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PubMed1999

Predicting conjunction typicalities by component typicalities.

In two studies, we investigated to what extent typicalities in conjunctive concepts phrased as relative clauses--such as pets that are also birds--can be predicted from simple functions of constituent typicalities and from extensions of such functions. In a first study, analyses of a large aggregated data set, based on seven different experiments, showed that a calibrated minimum rule model and some extensions of this model accounted for a very large part of the variance in the conjunction typicalities. The same models can also account for the so-called guppy effect. A psychological explanation is presented, which states that typicalities in contrast categories, like pets that are not birds and birds that are not pets, further improve the prediction of conjunction typicalities. This hypothesis is tested in a second study.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Conjunctive representations, the hippocampus, and contextual fear conditioning.

The context in which events occur can be represented as both (1) a set of independent features, the feature representation view, and (2) a set of features bound into a unitary representation, the conjunction representation view. It is assumed that extrahippocampal (e.g., neocortical) areas provide a basis for feature representations, but the hippocampal formation makes an essential contribution to the automatic storage of conjunctive representations. We develop this dual-representation view and explore its implications for hippocampal contributions to contextual fear conditioning processes. To this end, we discuss how our framework can resolve some of the conflicts in the recent literature relating the hippocampus to contextual fear conditioning. We also present new data supporting the role of a key mechanism afforded by conjunctive representations--pattern completion (the ability of a subset of a memory pattern to activate the complete memory)--in contextual fear conditioning. As is implied by this mechanism, we report that fear can be conditioned to the memory representation of a context that is not actually present at the time of shock. Moreover, this result is predicted by our computational model of cortical and hippocampal function. We suggest that pattern completion demonstrated in animals and by our model provides a mechanistic bridge to human declarative memory.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dry eye in allergic conjunctivitis: role of inflammatory infiltrate.

Dry-eye associated symptoms are frequently present in patients affected with allergic conjunctivitis. We evaluated the relationship between ocular inflammation and the tear film parameters in patients affected with chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Eighty-two subjects (age 23.00 ± 7.61: range 10-40) affected with chronic allergic conjunctivitis and thirty age- and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled. In all patients tear film qualitative and quantitative tests were performed. To determine the immune activation state, conjunctival biopsies were obtained from the inferior conjunctival fornix. Immunocytochemical markers for CD45RO, CD8, CD20 and EG2 (monoclonal antibody binding eosinophil cationic protein) were evaluated semiquantitatively. All tear film tests were found altered. They were reduced in allergic patients (p<0.001). In conjunctival biopsies of allergic patients a very high number of CD45RO+ and EG2+ cells were found (p<0.001): a lower number of CD45RO+ cells and no EG2+ cells in control biopsies were found. Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between tear tests and conjunctival infiltrate (CD45RO+ and EG2+): The tear film alterations are strictly related to the conjunctival immune infiltration. In particular, the reduction of the mucin-related component of tear film can be related to the toxic effect of the granule cationic proteins released by the conjunctival activated eosinophils (EG2+ cells).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Speech perception with a cochlear implant used in conjunction with a hearing aid in the opposite ear.

The aim of this study was to determine the improvement in speech recognition provided by a cochlear implant (CI) in conjunction with a hearing aid (HA) in the opposite ear. The study was a retrospective cohort study in the context of a university teaching hospital CI programme. Seven CI patients who still use their HA in the opposite ear were tested. The scores with the CI alone and the CI in conjunction with an HA were evaluated by using three speech perception tests in quiet (Freiburger Numbers. Freiburger Monosyllables, and Innsbrucker Sentence Test). In the majority of tests and subjects. the CI alone performed better than the HA alone, and the bimodal (CI + HA) condition was superior to the CI alone. On the sentence test, the patients as a group improved from 47 96% (mean: 79%; CI alone) to 50-100% (mean: 88.1%; CI + HA, pv < 0.05). With the more difficult monosyllable test, the scores improved from 15-52% (mean: 37.2%; CI alone) to 15 82% (mean: 48.7%; CI + HA, p < 0.05). On the numbers test. scores increased from 65-98% (mean: 83%; CI alone) to 75-98% (mean: 88.7%; CI + HA, p < 0.05). All patients in this study were implanted in the poorer ear. The results of the present study suggest the advantage of CI usage in conjunction with an HA in the opposite ear.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

Conjunctivitis in the newborn: observations on incidence, cause, and prophylaxis.

One hundred seventy-one cases of neonatal conjunctivitis seen at Bellevue Hospital during the period 1950--1976 were reviewed. An overall incidence of 3.0 cases per 1,000 live births was found. A comparison of the rates of neonatal conjunctivitis with silver nitrate and tetracycline prophylaxis revealed a 100% increase in the rate overall, as well as the rate of gonococcal conjunctivitis with tetracycline. Using conjunctival cultures and cytology, a diagnosis could be established in 73% of the cases, with 41% being bacterial and 32% chlamydial. Staphylococcus was the single most common organism recovered; gonococcus was relatively rare.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1998

Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: a research note.

