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Orbital cellulitis associated with Toxocara canis in a dog.

Reports of Toxocara canis ocular larva migrans are uncommon in animals, with only a few cases reported. Most reports involve larval migration into the retina and choroid, with parasitic invasion of the orbit reported only in experimental studies. This is the first clinical case of Toxocara canis infection in the retrobulbar region of a 10-year-old, cross-bred male dog presenting with unilateral orbital cellulitis. Ophthalmic signs included protrusion of the nictitating membrane, chemosis, exophthalmos and hypertropia. The parasite was diagnosed by histologic and parasitologic examination of orbital tissues, which were removed during enucleation.

Animals↗

Orbital cellulitis and intraocular abscess caused by migrating grass in a cat.

We report an unusual case of orbital cellulitis in a cat. Drainage via the pterygopalatine fossa and medical treatment were performed. Failure of resolution and loss of ocular structure and visual function with a poor prognosis led to enucleation. During surgery, plant material and purulent exudate were present in the orbit. Histopathology showed an intraocular foreign body of grass that had migrated through the sclera causing a suprachoroidal abscess with choroidal and retinal detachment.

Abscess↗

Burden of illness of bacterial cellulitis and erysipelas of the leg in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Information on the prevalence of bacterial cellulitis (BC) and erysipelas (ER) of the leg (BCERL) is sparse and dependent on the definitions used. There is no information available on the number of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with BCERL, and related treatment costs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of illness for BCERL in the Netherlands in 2001. METHODS: Data were obtained from different linked databases. Hospital information was obtained from the National Morbidity Registration (known in the Netherlands as the LMR), which includes all Dutch citizens, using ICD-9-CM codes. The number of patients not admitted to hospital was estimated using a subsample with data from general practitioners (GPs) (N = 50,000). These data were extrapolated using age/gender and disease-specific standardization. The subsample was used to assess the location of the infection. Reimbursement costs were available for all resources. RESULTS: In 2001, approximately 28,000 patients presented with either BC or ER of the leg. Of these patients, 2,200 were admitted to the hospital and 4-6% had two or more episodes of ER/BC in 2001. The average costs per hospitalization for BCERL were 5,346 euros, accumulating to more than 14 million euros in 2001. Although only 7% of all patients were hospitalized, 83% of the total treatment costs could be attributed to hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: BCERL are common and serious infections in the Netherlands. Hospitalization occurs in only one in 14 patients but contributes more than 80% of the total costs, which accumulate to 17 million euros a year.

Bacterial Infections↗

Eosinophilic cellulitis in a family.

Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome) is characterized by recurrent episodes of nonpruritic, indurative, cutaneous swellings. Three cases of this syndrome occurred in two male siblings and their mother. In all three family members, skin lesions appeared early in infancy. Unusual clinical manifestations included eosinophilic pleural effusions and pericarditis.

Adult↗

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: skin infection presenting as an axillary abscess with cellulitis in a college athlete.

A healthy 19-year-old black man without any methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus risk factors developed axillary boils after he began lifting weights at the university gym in Houston, TX. He presented with a large tender erythematous fluctuant abscess of his right axillae and a superiorly located smaller painful red indurated nodule; the surrounding cellulitis extended into the adjacent tissue (Figure). The abscess was incised, drained, and cultured. Empiric treatment with cephalexin 500 mg q.i.d. was given for 7 days. The culture grew methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Susceptibility testing of the S. aureus isolate was performed by Laboratory Corp. of America (Houston, TX); the Vitek system (Biomerieux, Hazelwood, MO) was used, and the specimen was incubated for 8 hours. Confirmation of methicillin resistance was performed using a methicillin-resistant S. aureus plate and the specimen was incubated for 24 hours. In addition to resistance to methicillin, the bacterial isolate was also resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and penicillin. The S. aureus strain had intermediate susceptibility to levofloxacin and was susceptible to clindamycin, gentamicin, rifampin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and vancomycin. The infection persisted and the antibiotic was changed to double strength trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, taken twice daily for 15 days. In addition, topical care included lesional and intranasal application of mupirocin 2% ointment and daily cleaning of the area with 10% povidone-iodine liquid soap. The skin infection completely resolved without recurrence within 2 weeks.

Adult↗

Anthrax as the cause of preseptal cellulitis.

Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It is primarily a disease of domestic animals such as cattle, goats, and sheep; but humans can rarely be infected by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Our case is a 4-year-old boy who was initially diagnosed as preseptal cellulitis, but later he showed the characteristic anthrax lesions with a black necrotic eschar. Scrapings from the necrotic tissue showed gram positive rods and culture grew Bacillus anthracis. The patient responded to intravenous administration of penicillin G, and the lesions resolved, leaving a scar on the right upper eyelid. Eyelid involvement of anthrax is rarely seen in clinical practice, but should be considered in differential diagnosis.

Anthrax↗

Faecal incontinence due to perianal cellulitis.

