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PubMed2006

The supportive community: a new concept for enhancing the quality of life of elderly living in the community.

This study examines supportive community programs in Israel, which aim to improve the quality of life of the elderly. These innovative programs pool existing resources to provide a benefits package that includes medical services, an emergency call switchboard, a "neighborhood facilitator," and social activities. Data were collected in 2000-2001 using qualitative and quantitative methods. The program provides specific services to meet needs that otherwise are not adequately addressed. The major contributions of the program reported by the members was increasing their personal security (two-thirds), easing the burden on their children (one-third), and enabling them to remain at home (one-quarter). The supportive community program enriches the variety of services available, thus providing the elderly with the choice of staying within their familiar surroundings of their homes and neighborhoods. This model appears to be both a cost-effective way to facilitate aging in place and a way to meet many of the elderly's essential needs, thereby maintaining their quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Assessing healthful eating among community dwelling rural older adults using self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption via a community-wide mail-out health status assessment.

This project assessed fruit and vegetable intakes among rural older adults on a regional mail-out community health assessment. Over 95% of respondents answered questions regarding fruit and vegetable consumption. Rural older adults in this sample were willing to respond to questions regarding their fruit and vegetable intake; yet they were not likely to be meeting minimum recommended intakes of these foods. Including questions about dietary healthfulness on such an assessment may provide key stakeholders and policymakers a clearer understanding of their community's overall health status.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Intraclass correlations from a community-based alcohol prevention study: the effect of repeat observations on the same communities.

OBJECTIVE: School- and community-based alcohol prevention programs are often evaluated using a group-randomized trial (GRT) design with a single pretest and a single posttest survey. To size such studies properly, investigators need accurate estimates of the variance and intraclass correlation that will be operative in their analyses. Until recently, the only available estimates were based on cross-sectional analyses. A recent report suggests that values from cross-sectional analyses may overestimate the intraclass correlation operative in pretest-posttest analyses. The purpose of this article is to review these issues, present estimates of intraclass correlation for a variety of alcohol-related endpoints based on cross-sectional analyses and to compare those estimates to estimates based on pretest-posttest analyses. We will also show how these estimates can be used to establish optimal sample sizes for GRTs to evaluate school- and community-based alcohol prevention programs. METHOD: Data were collected from 18 to 20 year olds and high-school seniors as part of an alcohol prevention effort employing a group-randomized trial design with a single pretest and a single posttest survey. Data were analyzed via mixed-model regression methods to estimate components of variance. Those components were then used to compute the intraclass correlations operative in both cross-sectional analyses and in pretest-posttest analyses. RESULTS: Results indicate that intraclass correlations operative in pretest-posttest analyses are much smaller than are those operative in cross-sectional analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that future alcohol-prevention studies employing a group-randomized trial design with a single pretest and single posttest survey may not need to be as large as previously suggested by intraclass correlation estimates based on cross-sectional data. This holds true even if they are analyzed to reflect the extra variation typical of group-randomized trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Union Carbide and the community surrounding it: the case of a community in Puerto Rico.

Based on fieldwork in Puerto Rico, this article examines the views on health hazards of residents in a semi-rural community in relation to the influx of industrial development since the early 1970s. It is suggested that "folk" terminology and particular aspects of Puerto Rican culture are less significant in this instance than many studies in medical anthropology suggest. The focus is on the emergence of a protest movement concerned with health problems which community residents and workers attribute to a nearby Union Carbide factory. Residents of El Ingenio, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, have brought a law suit against Union Carbide and, the management of the plant has attempted to dispel the conflict. The article argues that health concerns of residents, industrial workers, and plant management cannot be interpreted without taking into account problems of unemployment, political affiliations, and company policies and their impact over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and characteristics of community residents who feed them.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and identify the characteristics of community residents who feed these cats. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, random-digit telephone survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 587 households in Alachua County, Florida, surveyed between March 1 and May 10, 1999. PROCEDURE: Telephone surveys were conducted, and respondents were asked questions about feeding of unowned free-roaming cats. RESULTS: 70 (12%) households fed free-roaming cats; mean +/- SD number of free-roaming cats fed per household was 3.6 +/- 1.9. Households that fed free-roaming cats were more likely to own pet cats than were households that did not feed free-roaming cats; however, 30 of 70 (43%) households feeding free-roaming cats did not own cats or dogs. Although the percentage of pet cats that were neutered was high (90%), only 8 (11%) households that fed free-roaming cats attempted to have such cats neutered. The free-roaming cat population was estimated to represent approximately 44% of the population of cats in the county. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that unowned free-roaming cats may represent a substantial portion of the total cat population in a region. Public policies and education programs aimed at reducing cat overpopulation should include provisions for neutering unowned free-roaming cats, and efforts should target the general public, not only pet owners, because not all households that feed unowned free-roaming cats own pets.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1976

