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PubMed1989

Abstinence from coffee leads to a fall in blood pressure.

The long-term effects of coffee use on blood pressure and the effects of two common brewing methods were studied for 12 weeks in 107 young normotensives. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups, receiving either (1) 4-6 cups of filtered coffee per day, (2) 4-6 cups of boiled coffee per day, or (3) no coffee for a period of 9 weeks. During the 9 weeks of abstinence, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased. The fall in systolic blood pressure amounted to 4.9 mmHg, compared with the filter group (P = 0.02). There was no difference with either brewing method. Our findings suggest that abstinence from coffee may reduce blood pressure in young normotensive subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of coffee on cardiovascular responses to stress: a 14-week controlled trial.

We studied the cardiovascular responses to orthostatic and mental stress of 43 healthy subjects who daily received six cups of boiled or filtered coffee and of 21 healthy subjects who abstained from caffeine-containing beverages. All 64 subjects first received six cups of filtered coffee/day for 2 weeks. Then blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before, during, and after a "stand upright" test and a mental arithmetic test. Subjects were then randomized to either complete abstinence from caffeine-containing beverages (n = 21), or consumption of six cups of filtered coffee (n = 21), or consumption of six cups of boiled coffee/day (n = 22). The stress tests were repeated after subjects had been on these regimens for 8 weeks. Abstinence from coffee did not affect the responses of BP or HR to orthostatic stress, or the response of BP to mental stress. The increase in HR caused by mental stress was five beats/min less (p = 0.02) in the no-coffee group than in the filtered- (95% confidence interval -8.8 to -1.2) or boiled- (95% confidence interval -8.4 to -0.8) coffee group. It is concluded that elimination of caffeine decreases the HR response to mental stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Interaction of chlorpromazine with tea and coffee.

1 The interaction between phenothiazine neuroleptics with tea and coffee was studied in vitro. 2 Filtered infusions of tea and coffee caused precipitation of all the neuroleptics studied. Tea always caused a heavier precipitate than coffee. 3 The constituent or constituents of tea and coffee responsible for precipitating the neuroleptics was not identified. Solutions of caffeine, caffeine citrate and sodium chloride did not form a precipitate with chlorpromazine but precipitates were formed by sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate and trisodium citrate. 4 The interaction between chlorpromazine (CPZ) and tea was studied quantitatively using radiolabelled drug and it was found that the precipitation of [3H]-CPZ with a given quantity of tea was 'saturable'. The proportion of CPZ precipitated by a 'standard cup of tea' was 80% at low doses of the drug (10-40 mg) whilst at high doses (800 mg), the proportion of the drug precipitated was approximately 20%. 5 The interaction was further studied in vivo by the oral administration of tea and CPZ to rats. The cataleptic effect of CPZ was significantly reduced by the simultaneous administration of tea and this was apparently not due to the caffeine present in tea. 6 The results suggest that a substantial proportion of orally administered neuroleptic may be precipitated as a highly insoluble compound if coffee, or more especially tea, is taken close to drug administration. This interaction might affect the absorption of phenothiazines given orally to patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Relationship of smoking and coffee and alcohol consumption with seroconversion to Helicobacter pylori: a longitudinal study in hospital workers.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There are few data concerning the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seroconversion, and smoking habits and coffee and alcohol consumption. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between smoking habits, coffee and alcohol consumption, and H. pylori seroconversion. METHODS: The data used were derived from a sample of 238 subjects (hospital employees) who were initially (on 1994) seronegative to H. pylori. These subjects were tested again 5 years later (1999). Information concerning smoking habits and coffee and alcohol consumption was collected by the use of a special questionnaire, which was completed by the same cohort of subjects in two different periods (1994 and 1999). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between H. pylori seroconversion and the aforementioned lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Neither smoking nor coffee consumption was significantly related to H. pylori seroconversion. Adjusted odds ratio for alcohol drinkers as compared with non-/occasional drinkers was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-1.16, P = 0.13). However, the odds ratio was significantly lower (0.26, 95%CI: 0.07-0.95, P = 0.042) in subjects who reported moderate alcohol consumption at first (1994) examination, as compared with non-/occasional drinkers. Small and heavy drinking were not associated with H. pylori seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant relation between H. pylori seroconversion and smoking and coffee consumption. The present findings suggest that moderate alcohol consumption might be inversely associated with H. pylori seroconversion.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Smoking, coffee, and pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: We studied relationships of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking to risk of pancreatitis. METHODS: This was a cohort study among 129,000 prepaid health plan members who supplied data about demographics and habits in 1978-85. Among 439 persons subsequently hospitalized for pancreatitis, probable etiologic associations were cholelithiasis (168/439 = 38%), alcohol (125/439 = 29%), idiopathic (110/430 = 25%), and miscellaneous (36/439 = 8%). Cox proportional hazards models with seven covariates (including alcohol intake) yielded relative risk estimates for smoking and coffee use. RESULTS: Increasing smoking was strongly related to increased risk of alcohol-associated pancreatitis, less related to idiopathic pancreatitis, and unrelated to gallstone-associated pancreatitis. Relative risks (95% confidence intervals, CI) of one pack per day (vs never) smokers for pancreatitis groups were: alcohol = 4.9 (2.2-11.2, p < 0.001), idiopathic = 3.1 (1.4-7.2, p < 0.01), and gallstone = 1.3 (0.6-3.1). The relationship of smoking to alcohol-associated pancreatitis was consistent in sex and race subsets. Drinking coffee, but not tea, was weakly inversely related to risk only of alcohol-associated pancreatitis, with relative risk (95% CI) per cup per day = 0.85 (0.77-0.95; p= 0.003). Male sex, black ethnicity, and lower-educational attainment were other predictors of alcohol-associated pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for alcohol-associated and idiopathic pancreatitis. Coffee drinking is associated with reduced risk of alcohol-associated pancreatitis. The data are compatible with the hypotheses that smoking may be toxic to the pancreas or may potentiate other pancreatic toxins while some ingredient in coffee may have a modulating effect.