Children with and without autism were compared on two visual search tasks in which a letter target appeared among two sets of letter distracters. In one task, the target shared colour with one set of distracters but was unique in shape--the feature search task. In the other, the conjunctive search task, the target shared colour with one set and shape with another set of distracters. Although search was slower in the conjunctive task than the feature task in normally developing control children, children with autism showed no significant slowing in reaction time in the conjunctive task and were faster than control children in this task. This result is discussed in the light of theories of visual search which state that rate of search is determined by the degree of similarity between target and distracters.

Attention↗
PubMed1986

Conjunctival cytology of adult chlamydial conjunctivitis.

We assessed the diagnostic value of ocular cytologic examination by reviewing Giemsa-stained smears of conjunctival scrapings. Of 387 patients with a clinical diagnosis of adult chlamydial conjunctivitis, intracytoplasmic inclusions were found in 30 (8%). Both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes were common; the predominant cell type was not useful to differentiate chlamydial from adenoviral conjunctivitis. More sensitive cytologic features included the presence of plasma cells, Leber cells, blastoid cells, and multinucleated cells. Giemsa-stained conjunctival cytologic examination can provide a useful method to support the clinical diagnosis and to direct further laboratory testing.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1995

Incidence of adenoviral and chlamydial coinfection in acute follicular conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE/METHODS: After we studied a case of chlamydial and adenoviral coinfection in a 20-year-old woman, we determined the incidence of chlamydial infection in patients with acute adenoviral conjunctivitis. In a randomized retrospective study, we evaluated 100 specimens of patients with culture-proven adenoviral conjunctivitis. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Three of 100 (3%) specimens tested positive for chlamydial DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Adenoviral and chlamydial coinfection is rare, yet should be considered in patients with prolonged follicular keratoconjunctivitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

A phase III clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution versus 0.3% ofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution (QUIXIN) with 0.3% ofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, active-controlled, double-masked, multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred twenty-three patients with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial conjunctivitis were enrolled. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 0.5% levofloxacin (n = 211) or 0.3% ofloxacin (n = 212) for 5 days (every 2 hours on days 1 and 2 and every 4 hours on days 3-5). Conjunctival cultures were obtained, and ocular signs and symptoms were evaluated on day 1 (baseline), days 3 to 5 (interim), and days 6 to 10 (final). End point was defined as the last evaluable observation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary microbial and clinical outcomes were based on culture results and resolution of cardinal signs, respectively. Secondary efficacy assessments included evaluations of ocular signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Two hundred eight patients (levofloxacin, n = 109; ofloxacin, n = 99) were evaluated for efficacy. Microbial eradication rates were significantly greater in the 0.5% levofloxacin treatment group compared with the 0.3% ofloxacin group at both the final visit (89% vs. 80%, P = 0.034) and at end point (90% vs. 81%; P = 0.038). Treatment with 0.5% levofloxacin was significantly more effective in resolving photophobia than was 0.3% ofloxacin treatment (94% vs. 73%, P = 0.006). Both study medications were well tolerated, with a low incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical cure rates in the 0.5% levofloxacin and 0.3% ofloxacin treatment groups were similar, a 5-day treatment regimen with 0.5% levofloxacin achieved microbial eradication rates that were statistically superior to those attained with 0.3% ofloxacin. Despite the higher concentration of active drug in 0.5% levofloxacin versus 0.3% ofloxacin, there was no difference between treatment groups in the incidence of treatment-related adverse events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatric patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution (Quixin; Santen, Napa, CA) with 0.3% ofloxacin (Ocuflox; Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) and placebo for the treatment of pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis. METHODS: This study was a subset analysis of 167 pediatric patients (age range, 1 to 16 years) from two randomized, double-masked, multicenter, parallel group studies. Eye drops were instilled every 2 hours on days 1 and 2 and every 4 hours on days 3 through 5. Ocular signs and symptoms were noted, and conjunctival cultures were obtained on day 1 (baseline), days 3 to 5 (interim), and days 6 to 10 (final). Endpoint was defined as the last evaluable observation. Microbial and clinical outcomes were based on culture results and cardinal signs, respectively. RESULTS: At endpoint (mean of 6.5 days for 118 evaluable patients), 0.5% levofloxacin treatment demonstrated greater microbial eradication rates (percentage of patients with absence of causative organisms cultured at baseline) compared with 0.3% ofloxacin or placebo. In children age 2 to 11 years, this finding was statistically significant in favor of 0.5% levofloxacin (87% vs 62% with 0.3% ofloxacin [P < or =.032] and 88% vs 24% with placebo [P <.001]). No significant differences between treatment groups in microbial eradication rates were noted in other age subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: After 5 days of therapy, 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution was found to be safe and effective in treating pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis. Treatment with 0.5% levofloxacin achieved microbial eradication rates in children that were statistically superior to those attained with 0.3% ofloxacin or placebo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Per-nasal swabbing as an aid to the diagnosis of chlamydial and adenovirus conjunctivitis.

