Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Colon, Descending”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Ischemic enterocolitis examined by colonoscopy and selective angiography.

AIM: To study the value of colonoscopy and selective angiography in diagnosing ischemic enterocolitis. METHODS: Among the 16 cases under study, 10 cases had hypertension and a history of coronary artery disease (one was hospitalized for sub-ventricular-wall infarction). The blood pressure of 10 of the 16 cases ranged from 13.9-23.8 to 13.3-14.6 kPa (170-180/100-110 mmHg). Two cases had chronic auricular fibrillation, and in four cases, a cardiogram showed left-front branch conduction block. Sixteen patients were examined by colonoscopy. Among them, 14 cases had a long course of angiocardiac disease, and were further examined by selective mesenteric inferior angiography. RESULTS: The colonoscopy revealed local mucous hyperemia edema and blood on contact. Lesions were found in the sigmoid colon in four cases, in the descending colon in eight cases and in splenic flexure in four cases, which suggests that the lesion always appeared in the left part of colon. There were different degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration, submucous bleeding, edema, fibro-embolism and hemosiderosis by biopsy in the 16 patients whose membranes affect part of the enteral wall. Of the 14 patients examined by mesenteric inferior angiography, 3 cases showed mesenteric amphraxis inferior and formation of collateral circulation. There were different degrees of stenosis in the other 11 subjects' mesenteric inferior cavities which grew slim and their branches were stenotic, so the radiographic image was not complete and the ends of some branches even cannot be seen. CONCLUSION: The colonoscopy and the selective mesenteric inferior angiography are both helpful in the diagnosis of ischemic enterocolitis.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

Chronic constipation as a causative factor for development of varicocele in men: a prospective ultrasonographic study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of chronic constipation in the etiopathogenesis of varicocele in men. METHODS: In this prospective study, group 1 included 25 male patients who had symptoms of chronic constipation for a mean duration +/- SD of 17.0 +/- 20.3 months (range, 3-96 months), and group 2 included 26 male subjects without any symptoms associated with constipation. All subjects were evaluated by both physical examination and scrotal ultrasonography. For the plexus pampiniformis (PP) veins, a mean diameter exceeding 2 mm and reflux for more than 1 second were accepted as suggestive findings for varicocele, as described previously. RESULTS: Left varicocele was detected in 13 (52%) of the 25 patients in group 1 and in 5 (19%) of the 26 subjects in group 2 (P = .02). The mean diameters of the left PP veins were 2.58 +/- 0.97 mm (range, 1.2-4.3 mm) in group 1 and 1.71 +/- 0.53 mm (range, 1.0-3.0 mm) in group 2 (P < .001). A significant difference was detected between the two groups for varicocele prevalence and the mean diameter of the left PP veins. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic constipation is a significant causative factor for the development of left varicocele, which may be attributable to the accompanying distention of the sigmoid colon and distal part of the descending colon, with resultant compression of the left testicular vein in the retroperitoneum. Therefore, we propose routine ultrasonographic examinations for the possible development of varicocele in men with chronic constipation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Colonic pouch].

The tendency towards sphincter-preserving resection for distal rectal cancers has led to a revival of the technique of coloanal anastomosis (CAA) in recent years. In order to improve functional results, creation of a colonic J-pouch in conjunction with a coloanal anastomosis (CPA) was proposed. Two different operation techniques exist: i) Double-stapling with the anastomosis close to the dentate line and ii) intersphincteric resection with the anastomosis located immediately at the dentate line. A long rectal remnant after double-stapling leads to urgency in 15% of the patients due to stool retention in the atonic remnant. No propulsive motility patterns were recorded from the pouch which is emptied passively by upper colonic peristalsis. Therefore colonic pouches should be fashioned of descending colon and should not exceed a length of 6 cm in order to prevent stool fragmentation. Under these conditions the average stool frequency is reduced from 2-6/d after CAA to 1-3/d after CPA. This effect is maximal during the first postoperative months, but is still significant after 3 years. Colonic pouch construction also leads, due to better blood supply and prevention of pelvic hematomas, to a significant decrease of the anastomotic insufficiency rate from 10.0% after CAA to 5.4% after CPA. Therefore creation of a colonic J-pouch should be combined with coloanal reconstruction if the oncologic situation allows a sphincter-preserving procedure.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1992

Action of hydrazine drugs in tumor-free and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated male rats.

