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PubMed2000

Violence risk prediction. Clinical and actuarial measures and the role of the Psychopathy Checklist.

BACKGROUND: Violence risk prediction is a priority issue for clinicians working with mentally disordered offenders. AIMS: To review the current status of violence risk prediction research. METHOD: Literature search (Medline). Key words: violence, risk prediction, mental disorder. RESULTS: Systematic/structured risk assessment approaches may enhance the accuracy of clinical prediction of violent outcomes. Data on the predictive validity of available clinical risk assessment tools are based largely on American and North American studies and further validation is required in British samples. The Psychopathy Checklist appears to be a key predictor of violent recidivism in a variety of settings. CONCLUSIONS: Violence risk prediction is an inexact science and as such will continue to provoke debate. Clinicians clearly need to be able to demonstrate the rationale behind their decisions on violence risk and much can be learned from recent developments in research on violence risk prediction.

Clinical Protocols↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of the Two-Way Communication Checklist as a clinical intervention. Results of a multinational, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients and doctors often have divergent views on care needs. AIMS: To examine whether providing patients with an opportunity to identify and discuss their needs would improve communication and induce changes in care. METHOD: Patients with schizophrenia (n=134) were randomly allocated to either standard care or use of the Two-Way Communication Checklist (2-COM). Before seeing their clinician for a routine follow-up, participants in the active intervention group were given 2-COM, a list of 20 common needs, and told to indicate those areas they wanted to discuss with their doctor. Outcomes were assessed immediately and again after 6 weeks. RESULTS: Using 2-COM induced a stable improvement of patient-reported quality of patient-doctor communication (B=0.33, P=0.031), and induced changes in management immediately after the intervention (OR=3.7, P=0.009; number needed to treat, 6). Treatment change was more likely inpatients with more reported needs, and needs most likely to induce treatment change displayed stronger associations with non-medication than with medication changes. CONCLUSIONS: A simple intervention to aid people in discussion of their needs results in improved communication and changes in management.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Symptom checklist-90 revised scores in persons with traumatic brain injury: affective reactions or neurobehavioral outcomes of the injury?

The goal of this study was to examine the concurrent validity of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) as a measure of emotional distress among persons with traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Following previous studies, the scale was divided into a "Brain Injury Subscale" (BIS), composed of items that are confounded with the neurobehavioral outcomes of TBI, and a "Non Brain Injury Subscale" (NBIS), composed of items unrelated to the neurobehavioral outcomes. The scores of 94 persons with TBI were analyzed on the two subscales. Although more frequently endorsed, the BIS items were equally related to the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of the injury and to the respondents' affective dispositions. The same pattern of correlations was evident with the NBIS items. In addition, both scales were predicted by measures of emotional reactions to the injury. These results were interpreted as supporting the validity of the SCL-90-R as a measure of emotional distress among persons with brain injuries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, Hmong version: a screening instrument for psychological distress.

The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25; Mattsson, Williams, Rickels, Lipman, & Uhlenhuth, 1969) was translated into the Hmong language and administered to 159 Hmong adults, 73 nonclinical and 86 mental health clients. The instrument demonstrated internal consistency of .97 and had a split-half coefficient of .92 and test-retest reliability of .90. Mental health clients produced scores that were significantly higher than those of nonclinical participants on the Anxiety, Depression, and Total scores. Consistent with expectations, Hmong more intensely affected by the casualties of war, those currently unemployed, those older, and those with less education tended to report more symptoms of anxiety and depression. The Hmong version of the HSCL-25 provided a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 78%, and overall accuracy of 89%, demonstrating that it is a useful screening tool for assessing general distress and anxiety problems in Hmong people.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Testing factor models of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version and their association with instrumental aggression.

Although there is a documented link between psychopathy and instrumental violence in adult offenders, the association between these constructs has not garnered significant attention in adolescent offenders. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between psychopathy and instrumental aggression in a sample of 122 male adolescents incarcerated in a state facility for serious and chronic offenders. We evaluated the primary (2-, 3-, and 4-factor) models of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003) and assessed their relationship to a separate 5-item measure of instrumental violence. CFA revealed good model fit for the 3- and 4-factor latent variable models of adolescent psychopathy and a single-factor model reflecting a 5-item measure of instrumental violence. Structural equation modeling results indicate that the 4-factor model accounted for 20% of the variance for instrumental violence. In contrast, the 3-factor model of the PCL:YV accounted for 8%, and the 2-factor model accounted for 5% of the variance associated with instrumental violence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Assessing ADHD and comorbid disorders in children: the Child Behavior Checklist and the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders.