Coffee↗
PubMed1981

Coffee consumption, cigarette smoking and reporting of drowsiness in anxious patients treated with benzodiazepines or placebo.

Data obtained from anxious outpatients treated with either chlordiazepoxide or diazepam (n = 533) or placebo (n = 285) were used to explore the impact of coffee/tea and cigarette consumption upon the frequency of reporting of drowsiness after 2 weeks of treatment. Strong evidence was provided that both cigarette smoking and coffee drinking affect the frequency with which drowsiness is reported by patients receiving the two benzodiazepines. However, not only the magnitude but also the direction of the impact of coffee consumption upon drowsiness depends upon the level of cigarette smoking and vice versa. For patients smoking less than or equal to 1 pack of cigarettes/day, drowsiness is reported less frequently by heavy coffee users while for patients smoking greater than 1 pack of cigarettes/day, drowsiness is reported more frequently by heavy coffee users. Similarly, for patients drinking less than or equal to 2 cups of coffee/day, drowsiness occurs less frequently among heavier smokers while for patients drinking greater than 2 cups of coffee/day, drowsiness occurs more frequently among heavier smokers. These results are consistent with reports that particular substances contained in coffee and tea and in cigarette smoke stimulate the synthesis of hepatic enzymes which metabolize both the benzodiazepines here studied and the substances which have stimulated enzyme synthesis.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1972

The relationship between the ingestion of hot coffee and intraoesophageal temperature.