In order to evaluate possible carcinogenesis, young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets of hydralazine, phenelzine, and isoniazid at levels of 0.020-0.035% for 87 weeks. Hydralazine and isoniazid were also tested by the subcutaneous (sc) route at weekly dosages of 17 and 83 mg/kg, respectively, in both intact and partially hepatectomized rats, but many succumbed after 7 to 49 weeks of treatment. Gastrointestinal lesions were absent and, of the miscellaneous changes, sc lesions occurred sporadically among the control and drug-treated groups. As a further criterion, male weanlings were placed on the diets and, starting on day 15, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was injected sc at 9.0 mg/kg once weekly for the first 7 weeks and twice per week for a total of 23 treatments. The rats were killed 22 weeks after the last injection, at which time colon adenocarcinomas were observed in over 80% per group, the total number being significantly greater for the isoniazid group due to heightened tumor occurrence at the distal colon. The tumor number in the descending colon for phenelzine was also increased but the overall score, as with the hydralazine group, was in the range of the DMH injected controls. Small intestinal adenocarcinomas were lower in number and involved fewer rats on the hydralazine and phenelzine diets as compared to the isoniazid and control groups. Based on the current data, it is concluded that on long term exposure of DMH treated rats to the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, hydralazine and phenelzine are not cocarcinogenic, whereas isoniazid enhances colon carcinogenicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed1986

Perforations from colonoscopy during diagnosis and treatment of polyps.

Within a department specialized in surgical gastroenterology 11 perforations of the large bowel occurred over a 10 year period as complication of diagnosis and treatment of polyps by colonoscopy. The incidence by diagnostic colonoscopy was 0.6% (95% confidence interval 0.2-1.3%) and by polypectomy 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.2-1.8%). Nine of the perforations were located in the sigmoid colon; one occurred retroperitonally in the descending colon. The lesions were from 1-8 cm long and were located in normal bowelsegments. The most important cause of perforation was forceful introduction of the scope and the use of electrocoagulation. The patients were treated by laparotomy and antibiotics. In six cases the operation was initiated within one hour after the perforation had occurred, the remaining 5 were operated on when they developed symptoms 1/2-3 days after the colonoscopy. One patient, a 84-year-old man, died of acute myocardial infarction 4 weeks after the operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Relationship between patterns of bleeding and Hemoccult sensitivity in patients with colorectal cancers or adenomas.

Although Hemoccult (Smith Kline Diagnostics, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) screening for colorectal cancer is based on detection of the peroxidase activity of blood, little is known about the relationship between patterns of bleeding from cancers or adenomas and sensitivity of the test slides. 51Cr-labeled blood loss was measured for a mean of 9.1 days in 46 patients with colorectal cancer and 28 with adenomas. Duplicate sets of Hemoccult II slides were prepared by the patients and mailed for testing with and without preliminary rehydration. Mean blood loss was significantly related to the site of the cancers, but was unrelated to Dukes' staging. Geometric mean levels of blood loss from the cancers were 9.3 ml/day for cecum and ascending colon, 1.5 ml/day for transverse and descending colon, 1.9 ml/day for sigmoid colon, and 1.8 ml/day for rectum. Rehydration increased Hemoccult sensitivity for blood independently of storage delay, almost doubling sensitivity at the levels of bleeding commonly encountered with cancers of the left side of the colon. Relating results to testing over 3 days, the Hemoccult false-negative rate for cancer was 31% without rehydration, falling to 9% with rehydration. With adenomas, blood loss and Hemoccult positivity were closely related to lesion size. The findings support the validity of 3-day occult blood testing as a method of screening for colorectal cancers and large adenomas, provided the test employed has a high sensitivity for blood. Further information is needed about the specificity of rehydrated Hemoccult slides in subjects following diets of differing peroxidase content. The degree to which rehydration of slides lowers the false-negative rate for cancer indicates that this modification of slide development should be evaluated in large population screening programs.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1995

Familial juvenile polyposis: patterns of recurrence and implications for surgical management.

