defects after they had been treated using the principles of guided tissue regeneration. In Part II, the volumetric fill for each of the specific tissues comprising the defect fill (epithelium, connective tissue, bone, and cementum) was compared. The histologic material consisted of defects treated using one of three types of surgical treatment as well as untreated control sites. All volumetric measurements were expressed as a percentage of the original surgically created defect size, with 100% indicating complete healing of the defect. The results indicate that none of the defects achieved complete healing. Teeth receiving flap debridement had the most overall defect fill (79.50% comprised of 17.13% bone, 35.81% connective tissue, 37.35% epithelium, and 9.71% cementum). Teeth that received a biodegradable barrier showed a mean overall defect fill of 74.98% (7.41% bone, 47.13% connective tissue, 36.20% epithelium, and 9.26% cementum. Sites treated with an exclusion barrier showed 70.75% overall fill (9.63% bone, 40.89% connective tissue, 39.00% epithelium, and 10.48% cementum). The untreated control teeth showed a mean overall fill of 78.70% (5.56% bone, 59.11% connective tissue, 31.06% epithelium, and 4.27% cementum). No significant differences were found among teeth within the same animal and between treatment and controls. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) connective tissue comprised nearly one half of the total fill of the surgically created defects; (2) the percentage of new bone growth was significantly lower than anticipated; and (3) no significant differences were found among the treatment modalities and the untreated control sites for each of the specific tissue types.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Development of connections within and between areas V1 and V2 of macaque monkeys.

We have investigated the development of intrinsic and interareal connections in areas V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey using postmortem transport of the lipophilic fluorescent tracer diI, applied to brains fixed at different pre- and postnatal ages. Intrinsic connections in the deep layers of V1 are evident on embryonic day 108 (E108), but are not robust in the superficial layers until around E118, when migration is largely complete. Both intrinsic horizontal projections and extrinsic projections to V2 initially have a continuous distribution. Patchy projections are first evident in V1 around E145, the same age at which cytochrome oxidase blobs appear, presumably signaling the differentiation of the blob-dominated and interblob-dominated streams in the primary visual cortex. The magnocellular-dominated stream becomes distinct at earlier stages (by E122), as judged by connectional and histochemical criteria. In area V2, intrinsic connections initially (at E108) involve only deep layer cells and do not have a clustered organization. By E130, superficial layer cells are involved and the V2 intrinsic connections have a patchy distribution; by E145, an adult-like pattern is present. The projection from V2 to V1 passes through an early stage (up to E133) of originating principally from deep layer cells, and thereafter originating from superficial as well as deep layers. We found evidence for changes in dendritic morphology during development. Most notably, at E118, many neurons in layer 6 which are involved in intrinsic or interareal connections have dendrites that extend well into the superficial layers, even into layer 1, a characteristic not reported in the adult.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cortical connections of the dorsomedial visual area in new world owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

The dorsomedial visual area (DM) is an extrastriate area that was originally described in owl monkeys as a complete representation of the visual hemifield in a heavily myelinated wedge of cortex just rostral to dorsomedial visual area V2. More recently, connections of DM in owl monkeys have been described (Krubitzer and Kaas [1993] J. Comp. Neurol 334:497-528). As part of an effort to determine whether DM exists in other primates, we compared the architecture, connections, and visual topography of DM in owl monkeys and the presumptive DM in squirrel monkeys. In both species of New World monkeys, the DM region was more heavily myelinated than adjacent cortex, and this region was connected with the first and second visual areas, the middle temporal area (MT), the medial area, the ventral posterior parietal area, the dorsointermediate area, the dorsolateral area, the ventral posterior and ventral anterior areas, the medial superior temporal area, the fundal area of the superior temporal sulcus, the inferior temporal cortex, and frontal cortex in or near the frontal eye field. In squirrel monkeys, both blob and interblob regions of V1 contributed equally to DM, whereas the blob regions provided most of the projections to V1 in owl monkeys. In squirrel monkeys, connections were also found with cortex on the ventral surface in the ventral occipital temporal sulcus. In owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys, connections were with both the upper and lower visual field representations in V1, V2, and MT, demonstrating that DM contains a complete representation of the visual field. These similarities in architecture, connections, and retinotopy argue that DM is a visual area of both owl and squirrel monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Therapeutic connection and client progress in drug abuse treatment.