Evaluated discriminant validity and clinical utility of selected subscales of the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD; Naglieri, LeBuffe, & Pfeiffer, 1994) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) in 228 children referred to a clinic for the evaluation and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The DSMD is a multiaxial behavior rating scale that measures symptomatology for a broad range of child psychopathology as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-R-III] and 4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987, 1994). Discriminant function analyses as well as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power analyses were computed to evaluate the discriminant validity and clinical utility of selected DSMD and CBCL subscales for assessing ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and anxiety disorders. Results indicated that the DSMD compared very favorably with the CBCL in the ability to discriminate between children with ADHD and those without ADHD and between children with comorbid ODD and anxiety disorders and children who did not meet criteria for these disorders. The DSMD Attention subscale may be somewhat better at ruling in ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C) and ADHD inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) than the CBCL Attention Problems subscale, but the CBCL Attention Problems subscale may have slightly better utility than the DSMD Attention subscale in ruling out these subtypes. Both the CBCL and DSMD were more useful for ruling out than for ruling in ODD and anxiety disorders.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2001

Long-term stability of the Child Behavior Checklist in a clinical sample of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Evaluated the long-term stability of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a longitudinal clinical sample of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), testing the hypothesis that the CBCL scales will show stability over time. Participants were 105 Caucasian, non-Hispanic boys with ADHD between the ages of 6 and 17 assessed at baseline and at a 4-year follow-up. Stability of CBCL scales were computed for dimensional (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs], Pearson correlations) and dichotomized scale scores (kappa coefficients and odds ratios [ORs]). Evidence was found for stability of the categorical and dimensional types of scores, as demonstrated by statistically significant stability of the Pearson correlation coefficients, kappas, and ORs. The robust findings obtained from ICCs and kappa coefficients document substantial stability for CBCL scales over time within individuals with ADHD. These results support the informativeness of the CBCL as a useful measure of longitudinal course in clinical samples of youth with ADHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Development of the Therapy Procedures Checklist: a therapist-report measure of technique use in child and adolescent treatment.

Evaluated the psychometric properties of the Therapy Procedures Checklist (TPC). The TPC was developed to assess therapists' reports of the techniques they employ when working with child and adolescent clients. TPC items encompass the 3 most common therapeutic models for youth: psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral. In a survey of youth therapy experts, TPC items had good content validity for these dimensions. Factor analyses of TPC reports from 274 therapists produced the same 3-factor structure. TPC scales had good internal consistency (all alpha > .86) and test-retest reliability (all r > .79) across samples. In a sample of practicing therapists, TPC scales were sensitive to within-therapist changes in technique use and revealed that therapists increased their use of behavioral techniques with young, externalizing child clients. The findings suggest the TPC may be a psychometrically sound measure and a useful assessment tool in youth therapy research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Further evidence of reliability and validity of the Child Symptom Inventory-4: parent checklist in clinically referred boys.

Examined reliability and validity of the parent version of the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4) in 247 boys between 6.0 and 10 years 11 months old referred for evaluation of behavioral and emotional problems. The CSI-4 is a behavior rating scale whose items correspond to the symptoms of disorders defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Results indicated satisfactory internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and temporal stability over a 4-year period for most symptom categories. CSI-4 ratings converged and diverged in a theoretically consistent pattern with respective scales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised-Parent Version (DICA-P; Reich, Shayka, & Taibleson, 1991). Discriminant validity was established in that boys with specific DICA-P diagnoses received significantly higher corresponding CSI-4 parent symptom ratings than boys not so diagnosed. Clinical utility (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, negative predictive power) was evaluated for screening cutoffs based on categorical (DSM-IV) and dimensional (normative distribution of Symptom Severity scores) scoring methods.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed2004

The utility of measures of child and adolescent anxiety: a meta-analytic review of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Child Behavior Checklist.

