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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Electrophoretic polymorphism in Erythrocebus patas].

Variations were observed at the prealbumin-2, carbonic anhydrase-I, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase-II and adenylate kinase loci in Erythrocebus patas subspecies pyrrhonotus. But the level of heterozygosity was very low compared with those of the different African monkey species studied by the same electrophoretic analysis. The reasons for this low variation are discussed with regard to ethological and genetic structure characteristics of the group studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The banded karyotypes of Macaca fuscata compared with Cercocebus aterrimus.

The karyotypes of Macaca fuscata and Cercocebus aterrimus are compared after G, C and AgNOR banding. Although it is often assumed that the 42-chromosome monkeys (species of the genera Macaca, Papio, and Cercocebus) are identical at the chromosomal level, a number of clear and consistent differences between the karyotypes of these two taxa are described. These differences include one pericentric inversion and differences in staining intensity, particularly in centromeric and pericentromeric areas. It is probable that high resolution chromosome techniques could reveal more differences between taxa in the 42-chromosome group than are now believed to exist. It is therefore probable that karyological data could provide insight into the phylogenetic relationships in this group of Old World monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Geometric similarity and heart weight scaling: an application of White's criterion of similarity.

Heart weight scaling among members of the primate tribe Papionini is analyzed in relation to the proposal that evolutionary size change may sometimes come about in such a way that geometric similarity is maintained across species. The results indicate that in terms of relative heart weight, the six species examined can be divided into two groups of geometric variants. Although these groupings do not conform to any hypothesized phylogenetic relationships, there is some evidence to support the associations based on shared patterns of ontogenetic development. An account is proposed for the differences between the two groups in terms of derived versus primitive patterns of relative heart weight growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Life history of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Reproductive parameters, infant mortality, and troop development.

Longitudinal data of reproductive parameters from two langur troops (Presbytis entellus) at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, are presented. Females can reach menarche at approximately 29 months of age and conceive about 5 months later. Gestation length is about 200 days, average cycling length is 24 days, and mean interbirth interval 15.3 months. Postpartum amenorrhea, which ranges from 80-140 days will be reduced to 23-80 days in cases of stillbirths or early losses of infants, a fact that bears consequences in regard to the discussion of infanticide and reproductive advantage. Troop development showed distinct differences in two neighboring troops, especially in number of surviving female infants until sexual maturity. Both troops taken together, 77.9% of the newborns reached the infant-II stage (6 months), 59.3% survived until their mother's next infant (average, calculated for the mean birth interval of 15.3 months), and only 35.9% completed the 2nd year of life.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Structural and mechanical indicators of limb specialization in primates.

The structural mechanics of femora and humeri from primates representing a wide spectrum of habitual locomotor activities were examined to determine how cross-sectional properties vary with functional specializations of the extremities. Average bending rigidities of the midshaft of humerus and femur were measured in 60 individuals of four nonhuman primate species (Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis, Presbytis cristata, Hylobates lar) using single-beam photon absorptiometry. Linear regression analyses of the loge transformed data were used to assess the relative usage of the forelimb and hindlimb in propulsion and weight bearing, and to evaluate deviations from generalized mammalian quadrupedalism. The results suggest that average bending rigidities of the humerus and femur in primates reflect the extent to which the forelimb and hindlimb are used differently in locomotion; deviations of average bending rigidity from geometric similarity indicate functional variations from generalized mammalian quadrupedalism and the ratio of humeral to femoral bending rigidity can be used to identify trends towards hindlimb or forelimb dominance in locomotion and can be employed in general to determine how the limb was used.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of the karyotypes of six species of the genus Macaca and a species of the genus Cercocebus.

Karyotypes from 72-hour whole blood cultures were compared for six species of macaques (Macaca arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. nigra, and M. radiata) and one species of mangabey (Cercocebus atys). G-bands, sequential C-bands, and late replication patterns were studied. Results showed a variation in a single chromosome pair which differentiated C. atys from the macaques. Heteromorphic variation in silver stained nucleolar organizing regions was seen between and within individuals. This data supports previous work showing the highly conserved nature of the chromosomes of the subfamily Cercopithecus.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Environmental correlates of ranging behaviour in the banded langur, Presbytis melalophos.

Data are presented from a long-term study of banded langurs in three contrasting rain forest habitats in Peninsular Malaysia. Results from different sites and months are used to correlate ranging patterns with food availability and other environmental variables. Day range lengths are correlated with availability of preferred foods; the degree of territoriality is related to the distribution and size of food sources and length of time for which any one of these produces favoured food items.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

New wrist bones of Proconsul africanus and P. nyanzae from Rusinga Island, Kenya.

The anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early Miocene hominoid Proconsul is described based on new material collected on Rusinga Island, Kenya. These fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of Proconsul is monkey-like in much of its morphology. However, the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist, particularly the ulnocarpal joint, is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids. Thus the wrist of Proconsul is neither monkey-like nor ape-like in its total morphology. Instead, it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A taxonomic revision of the small catarrhine primates from the early Miocene of East Africa.

This paper presents a detailed systematic revision of the small catarrhine primates from the early Miocene of East Africa, recovered from sites in Western Kenya and in Uganda dated at between 22 and 17 m.y. Revised diagnoses and amended hypodigms for each of the species are presented. In addition to the currently identified taxa, Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933, Dendropithecus macinnesi (Le Gros Clark and Leakey, 1950) and Micropithecus clarki Fleagle and Simons, 1978, two further species are recognized. Limnopithecus evansi (MacInnes, 1943) is resurrected as a valid species, based primarily on previously described material from Songhor, and a new genus, Kalepithecus, is described here for the first time, in order to accommodate distinctive material from Songhor and Koru. The distribution of each species in time and space, and the phylogenetic relationships, are discussed in the light of this taxonomic revision.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1989

Comparative study of vocal communication in two Asian leaf monkeys, Presbytis johnii and Presbytis entellus.

This paper presents comparative data on the vocal communication of two Asian leaf monkeys, the Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) and South Indian common langur (Presbytis entellus), based on sound recordings and behavioural observations of free-ranging groups. Spectrographical analyses revealed a repertoire of 18 basic patterns for Nilgiri langurs, and 21 basic patterns for common langurs. The repertoires of the two langur species consist of both discretely structured vocal patterns, in which alterations of the physical parameters are restricted to intra-class variation, and those in which structural variations cause integration between different sections of the repertoire. Qualitative assessments of group scans indicate that in both species vocal behaviour is characterized by pronounced sex-differences in the use of the different elements of the vocal repertoire. Comparison of data available from different populations of P. entellus suggests population-specific modifications on both structural and behavioural levels. Moreover, characteristic elements of the vocal systems of the two Asian species demonstrate striking similarities to those described for the African black-and-white colobus.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

A study of facial growth in the sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys.

This study examines the pattern of facial bone growth remodelling in the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of high-accuracy replicas. The efficacy of the technique is appraised by SEM interpretations of facial remodelling in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and correlative histological examination. The results indicate that the distribution of depository and resorptive areas in Cercocebus closely parallels that which has been observed in Macaca. It is suggested that the different adult facial morphologies in the sooty mangabey and crab-eating macaque are the result of changes in the rates of remodelling events that may be coupled with different patterns of sutural growth (which could not be studied by SEM).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cultural transmission of snake-mobbing in free-ranging Hanuman langurs.

A focal troop of free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) living in an open scrub forest around Jodhpur was observed mobbing poisonous snakes on two different occasions during field observations of about 4,109 h. These observations of snake-mobbing demonstrate that langurs exhibit a special behaviour against 'potentially dangerous animals' which is similar to the mobbing displays of birds, and of other primates. It is suggested that the adaptive significance of snake-mobbing among langurs lies in the 'cultural transmission' of this information. These observations further support the 'kin-selection' model.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Comparative analyses of age- and sex-specific patterns of vocal behaviour in four species of Old World monkeys.

Sound recordings and behavioural data were collected from four primate species of two genera (Macaca, Presbytis). Comparative analyses of structural and behavioural aspects of vocal communication revealed a high degree of intrageneric similarity but striking intergeneric differences. In the two macaque species (Macaca silenus, Macaca radiata), males and females shared the major part of the repertoire. In contrast, in the two langurs (Presbytis johnii, Presbytis entellus), many calls were exclusive to adult males. Striking differences between both species groups occurred with respect to age-specific patterns of vocal behaviour. The diversity of vocal behaviour was assessed from the number of different calls used and the proportion of each call in relation to total vocal output for a given age/sex class. In Macaca, diversity decreases with the age of the vocalizer, whereas in Presbytis the age of the vocalizer and the diversity of vocal behaviour are positively correlated. A comparison of the data of the two genera does not suggest any causal relationship between group composition (e.g. multi-male vs. one-male group) and communication system. Within each genus, interspecific differences in vocal behaviour can be explained by differences in social behaviour (e.g. group cohesion, intergroup relation, mating behaviour) and functional disparities. Possible factors responsible for the pronounced intergeneric differences in vocal behaviour between Macaca and Presbytis are discussed.

Aging↗