Community Push: a community-oriented evaluation programme in a psychiatric ward.

Evaluation of mental health programmes is a neglected area in New Zealand. This paper describes a community-oriented, experimental programme designed to provide a model for evaluation in the context of an inpatient psychiatric unit. Its primary objective is to improve patient care. This is achieved by emphasizing real-life needs, and dealing with these by a series of clearly specified steps involving goal-setting. Community resources, especially volunteers, are used. A variety of evaluative data are produced and the overall result is a "self-correcting" programme which is appreciated both by patients and staff.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Community attitudes toward drug use: the need to assess community norms.

Four neighborhoods at high-risk for alcohol and drug problems were surveyed concerning residents' perceptions of the extent and nature of these problems in their neighborhood. Residents were found to have relatively mild perceptions of the extent of misuse but relatively significant experiences with problems caused by drug abuse. They lacked knowledge of treatment and prevention programs. Significant differences were noted among the neighborhoods. Results are discussed in terms of the role of evaluation in community-based programs and the need to survey community norms to plan such programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Volunteerism and community building in continuing care retirement communities.

In summary, CCRCs are arenas in which four types of natural helping and volunteerism occur. The CCRC may, therefore, be a microcosm of a community system, serving multiple functions in a campus setting. Volunteer program coordinators can benefit from the experiences of others, and research into helping patterns and the process of community building may provide insight as new CCRCs develop.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Community well being and infectious diseases among Alaska Native communities in the Chugach Region.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine how Native people of the Chugach Region of Alaska perceive their own communities' health and well being, particularly in regard to infectious diseases. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective focus group interview survey. METHODS: During September to December 1999, 12 focus groups were conducted in seven communities in the Chugach Region of Alaska with 97 participants. Using a set of eight questions, information gathered provided insights into the participants' health-related perceptions and provided previously nonexistent baseline data pertaining toTB and hepatitis. RESULTS: Participants showed a good working knowledge of common infectious diseases. There were misconceptions and a potential for increased knowledge in highly prevalent diseases, but more recently delineated infections in rural Alaska, e.g., respiratory syncvtial virus (RSV), Helicobacter pylori, and less prevalent diseases, e.g., Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The participants expressed a desire for further infectious disease information and dialogue. CONCLUSIONS: This process can be used to develop a risk assessment tool for medical and clinical providers' use in an effort to increase testing for such infectious diseases as HIV, TB, Hepatitis C, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In this case the authors also produced a STD prevention video for rural Alaska Natives, entitled, Summer Sun Winter Moon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Validation of the Arabic version of the WHO-ILAR COPCORD Core Questionnaire for community screening of rheumatic diseases in Kuwaitis. World Health Organization. International League Against Rheumatism. Community Oriented Program for the Control of Rheumatic Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To adapt the Community Oriented Program for the Control of Rheumatic Disease (COPCORD) Core Questionnaire (CCQ) for use as a rheumatic screening instrument among Kuwaitis, including translation, back translation, assessment of cross cultural equivalence, and reliability. (2) To determine the screening characteristics of the Arabic version of the CCQ for detecting rheumatic diseases compared to clinical examination by a rheumatologist. METHODS: Translation and assessment of cross cultural equivalence were undertaken using standard methods. Back translation was done by an Arabic-speaking rheumatologist. Interviewer agreement was assessed using a convenience sample. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were assessed first by administering the CCQ followed by full clinical examinations of a randomly selected sample of 359 Kuwaiti persons aged 15 years or older. RESULTS: (1) Cross cultural equivalence and back translation of the translated questionnaire were satisfactory. Interviewer agreement was acceptable. (2) The prevalence of rheumatic diseases based only on CCQ screening was 69% compared to 73% based on clinical examination. The sensitivity and specificity of the Arabic CCQ were 94.4% and 97%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values of the instrument were 98.8% and 86.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Arabic version of the CCQ appears promising as a screening tool to detect rheumatic diseases in Arabic speaking communities. The findings suggest that the Arabic CCQ followed by clinical examinations in positive respondents can provide an acceptable estimate of prevalence of rheumatic diseases. We intend to use this instrument to screen for the prevalence of rheumatic diseases among Kuwaiti nationals.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The sixth Framework Programme of the European Community for research activities and role of the Italian Community].