We evaluated the ability of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to (a) discriminate between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth without a disorder, (b) discriminate between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth with either externalizing disorders or affective disorders, and (c) measure treatment change. In addition, variables, including age and sex, were explored as possible moderators of instrument utility. A meta-analysis of 43 articles was conducted. A large effect size was found when the instruments were used to compare youth with an anxiety disorder to youth without a disorder. When comparing anxious youth to psychiatric control groups, the picture was mixed; the instruments were found to be useful when discriminating between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth with an externalizing disorder, but not between youth with an anxiety disorder and children and adolescents with an affective disorder. The RCMAS, STAIC, and CBCL were found to be moderately sensitive to treatment gains.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Correlations among the Reiss Screen, the Adaptive Behavior Scale Part II, and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist.

Relations among instruments used in community mental health services for people with developmental disabilities were explored with 284 individuals. Correlation coefficients among the instrument subscales were interpreted in terms of statistical significance and effect size. Of the 157 coefficients, 44% were significant, p < .001, and 35% represented large effects, r > .50. Reiss Screen subscale scores correlated with Irritability, Lethargy, and Hyperactivity on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and with Social Behavior and Disturbing Interpersonal Behavior on the ABS Part II. Stepwise regression analyses predicting Reiss Screen scores from the ABS and ABC resulted in a significant regression, with an overall adjusted R2 of .67. Variance was largely accounted for by two ABS domains and two ABC subscales.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Gender differences in the relationship of antisocial personality disorder criteria to Psychopathy Checklist-Revised scores.

The relationship among adult, child, and full antisocial personality disorder (APD) criteria with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Hare, 1991) scores, an alternative to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' APD diagnosis, is examined in 395 men and 121 women substance abusers. Based on prior research, it was hypothesized that the correlations among childhood, adult, and full APD criteria and PCL-R Total, Factor 1 (Psychopathic Personality Traits), and Factor 2 (Antisocial Lifestyle) scores would differ for men and women. There was no difference between men and women in the correlations between full APD and PCL-R scores. Adult APD, however, had a stronger relationship to the Total and Factor 1 PCR-R scores in women compared to men, whereas child APD criteria were significantly related, although weakly, to Factor 1 scores for men, but not for women.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Standardization of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a Spanish prison sample.

This investigation examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in male adult Spanish prison populations (n = 117). The interrater reliability and internal consistency coefficients were high, and similar to those obtained in other countries. This data provides support for the homogeneity and unidimensionality of the psychopathy construct in Spanish male prison samples. The analysis of factor structure also replicated the two factor solution of previous studies. The two factors showed different patterns of intercorrelations with several self-report measures of personality, demographic, and criminal history variables, which confirmed the construct validity of PCL-R. The results confirm the psychometric properties of the PCL-R as a measure of psychopathy in Spanish male inmates, and suggest that psychopathy is a construct also observed in Southern European countries.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Obsessive-compulsive scale of the child behavior checklist: specificity, sensitivity, and predictive power.

OBJECTIVE: To create an obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale (OCS) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and to determine its internal consistency, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive power to identify obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Three samples of equal size (n = 73) of children and adolescents, matched for age, gender, and race, were selected for these analyses: 1) a clinically ascertained OCD group, 2) a psychiatrically treated group whose records revealed no evidence of OCD, and 3) a general population control group. An OCS was created by applying factor analysis to 11 CBCL items. Examinations of internal consistency, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value were undertaken. RESULTS: Of 11 items hypothesized to predict OCD, 8 items were retained after factor analyses (smallest factor loading: 0.49) and used to calculate OCS scores. The retained items displayed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.84). OCD participants had significantly higher OCS scores than either psychiatrically treated or general population control groups. With the use of the 2 cutoff scores closest to the true rate of OCD in the overall sample, sensitivity was 75.3% to 84.9%, specificity was 82.2% to 92.5%, positive predictive value was 70.5% to 83.3%, and negative predictive value was 88.2% to 91.6%. CONCLUSION: The performance of the proposed CBCL OCS compares favorably with that of the only previously studied screening instrument for OCD, the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version. Unlike the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version, the CBCL is already in widespread use as a screen for most other forms of psychopathology. As the performance of the CBCL OCS will need to be replicated in other sample populations, data with various cutoff levels are provided to enable investigators and clinicians to tailor its use to specific study populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Validity of Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC): preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the concurrent and criterion validity of the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). METHODS: Three groups, comprising 38 mothers of children previously diagnosed with autism (DSM IV-TR, 2002), 43 mothers of children with language disorders other than autism, and 52 mothers of children who had no linguistic or behavioral complaints, were interviewed. In order to minimize the effect of maternal level of education, the questionnaire was completed by the researcher. To determine the concurrent validation, ANOVA and discriminant analysis were used. The ROC curve was used to establish the cutoff score of the sample and to examine the criterion validity. RESULTS: The mean total score was significantly higher in the group of mothers of autistic children than in the other groups. The ABC correctly identified 81.6% of the autistic children. The ROC curve cutoff score was 49, and the sensitivity was 92.1%, higher than the 57.89% found when a cutoff score of 68 was used. The specificity was 92.6%, similar to the 94.73% obtained with a cutoff score of 68. CONCLUSIONS: The ABC shows promise as an instrument for identifying children with autistic disorders, both in clinical and educational contexts, especially when a cutoff score of 49 is used.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Checklist of African Tischeriidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) with a redescription of the formerly neglected Tischeria urticicolella from Equatorial Africa.