Two hundred and thirty four patients (adults and babies) with conjunctivitis were investigated by taking eye swabs and in addition by taking per-nasal swabs. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 20 patients and adenovirus from 14 patients. Per-nasal swabbing led to a 53% increase in chlamydia diagnosis and a 27% increase in the diagnosis of adenovirus infection. It is suggested that per-nasal swabbing has an important role to play in detecting chlamydial conjunctivitis which itself may be an indicator for high morbidity in patients and their contacts.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1960

Virus isolated from inclusion conjunctivitis of newborn (inclusion blennorrhea).

An infant developed acute conjunctivitis 7 days after birth. Smears of the mucopurulent discharge contained many typical elementary-body inclusions. From conjunctival scrapings a virus resembling trachoma was grown in eggs. When instilled into monkey eyes, it produced an acute conjuctivitis resembling the human disease. Nine other patients with inclusion conjunctivitis of similar intensity failed to yield viruses.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of acute conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus in an ophthalmic casualty department.

The causes of acute conjunctivitis in 140 consecutive patients attending an ophthalmic casualty department in London were investigated. Laboratory evidence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, adenovirus, or herpes simplex virus was found in 52 (37%) cases. In 70 cases (50%) no evidence of infection with these agents was found. In the remaining 18 cases (13%) laboratory results were inconclusive. The importance of these findings, the role of laboratory investigations in the differential diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis, and their cost-benefit are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1961

Vernal conjunctivitis as an atopic disease.

In a study of 30 cases of vernal conjunctivitis, antibodies to grass pollen were demonstrated in 16 of 29 patients tested by direct skin tests, in 11 of 30 tested by the Prausnitz-Kustner method and in 22 of 30 by the bis-diazotized benzidine hemagglutination method.A personal history of major atopic disease was found in 13 of 27 patients, and a family history of atopic disease in 16 of 26 patients questioned.Conjunctival eosinophilia was found in all cases. Results of the study indicated that vernal conjunctivitis is an atopic disease.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1992

Infectious conjunctivitis.

This article is designed to aid the clinician in the diagnosis of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis by evaluating a wide variety of infectious causes of conjunctivitis. The work-up, including techniques of examination and pertinent laboratory studies, is discussed. Clinical features of each type are covered at length and specific therapy for each is included.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1992

Conjunctivitis of the newborn.

Infectious conjunctivitis of the newborn is caused by a wide variety of microorganisms. The ocular findings may be part of a widespread systemic infection. Clinical presentations are not diagnostic of the cause, and a microbiologic work-up with cytology, cultures, and microbial sensitivities is mandatory. The selection of specific antimicrobial therapy is based on the findings of laboratory studies. Prophylaxis with silver nitrate solution, 1.0% tetracycline, or 0.05% erythromycin ointment is effective for the prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial conjunctivitis in the newborn.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Tropical endemic limbo-conjunctivitis in Lúbumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo].

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of tropical endemic limbo-conjunctivitis (TELC). METHODS: A review of records of all patients aged 0-15 years with a diagnosis of tropical endemic limbo-conjunctivitis examined between January 2000 and February 2002. The diagnosis was based on interview and routine ocular examination. RESULTS: A total of 139 patients out of 422 patients had the diagnosis of TELC, giving a relative frequency of 32.9%. The average age with TELC was 6.5 years which was lower than that of patients without TELC (7.6 years). The sex distribution didn't show any difference between the two sexes (P = 0.345). Children aged 0-4 years were the most affected by the disease. Itching (86%), red eye (51%), brown eye (48%), and tearing (48%) were the most frequent complaints encountered. Photophobia was only seen in 12% of patients. The distribution of the types of the disease was: palpebral form (58%), mixed form (39%) and limbal form (3%). CONCLUSION: One out of three children 0-15 years of age who consulted suffers from LCET in Lubumbashi; although other African studies reported difference in distribution in sex and the predominance of the limbal (bulbar) form of the disease, such data were not found in this study. The disease was equally distributed among sexes and the palpebral form was the most frequently encountered. Complications are uncommon. Other studies are needed to confirm the findings of this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neonatal conjunctivitis in a hospital at Gran Buenos Aires. Last 5 years up-date].

Neonatal conjunctivitis is one of the most important consultation reasons in the first days of life. Causes may be chemical or infectious. Neonatal conjunctivitis study for common microorganisms and Chlamydia trachomatis is being performed at Posadas Hospital since 1995, in a progressive form. The objective of this study was to know the epidemiological situation in the last five years (1999-2003), and to describe the variations detected between two periods, 1995-1998, and 1999-2003. It was observed no change about C. trachomatis prevalence (8%), during all the time in the population studied. With regard to common microorganisms it was showed a decrease in the second period (36.6%) with respect to the first (52.4%). Likely, the causes may be due to changes about sample collection conditions, or to epidemiological variations. The most frequent microorganisms found were: Staphylococcus aureus 69 (27.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 68 (27.2%), and Haemophilus influenzae 64 (25.6%). We consider important to evaluate the kind of ocular secretions at the first consultation, which can lead to a symptomatic treatment that will be corroborated or not, according to microbiological results.

Argentina↗