The sixth Framework Programme of the European Community for research activities is founded on two new elements, which are essential for the realisation of the European Research Area. They are the Networks of Excellence and the Integrated Projects. The Italian Government has recently approved the new Guidelines for the scientific and technological policy. They are based on four Axes, which involve basic and applied research for a total funding of 14.175 million euro in three years. If this Programme is carried out, the Italian Research Community will further improve, both qualitatively and quantitatively, its scientific productivity. It should be pointed out that, in a recent review, the Institute for Scientific Information included Italy at 7th place in the international classification of medical research.

European Union↗
PubMed2005

[Memory complaints among community-dwelling elderly in Japan: comprehensive health examination for the community elderly for prevention of the geriatric syndrome and a bed-ridden state ("Otasha-kenshin") part III].

PURPOSE: Previous studies have indicated that memory complaints may predict cognitive decline and dementia among the elderly. The present study was therefore conducted to clarify memory complaint characteristics among elderly dwelling in an urban community in Japan. METHOD: The participants analyzed in the present study were 453 men and 385 women aged 70 to 84 years living in an urban Japanese community. Data on problems related to memory complaints, cognitive decline (below 24 points on Mini-Mental State Examination), depression (measured by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview), hearing and vision problems, I-ADL (measured by TMIG Index of Competence), self-rated health, age, sex, and years of education were collected at a comprehensive mass health examination for the elderly ("Otasha-kenshin"). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twenty-seven percent of male respondents and 32% of female respondents reported having current trouble remembering things (reported as "frequently" or "sometimes"). We collected specific descriptions of the memory complaint difficulties the subjects were experiencing. A quarter of the responses indicated problems with forgetting persons' names, a fifth with forgetting where things had been left, 15% with leaving things behind, and a quarter with prospective memory failure. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore correlates showed that in men self-rated health and cognitive decline, and in women hearing problems and self-rated health were significantly and independently related to the memory complaint. These findings suggest that in addition to cognitive decline, self-rated health and hearing problems may influence memory complaints, and that memory complaints in men may be a reliable, simple indicator of cognitive decline. We now need to carry out a longitudinal study to clarify predictive validity.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

[Impact of snakebites in rural environment: community survey in the rural development community (DRC) of Frilguiagbe, Republic of Guinea].

An exhaustive study has been carried out in the rural development community (DRC) of Frilguiagbe, located at 115 km from Conakry in the Conakry-Kindia highway. It concerns a population of 23,442 inhabitants divided into 3,047 households. The survey was carried out at three levels:--community level;--health centres;--traditional healers. In the household survey made between 2002 and 2003, 175 snakebites cases were recorded. In health centres, only two (2) cases were recorded from 1993 to 2003. On the other hand, 80% (=140) of the cases registered in the households have consulted a traditional healer. On the whole, there were 9 deaths (5%). Such a result shows that the collect of information from the consultation registers is not appropriate to appraise the importance of envenomations in our country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight in a Hong Kong community: the United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service (UCNCHS) primary health care program 1996-1997.