This article explores the effects of the therapeutic connection between the drug abuse treatment client and the treatment counselor on the client's progress in psychological functioning during the course of treatment. Two hypotheses of the relationships between therapeutic connection and psychological functioning are formulated. The first predicts that higher levels of connection will be associated with greater improvement in the client's level of psychological functioning. The second predicts that higher levels of functioning at intake will, in turn, be associated with greater connection to counselor. Results from a longitudinal study of 139 participants in a federally sponsored pilot drug abuse treatment program in Houston, Texas show statistically significant associations between both a client's initial level of psychological functioning and therapeutic connection to counselor and between this connection and subsequent improvement in functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey.

The afferent and efferent cortical and subcortical connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) were studied in cebus (Cebus apella) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys using the retrograde and anterograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The principal intraparietal corticocortical connections of area 7m in both cebus and macaque cases were with the ipsilateral medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (MIP) and adjacent superior parietal lobule (area 5), inferior parietal lobule (area 7a), lateral bank of the IPS (area 7ip), caudal parietal operculum (PGop), dorsal bank of the caudal superior temporal sulcus (visual area MST), and medial prestriate cortex (including visual area PO and caudal medial lobule). Its principal frontal corticocortical connections were with the prefrontal cortex in the shoulder above the principal sulcus and the cortex in the shoulder above the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (SAS), the area purported to contain the smooth eye movement-related frontal eye field (FEFsem) in the cebus monkey by other investigators. There were moderate connections with the cortex in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus (purported to contain the saccade-related frontal eye field; FEFsac), supplementary eye field (SEF), and rostral dorsal premotor area (PMDr). Area 7m also had major connections with the cingulate cortex (area 23), particularly the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus. The principal subcortical connections of area 7m were with the dorsal portion of the ventrolateral thalamic (VLc) nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, lateral pulvinar, caudal mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and medial pulvinar, central lateral, central superior lateral, and central inferior intralaminar thalamic nuclei, dorsolateral caudate nucleus and putamen, middle region of the claustrum, nucleus of the diagonal band, zona incerta, pregeniculate nucleus, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, intermediate layer of the superior colliculus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and dorsomedial parvicellular red nucleus (macaque cases only), dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral basilar pontine nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, locus ceruleus, and superior central nucleus. The findings are discussed in terms of the possibility that area 7m contains a "medial parietal eye field" and belongs to a neural network of oculomotor-related structures that plays a role in the control of eye movement.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evidence from V1 connections for both dorsal and ventral subdivisions of V3 in three species of New World monkeys.

We used patterns of connections of primary visual cortex (V1) to reevaluate differing proposals on the organization of extrastriate cortex in three species of New World monkeys. Several fluorescent tracers and the bidirectional tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) were injected into dorsal V1 (representing the lower visual quadrant) and ventral V1 (representing the upper visual quadrant) of titi, squirrel, and owl monkeys. Labeled cells and terminals were plotted on brain sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex and were related to architectonic boundaries. The results provided compelling evidence for both dorsal V3 with dorsal V1 connections and ventral V3 with ventral V1 connections. The connection pattern indicated that V3 represents the visual hemifield as a mirror image of V2. In addition, V3 could be recognized by a weak banding pattern in brain sections processed for cytochrome oxidase. V1 has connections with at least 12 subdivisions of visual cortex, with half of the connections involving V2 and 20% V3. Comparable results were obtained from all three species, suggesting that visual cortex is similarly organized.

Animals↗