BACKGROUND: Familial juvenile polyposis predisposes to the development of carcinoma of the colon. Optimum surgical management and recommended surveillance of affected individuals are still being defined. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of experience with a kindred identified in 1988 was carried out. RESULTS: Of 34 living members, 15 have been investigated, and histologically typical juvenile polyps were found in 11. In each instance, polyps were most numerous in the right colon, with few polyps in the descending colon and none in the rectum. Eight patients have had subtotal colectomies with ileorectal anastomoses; the remaining patients were managed by polypectomy (with one recurrence after ten years). In addition to juvenile polyps, polyps with adenomatous or villous elements were identified in three patients. One of these patients had invasive adenocarcinoma in a large mixed polyp of the cecum. Two patients with polyps had coexisting carcinoma of the stomach. All patients have been followed up with periodic upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Polyps have recurred in the rectal remnants of three patients at a mean of 36 months after subtotal colectomy. Two patients have undergone conversion to total proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis and J pouch; one patient was found to have juvenile polyps in the pouch 40 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the preponderance of right-sided polyps at initial diagnosis, the rapid recurrence of polyps after subtotal colectomy argues in favor of performing proctocolectomy with preservation of anal sphincter function (restorative proctocolectomy) at the time of initial surgery. Patients with a small number of polyps may choose instead to undergo periodic colonoscopy with colonoscopic polypectomy. An algorithm for surveillance and follow-up is proposed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

[Improving the effect of orthograde colonic lavage with golytely solution by adding dimethicone].

The effectiveness of an additional application of Simethicone during an orthograde lavage with Golytely solution in preparation for colonoscopy was tested in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled double blind study on 152 patients 78 Simethicone, 74 placebo). The colon regions were separated into rectosigmoid, descending colon, transverse colon and ascending colon and interpreted according to the criteria formation of foam and contamination with feces. By the endoscopic examination of the colon we found a statistically significant improvement in visibility in the patients treated with Simethicone in contrast to placebo both in the individual scores, separated according to each of the colon regions, and in the total scores (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the time needed for the colonoscopy could be significantly shortened in the Simethicone group (p < 0.05). Adverse effects were not observed. We conclude that the additional application of Simethicone during the orthograde colon lavage with Golytely solution results in an improvement in the preparation for the colonoscopy as well as visibility of the colon mucosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Onset of cell proliferation in the shortened gut. Colonic hyperplasia after ileal resection.

Cytokinetics in colonic mucosa were studied after ileal resection in young female rats. The RNA content of the transverse colon was increased 32% after 7 days; after 14 days the increase was present throughout the colon. The DNA content of the ascending colon increased 29% after 10 days. Specific activity of DNA labeled with [3H-methyl]thymidine was elevated 29% in the ascending colon and elevated 49% in the descending colon on the 7th postoperative day. Colonic cell proliferation is stimulated within 1 week of ileal resection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

AlF4- and vanadate stimulate chloride secretion in rabbit colon by a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism.

Stripped rabbit descending colon mucosae were studied in vitro in modified Ussing chambers to determine the effects of AlF4- and vanadate on Cl- transport. Serosal additions of AlF4- and vanadate increase short circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance, while luminal addition of the agents is ineffective. Addition of aluminium potentiates the effect of NaF on Isc. AlF4- and vanadate increase serosal-to-mucosal flux of 36Cl without affecting mucosal-to-serosal flux. The effects of these agents on Isc are markedly inhibited by serosal addition of bumetanide and depend on the presence of Na+ in the serosal bathing solution. The effects of AlF4- and vanadate on Isc are dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the bathing solution, and are completely inhibited by indomethacin, but the effect of forskolin is not affected by the removal of Ca2+ from the bathing solution and the addition of indomethacin. AlF4- and vanadate significantly increase the level of inositol phosphate metabolites. The results indicate that AlF4- and vanadate increase Cl- secretion in the rabbit colon via an increase in prostaglandin synthesis which is mediated by the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1998

Importance of basolateral K+ conductance in maintaining Cl- secretion in murine nasal and colonic epithelia.