Temperatures at the lower end of the oesophagus were taken during the ingestion of hot coffee at varying temperatures and varying volume, by using a modified duodenal tube. TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN EXPECTED WERE FOUND: of 209 measurements on 17 patients and one volunteer, standardized for size of sip and temperature of coffee, 43% were 44 degrees C or higher (up to 53 degrees C). Statistical analysis showed a linear relationship between the intraoesophageal and the initial coffee temperatures.Volume has a larger effect than the temperature at which the coffee is taken.The average increase in intraoesophageal temperatures at the point of measurement was 0.381 degrees C per ml coffee ingested. Some implications of the findings are discussed from the epidemiological point of view.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Factors relating to the development of respiratory symptoms in coffee process workers.

After several cases of occupational asthma had been reported in a coffee processing factory in England, 197 coffee workers representing 80% of the production workforce were studied to determine the factors affecting the development of work related respiratory symptoms of wheeze, cough, and dyspnoea. Two computer administered questionnaires concerning the presence of respiratory symptoms and the occurrence of work related respiratory symptoms were used. Workers underwent skin prick testing to green coffee bean extract (GCB) and 11 common inhalant allergen extracts and bronchial provocation testing with methacholine. The presence of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to GCB and castor bean extract (CAB) were determined by a radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The prevalence of work related respiratory symptoms was 12.7%, bronchial hyperresponsiveness 30%, atopy 54%, positive GCB skin prick test 14.7%, positive GCB RAST 14%, and positive CAB RAST 14.7%. None of the workers was sensitised to fungi present in the factory and the numbers of certain species of fungi, despite being greater than may be found out of doors or in an uncontaminated indoor environment, were fewer than are generally associated with the presence of work related respiratory symptoms among agricultural workers. Storage mites were not isolated. Green coffee bean extract and CAB RAST were significantly correlated using the McNemar test but there was limited allergenic cross reactivity in RAST inhibition studies of the two extracts. The only factors that were significantly and independently associated with work related symptoms were CAB RAST and duration of employment. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was not independently associated with work related respiratory symptoms. The significant independent associations of bronchial hyperresponsiveness included GCB RAST, duration of employment, and resting forced expiratory volume in one second. Exposure to CAB, a highly potent antigen, may be overriding the effects of other factors such a GCB, atopy, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and smoking. This study suggests that CAB contamination remains a potential problem in the coffee processing industry and all efforts to eliminate it from the working environment should continue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effect of coffee on human lower oesophageal function.

The effect of coffee on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP) and intraoesophageal pH was assessed in 10 healthy volunteers, in the fasting state and after a standard Lundh test meal. LOSP was measured by the rapid pull-through technique. Coffee with or without milk has no significant effect on LOSP in the fasting subject. The Lundh meal alone (mean drop = 2.01 cm H2O), or when coffee with (mean drop = 1.80 cm H2O) or without milk (mean drop = 3.47 cm H2O) was taken after it, produced a significant drop in LOSP. Heartburn following coffee does not appear to be due to an effect of coffee on the lower oesophageal sphincter but is more likely due to the effect of a previous meal on sphincter pressure with associated acid reflux.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in men and women: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: We examined the association between long-term habitual coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a prospective cohort study with 44,005 men and 84,488 women without history of cardiovascular disease or cancer. Coffee consumption was first assessed in 1986 for men and in 1980 for women and then repeatedly every 2 to 4 years; the follow-up continued through 2000. We documented 2173 incident cases of coronary heart disease (1449 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 724 fatal cases of CHD) among men and 2254 cases (1561 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 693 fatal cases of CHD) among women. Among men, after adjustment for age, smoking, and other CHD risk factors, the relative risks (RRs) of CHD across categories of cumulative coffee consumption (<1 cup/mo, 1 cup/mo to 4 cups/wk, 5 to 7 cups/wk, 2 to 3 cups/d, 4 to 5 cups/d, and > or =6 cups/d) were 1.0, 1.04 (95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.17), 1.02 (0.91 to 1.15), 0.97 (0.86 to 1.11), 1.07 (0.88 to 1.31), and 0.72 (0.49 to 1.07; P for trend=0.41); among women, the RRs were 1.0, 0.97 (0.83 to 1.14), 1.02 (0.90 to 1.17), 0.84 (0.74 to 0.97), 0.99 (0.83 to 1.17), and 0.87 (0.68 to 1.11; P for trend=0.08). Stratification by smoking status, alcohol consumption, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and body mass index gave similar results. Similarly, we found no effect when the most recent coffee consumption was examined. RRs for quintiles of caffeine intake varied from 0.97 (0.84 to 1.10) in the second quintile to 0.97 (0.84 to 1.11) in the highest quintile (P for trend=0.82) in men and from 1.02 (0.90 to 1.16) to 0.97 (0.85 to 1.11; P for trend=0.37) in women. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not provide any evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of CHD.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1996