The aim of this cross-sectional observation study was to assess thoroughly the body mass index (BMI) profile in Hong Kong Chinese and report all categories of BMI cutoff points as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). A cohort of 17,242 subjects (4822 men and 12420 women) aged 15 or above from the community of Hong Kong presenting themselves voluntarily from April 1996 to August 1997 for primary health assessment at the Three Health Centers of the United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service (UCNCHS). The mean age (+/- SD) was 51.0 +/- 16.2 years (range 15-96 years, median 49.6 years). The mean BMI of the 17,242 subjects was 23.5 +/- 3.3 kg/m2 in men and 23.0 +/- 3.7 kg/m2 in women. The BMI peaked at age 30 to 50 years in men and 50 to 70 years in women. The age-standardized prevalence of BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 or > or = 25 kg/m2 in Hong Kong Chinese was 3.0% in men and 3.2% in women, and 29.1% in men and 21.3% in women, respectively. For underweight, 35.9% and 27.8% of women and 27.5% and 10.3% of men aged 15-20 and 20-30 years, respectively, had BMI < 18.5 kg/m2. In conclusion, a significant proportion of Hong Kong Chinese had a BMI > or = 25 kg/m2. Among Hong Kong Chinese aged < 30 years, the prevalence of underweight was also high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Basic principles of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in light of knowledge and opinions of the Polish community. III. Possibilities of the use of cardiologic services and their quality in the opinion of the Polish community].

In the mentioned in part 1 and 2 work, there were analyzed possibilities of community using of cardiological care as well as community opinions on principles of cardiovascular prevention. Most of the inquired ones informed that they had mainly used health care in clinics organized at their enterprises or they consult with their general practitioners at regional clinics. 14% of men and 20% of women used specialistic counselling. Within the period of last two years most of the interviewed people had taken medical advices at least several times and women did it more often than men. Among different kinds of laboratory investigations, examination, urine analysis and hematologic examination appeared to be most frequently performed. Arterial blood pressure was measured in about 70% of men and 80% of women and E.C.G. investigation was performed in about 50%. Care of a cardiovascular patient was most often taken by general practitioners or internists. The most commonly mentioned difficulties with using specialistic cardiological care are: drug defficiency, long waiting period for an advice at the clinic and queues at pharmacies. Only 7% of men and 3% of women evaluated specialistic health service care as "fairly satisfactory".

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Prevention of prematurity in a community. Study in a community of Maghrebian immigrants].

The North African migrants who deliver at the hospital of Mantes La Jolie have a very low premature delivery rate (2.9%). This is surprising because they would classically be at high risk for prematurity and they often fail to take any notice of our suggestions to prevent this. A study of the mechanisms that could be invoked to explain this good result has led us to describe a prophylactic system that works in the North African community of this town. This system is based on mutual exchanges and aids established as a kind of network. The authors have set out in the list of this population of North Africans which they studied three groups of women A, B, C, who are classified according to the degree of culture they have acquired. This culture makes it possible for others to take part within the network of communal aid; the most cultured of the women (who are the most westernized) are the least involved in this system. This preventive system within the community allows the very low use of the hospital to put the women to rest and very low numbers who have to take beta-mimetics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiological investigations on viral hepatitis in preschool and school communities. Note I. Prevalence and incidence of viral hepatitis and the role of the community in transmission.

A transversal and longitudinal epidemiological follow up was undertaken of the viral hepatitis cases occurring in two types of children communities (kindergartens and schools). The role of organized communities in the spread of hepatitis viruses and the contribution of external factors to the maintenance of hepatitis endemicity are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Personal competencies and community participation in small community residential programs: a multiple discriminant analysis.

We examined whether broad factors assessing dimensions of personal competency and community participation could be used to discriminate between people with mental retardation who were living in small group homes and small foster homes. Using a large national sample and multiple discriminant analysis procedures, we found that personal competencies were least important in distinguishing on the basis of setting between people living in the two types of residential placements. Primary differences emerged in factors assessing extent of community participation, family relationships, and recreation/leisure integration. Implications for policy and future research were presented and discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