1. Epithelia lining the nasal passages and descending colon of wild-type and cystic fibrosis (CF) mice were examined by the short-circuit current technique. Additionally, intracellular Ca2+ ion determinations were made in nasal epithelial cells. Forskolin produced anion secretory currents in wild-type and CF nasal epithelia. It produced similar effects in wild-type colonic epithelia, but not in colonic epithelia from CF mice. 2. After electrogenic Na+ transport was blocked with amiloride and electrogenic Cl- secretion was stimulated with forskolin, the ability of K+ channel blockers to inhibit the forskolin-induced Cl- current was determined. The order of efficiency for nasal epithelium was: Ba2+ > clofilium >>> TEA = azimilide >>> trans-6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulphonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2, 2-dimethyl-chromane (293B) = charybdotoxin, whereas for the colonic epithelium the order was: Ba2+ = 293B >>> azimilide = TEA >>> clofilium = charybdotoxin. 3. 1-Ethyl-2-benzimdazolinone (1-EBIO) was able to generate large Cl--secretory currents in colonic epithelia which were partially sensitive to charybdotoxin, with the remaining current being inhibited by 293B. In nasal epithelia 1-EBIO produced only a small transient effect on current. 4. Forskolin released intracellular Ca2+ in nasal epithelial cells; this activity was attenuated when more powerful Ca2+-releasing agents were applied first. 5. It is concluded that an action on basolateral cAMP-sensitive K+ channels is an important determinant of the maintained responses to forskolin in nasal and colonic epithelia, in addition to the effects on the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the apical membrane. In CF nasal epithelia the activation of calcium-activated chloride channels (CACs) substitutes for the effect on CFTR. On the basis of the different orders of potency of the blocking agents and the differential response to 1-EBIO it is concluded that the cAMP-sensitive K+ channels are different in the airways and the gut.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1971

Lymphatic cysts of the colon.

A patient with a lymphatic cyst of the descending colon is reported. He underwent segmental resection of the colon. The clinical features, pathology, radiology, and treatment of these lesions are reviewed. It is emphasized that these cysts are very rare and cannot be diagnosed radiologically, but must be included in the differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the colon.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Cytotoxicity of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomas of rat colon.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given weekly s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (21 mg/kg) for 20 weeks. The injections were then discontinued, and, after an interval of 2 to 8 weeks, experimental animals were given i.p. injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6DHT) at a dose of 40 mg/kg and sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, 6, 16, and 48 hr later. Specimens of descending colon and carcinomas of the descending or transverse colon from sacrificed animals were examined using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that 5,6DHT at a dose of 40 mg/kg is cytotoxic to malignant colonic epithelial cells but not cytotoxic to adjacent nonmalignant colonic epithelial cells. In malignant colonic epithelial cells, ultrastructural changes in cytoplasmic membranes and mitochondria were evident at 1 hr after 5,6DHT treatment. At 6 hr after 5,6DHT treatment, light microscopy of sections of tumor showed areas of cell necrosis and disrupted tumor morphology. Sections of specimens taken 16 hr after treatment showed widespread destruction of malignant cells.

5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed2006

Effects of a static magnetic field on wound healing: results in experimental rat colon anastomoses.

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) promote wound healing in experimental colonic anastomosis; however, the effects of static EMFs in this setting have not been investigated to date. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were used. Ten served as controls for mechanical strength testing, and the other 40 underwent descending colon resection and anastomosis. Twenty of these 40 animals (M group) had NeFeB magnets placed in contact with the anastomosis site (magnetic field strength at the site 390 to 420 G). The other 20 animals (sham [S] group) had non-magnetized NeFeB bars of the same dimensions and weight implanted. Half of the animals in each group were killed and assessed for healing parameters on postoperative day 3 (M3 and S3 groups) and the other half on postoperative day 7 (M7 and S7 groups). Four types of assessment were done: gross healing, mechanical strength, hydroxyproline deposition, and histopathology. RESULTS: There were no differences between the M and S animals with respect to gross healing parameters. The mechanical strength was also not different between groups (23.8 +/- 12.7 and 24.7 +/- 9.6 mm Hg for M3 and S3, respectively; P = .863 and 91.3 +/- 65.4 and 94.8 +/- 55.9 mm Hg for M7 and S7, respectively; P = .902). Similarly, hydroxyproline deposition was not different between groups on postoperative day 3 or day 7. On postoperative day 3, the M group had significantly higher scores than the S group for fibroblast infiltration (2.4 +/- 0.7 vs 1.4 +/- 0.7, respectively; P = .008) and capillary formation (2.5 +/- 0.7 vs 0.9 +/- 0.4, respectively; P <.001). However, these effects were reversed and did not endure by day 7. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that static EMF has no effect on experimental colonic wound healing in the rat.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Angiodysplasia of the colon].