The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans.

Coffee beans and some types of coffee brew-not the regular types of coffee prepared with a paper filter or with soluble coffee granules-contain the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol. Cafestol and kahweol raise the serum concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in humans, and they also appear mildly to affect the integrity of liver cells. Both effects are transient after withdrawal of the diterpenes, and it is as yet unsure whether these effects are associated. Patients at increased risk of heart disease who drink large amounts of coffee should be advised to select brews low in diterpenes.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed2001

Coffee and alcohol intake and risk of ovarian cancer: an Italian case-control study.

The relation between coffee and alcohol intake and ovarian cancer risk was analyzed in a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1992 and 1999. Cases were 1,031 women, aged 18-79 years, with incident, histologically confirmed invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, and controls were 2,411 women, aged 17-79 years, admitted to the hospital for acute nonneoplastic non-hormone-related diseases. Coffee intake (mostly espresso and mocha) was not associated with ovarian cancer risk, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.69-1.27] in drinkers of > or = 4 cups/day compared with drinkers of < 1 cup/day. No meaningful relation was observed with cappuccino (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.85-1.32 for drinkers compared with nondrinkers), decaffeinated coffee (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.96), and tea intake (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.75-1.08). Total alcohol intake was not associated with ovarian cancer risk (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.76-1.57 in drinkers of > or = 36 g/day compared with never drinkers). No relationship was found with wine (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.70-1.50 for > 39 g/day compared with never drinkers), beer, amari, grappa, and spirits. No significant heterogeneity was found for coffee or total alcohol intake across strata of age, education, parity, oral contraceptive use, family history of ovarian/breast cancer, body mass index, and calorie intake. This study, based on a large data set; provides no support for a causal association between invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk and coffee and alcohol intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Suppressive effect of coffee on lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine-sensitized rats.

A coffee extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine-sensitized rats, as assessed by the plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, when it was added to the diet (30 g/kg) and fed to rats for 14 days. Its effect was as strong as that of a green tea extract. The coffee extract suppressed LPS-induced hepatitis when singly force-fed (1.2 g/kg) 1.5 h prior to the injection of the drugs, whereas a decaffeinated coffee extract had no significant effect. The hepatoprotective effect of caffeine was stronger than that of theobromine. These results indicate that coffee can protect animals from LPS-induced hepatitis, and that the effect of coffee might be mainly due to caffeine.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2004

Antioxidative activity of a zinc-chelating substance in coffee.

Coffee brew contains a brownish zinc-chelating polymer designated ApV. ApV was prepared from the precipitate formed in a solution of instant coffee by adding ZnCl(2) and purified using ion-exchange and cellulose column chromatographies. The antioxidative activities of ApV and related compounds were evaluated in this study. The free-radical scavenging activity of ApV estimated by ABTS assay was at a similar level to that of instant coffee, while the O(2)(-) scavenging activity of ApV, which is superoxide dismutase-like activity, was lower than that of instant coffee. The hydroxyl-radical scavenging activity of ApV was higher than that of instant coffee, and the auto-oxidation of linoleic acid was more strongly inhibited by ApV than by caffeic acid.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

Coffee drinking and prevalence of bronchial asthma.