Tischeria urticicolella (Ghesquière, 1940)--a poorly studied species from the Democratic Republic of Congo and formerly known as a member of the Gracillariidae--is redescribed and reported as belonging to the Tischeriidae for the first time. The external features and male genitalia are figured and described. A checklist and distribution map for all 18 Tischeriidae species currently recorded from Africa (including the Canary Islands) are given.

Africa↗

PubMed2004

The 13- and 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale: psychometric properties in primary care patients with minor depression or dysthymia.

OBJECTIVE: Depression scales that are responsive to changes in clinical symptoms are important for clinical monitoring and outcomes assessment in longitudinal studies. We evaluated the psychometric properties and responsiveness to clinical change of the 13- and 20-item versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (HSCL-D). METHODS: A secondary data analysis from a large 11-week, multicenter clinical trial, comparing three treatments was performed. Adult patients with minor depression or dysthymia and a score of > or = 10 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were recruited from primary care clinics. Item-total correlations and Cronbach alphas were computed for HSCL-D-13 and HSCL-D-20. Clinical response at 11 weeks was defined by a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) < 10, clinical remission by a HDRS < 7, and criterion symptom remission by < or = 1 DSM-III-R criterion symptoms. Standardized effect sizes and Guyatt's responsiveness statistic were determined for the 13- and 20-item HSCL-D. RESULTS: Of the 656 subjects enrolled, 511 (77.9%) had complete data and were included in the analysis. Patients were 61.1 +/- 15.0 years old; minor depression was diagnosed in 238, dysthymia in 273. Both scales had good internal consistency; Cronbach's alpha = 0.835 and 0.859 for the 13- and 20-items questionnaires respectively. Standardized effect sizes for clinical response (0.62 for the HSCL-D-13; 0.66 for the HSCL-D-20), clinical remission (0.69 and 0.70), and criterion symptom remission (0.65 and 0.67) showed moderate to large effects and did not differ significantly for the two versions. Responsiveness was virtually identical for patients with minor depression and dysthymia but responsiveness was substantially lower for ethnic minorities. CONCLUSION: The HSCL-D-13 and 20-item versions have similar responsiveness to change. For use in European Americans, we recommend the HSCL-D-13 if response burden is the preeminent consideration. To more fully capture DSM criterion symptoms, we recommend the HSCL-D-20.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health, socioeconomic status and self-preception in the elderly: An application of the interpersonal checklist.

One-hundred and thirty-four men and women in the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) sample from sixty-two to eighty-one years of age were tested and re-tested a year later using the Interpersonal Checklist (ICL) to study the effects of health, sex, socioeconomic status and time of self perception. Preliminary item analysis justified the use of the ICL for older people. A multiple analysis of variance for repeated measures with the factors SEX, SES, and TIME yielded two interactions for "rebellious-distrustful (FG by sex x health) and "self effacing-masochistic" (HI by time x health) and three main-effects for "agressive-sadistic" (DE by sex), "self-effacing-masochistic" (HI by SES) and "docile-dependent" (IK by time).

Age Factors↗