The authors present a case review of a congenital abnormality of the inferior mesenteric blood vessels which resulted in ischemia of the descending colon and rectosigmoid area. The resulting colitis is only very rarely secondary to a vascular congenital abnormality. In this case, rectosigmoidoscopy, barioum study of the large bowel and a biopsy of the rectal mucosa pointed towards the ischemic nature of the lesion. This led to the selective angiographic study of the inferior mesenteric vessels with findings of a dilated inferior mesenteric artery and angiodysplasia. Surgical treatment included tying off of the inferior mesenteric artery and resection of the descending and rectosigmoid colon followed by transverse colon-rectum anastomosis. The angiographic and histopathologic studies were of great importance in establishing the true nature of the patient's clinical syndrome. One must keep in mind that the rectosigmoidoscopic findings may be seen in other disease states which do not have a vascular origin. These include Crohn's disease, severe amoebiasis and penumatosis of the intestine.

Colitis↗
PubMed2006

Subcutaneous pneumocele associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt migration into the mechanically occluded colon - case report.

A 62-year-old man presented with shunt failure manifesting as consciousness disturbance 4 years after placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Physical examination found subcutaneous pneumocele around the peritoneal catheter extending from the abdomen to the neck. He had undergone pelvic radiation therapy for bladder cancer 2 years before. The peritoneal catheter was removed from the cervical region, and external ventricular drainage and a descending colon stoma for ileus release were positioned. The cerebrospinal fluid was clear and yielded no cultures. No inflammatory changes were seen. He developed carcinomatous peritonitis and died 4 months later. Retrograde colon gas reflux due to catheter perforation into the colon occluded by metastatic sigmoid cancer was probably the cause. Fragility of the wall of colon associated with the prior abdominal radiation therapy might have been a contributing factor. Subcutaneous pneumocele around the peritoneal catheter, i.e. pneumocele within the fibrous sheath surrounding the catheter, is a differential diagnosis to cerebrospinal fluid collection in patients with subcutaneous swelling around the catheter.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1994

A rare case of achalasia coexistent with sigmoid megacolon and associated with epilepsy.

A case of achalasia coexistent with sigmoid megacolon in a 38-year-old man with known epilepsy is described. The patient was referred to the Ryukyu University Hospital with a 4-year history of dysphagia and heartburn and a 1-year history of abnormal bowel movement. On admission, upper gastrointestinal (GI) series demonstrated a dilated, tortuous thoracic esophagus with a flask-type configuration. Barium enema studies showed a dilated sigmoid colon from the rectosigmoid junction to the descending colon. Myotomy (modified Jekler-Lhotka's procedure) for achalasia and simple sigmoidectomy for sigmoid megacolon were carried out. The biopsied wall of the narrowed esophageal segment at operation showed decreased numbers of ganglion cells in Auerbach's plexus and atrophy of the muscle fibers. The resected dilated sigmoid colon revealed degeneration and markedly decreased numbers of ganglion cells in Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful and he has been doing well since surgery. The present case is very interesting and to our knowledge, such a case is rare in the literature. We believe that the abnormalities of the ganglion cells may be due to the same etiologic factor as the sigmoid megacolon. The association of the two pathologic processes is discussed, together with a brief review of the literature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of large-bowel cancers detected by occult blood test in asymptomatic patients.

A randomized, controlled study on occult blood in stool was conducted in 48,000 asymptomatic participants, ages 50 to 80 years. Those with positive hemoccult test results underwent a complete colonic workup including colonoscopy and, in some cases, an air-contrast barium-enema examination when total colonoscopy could not be accomplished. From April 1976 to December 1980, 113 patients (62 men and 51 women), with an average age of 66 years, were found to have invasive carcinomas of the large bowel: right colon--25 per cent, transverse colon (included both flexures)--9 per cent, descending colon--10 percent, sigmoid and rectosigmoid--42 per cent, rectum--12 per cent, anal canal--2 per cent. The stages of the cancers were: Dukes' A--57 per cent, Dukes' B--21 per cent, Dukes' C--19 per cent, Dukes' D--3 per cent. The findings suggest that a complete colonic workup is required for the detection and diagnosis of large-bowel cancers in asymptomatic patients.

Aged↗