The relationship between coffee consumption and the prevalence of bronchial asthma has been evaluated using data from the 1983 Italian National Health Survey, based on 72,284 individuals aged over 15 years randomly selected within strata of geographic area, size of the place of residence and of the household in order to be representative of the whole Italian population. The prevalence of bronchial asthma was inversely related with the level of coffee intake. Compared with subjects who did not drink coffee, the age- and sex-adjusted relative risks were 0.95 for one cup, 0.77 for two and 0.72 for three or more cups per day. This inverse relation was of comparable magnitude at younger and older ages, not explainable through selection, since the sample was representative of the general Italian population and the participation rate was 93.4 percent, or through confounding by several identified potential distorting factors. Thus, the results of this survey provide epidemiologic confirmation of previous clinical observations that caffeine intake has a bronchodilator effect in asthma, and indirectly suggest that long-term moderate coffee consumption may not only reduce symptoms, but also prevent the clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma. An alternative explanation of these findings is that subjects receiving treatment for asthma might tend to reduce their coffee consumption, in consequence of the side effects shared by sympathomimetics, theophylline and caffeine. Thus, further studies taking simultaneously into account methylxanthine intake from beverages and drug treatments are required before considering causal the apparent protection which emerged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Coffee and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.

We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer and performed a meta-analysis of the results. Published cohort and case-control studies were identified in PubMed and reference lists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool effects from 23 studies, and heterogeneity was explored by stratification and meta-regression. The odds ratio (OR) for the overall association between coffee and gastric cancer (highest vs. lowest category of exposure) was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.86-1.09), similar for cohort (OR = 1.02; 95%CI: 0.76-1.37) and case-control studies (population-based: OR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.70-1.15; hospital-based: OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.83-1.13). The OR was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57) when considering five studies conducted in the USA, 0.97 (95%CI: 0.82-1.14) for the five Japanese studies, 0.98 (95%CI: 0.81-1.17) for the six studies from Europe, and 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.86) for the two studies from South America. In this meta-analysis we found no adverse effect of coffee associated with gastric cancer. Knowledge on the level of exposure to different coffee constituents may provide a deeper understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on cancer risk.

Coffee↗
PubMed1979

Behavioral treatment of caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking.

Excessive coffee drinking can have deleterious effects because of the large amounts of caffeine that are ingested. Caffeine is thought to be addicting, and prolonged and excessive use can lead to caffeinism, a condition that has serious behavioral and physiological side effects. The present study developed and evaluated a treatment program to reduce excessive daily coffee drinking to moderate and presumably safer levels. Three habitual coffee drinkers received individualized changing criterion programs that systematically and gradually reduced their daily caffeine intake. The coffee drinkers were required to self-monitor and plot their daily intake of caffeine. They received monetary prizes for not exceeding the treatment phase criteria and forfeited a portion of their pretreatment deposit when they did. Their coffee drinking decreased from almost nine cups per day (over 1100 mg of caffeine) during baseline to less than three cups per day (less than 343 mg) at the end of treatment or a reduction of 69%. The treatment effect was maintained during a 10-month follow-up, averaging a 67% reduction from baseline. The program appears to be a reasonable method of reducing and then maintaining daily caffeine intake at less harmful levels.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1983

Coffee consumption during pregnancy and selected congenital malformations: a nationwide case-control study.

Finland leads the world in per capita coffee consumption. To evaluate the hypothesis that coffee consumption during pregnancy is teratogenic, 755 pairs of mothers of malformed children and their controls were personally interviewed soon after delivery. After excluding tea drinkers and pairs with inadequate information, the study group included 706 pairs. Study subjects consisted of mothers of children with 112 defects of the central nervous system, 241 orofacial clefts, 210 structural defects of the skeleton, and 143 cardiovascular malformations. The coffee consumption during pregnancy was similar for the mothers of malformed or non-malformed children. The comparison of the mothers drinking at least four cups of coffee a day during pregnancy with those not consuming coffee at all showed a relative risk point estimate of 1.0 with the 95 per cent confidence limits of 0.7 and 1.3.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