A 4-year-old boy presented with a 6-week history of painful defaecation and faecal incontinence due to streptococcal perianal cellulitis. After treatment with a 10-day course of oral penicillin his symptoms had fully resolved. Early diagnosis and treatment of this under-recognised condition is essential.

Anus Diseases↗

Pyogranulomatous skin disease and cellulitis in a cat caused by Rhodococcus equi.

This report describes a case of Rhodococcus equi infection causing pyogranulomatous skin disease and cellulitis in a two-year-old female domestic shorthaired cat. The case differed from previously reported cases in cats in its clinical presentation and in the locations of the lesions, which were similar to those seen in horses. The presence of an intracellular organism was confirmed by cytology and on histopathology. The aetiological diagnosis was confirmed by routine biochemical tests specific for R. equi on a pure isolate obtained from a biopsy specimen. The report also reviews the literature of the documented feline cases and discusses the common pitfalls in the diagnosis of such infections.

Actinomycetales Infections↗

Dermatitis and lymphadenitis resembling juvenile cellulitis in a four-year-old dog.

A four-year-old, entire male toy poodle was presented with a two-and-a-half-week history of ocular discharge progressing to periorbital alopecia, depigmentation, alopecia and ulceration around the muzzle. There was also a haemorrhagic discharge from the ears, pyrexia, lethargy and generalised lymphadenopathy. The clinical, cytological, bacteriological and histopathological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of dermatitis resembling juvenile cellulitis in an adult dog. Glucocorticoid therapy led to rapid resolution of the clinical signs and the dog has remained in remission for two years after cessation of treatment.

Alopecia↗

Phalangeal fractures and metacarpophalangeal luxations subsequent to post-traumatic osteomyelitis and cellulitis in a dog.

A working Border collie suffered a puncture wound to the metacarpal pad. No fractures or luxations were identified at initial presentation. Treatment was instigated with various antibacterials for a period of months. At subsequent visits, the dog's condition progressed with development of metacarpophalangeal joint luxation and phalangeal fractures secondary to cellulitis and chronic osteomyelitis. Amputation was curative. Prompt treatment of the acute condition with debridement and drainage may have prevented osteomyelitis becoming established in the first instance.

Amputation, Surgical↗

[A case of agranulocytosis and jaundice due to cellulitis caused by insect bite].

A 58-year-old female was introduced to our hospital for admission on April 22, 1988, because of high grade fever and agranulocytosis. She had eschers on her left zygomatic region and medial region of the right thigh. The latter lesion was accompanied by cellulitis. Laboratory tests showed her WBC was 600/mm3 and T-Bil was 6.51 mg/dl. By using minocyclin, piperacillin and other drugs, her general condition and laboratory data became better in a few days. Although her skin lesions resembled "Tsutsugamushi disease", serological tests showed no evidence for Rickettia infection. So we could not rule out that another kind of insect bite may also develop such a severe clinical course. Furthermore, Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium spp., which were detected in her pus, might have the toxic effects of inducing agranulocytosis, which might mainly be the result from the local WBC emigration, and jaundice, just like the effects of the endotoxin of Gram negative bacteria.

Agranulocytosis↗

Treatment of cellulitis with ceforanide.

Thirty-five patients with cellulitis were treated with ceforanide, 1 g every 12 h, intramuscularly. A good clinical response was observed in 33 cases. Drug failure in the remaining two patients was thought to be due to the lack of surgical debridement. Drug concentrations well in excess of inhibitory levels for Streptococcus pyogenes were generally present throughout the treatment period; although this was not true of ceforanide concentrations relative to inhibitory levels for Staphylococcus aureus, the clinical response in patients with staphylococcal infection still appeared to be entirely satisfactory. Killing of S. pyogenes by 5, 50, and 500X the minimum inhibitory concentration of ceforanide proceeded at the same rate in vitro as did killing by 5, 50, and 500X the minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin.

Bacteria↗

Penetration of fosfomycin into inflammatory lesions in patients with cellulitis or diabetic foot syndrome.

We investigated the distribution of the broad-spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin in infected soft tissue of patients with uncomplicated cellulitis of the lower extremities or diabetic foot infection using in vivo microdialysis. Our findings suggest that fosfomycin exhibits good and similar penetration into the fluid in the interstitial space in inflamed and noninflamed soft tissue in patients.

Area Under Curve↗

Eikenella corrodens cellulitis and arthritis of the knee.

Severe cellulitis and septic arthritis due to Eikenella corrodens and a viridans group streptococcus developed following dental manipulation in a patient with a history of hemarthrosis. Correct diagnosis was achieved by recognition of E. corrodens on a culture of a knee aspirate. Antimicrobial (ampicillin) therapy resulted in a therapeutic response.

Adult↗

Bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae acquired in a freshwater inland lake.

The number of reported cases of infections with non-serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae in the United States has increased recently. These cases have almost invariably been associated with travel, seawater exposure, or the ingestion of shellfish. We report a case of bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-O1 V. cholerae that was acquired in a freshwater inland lake in northern Illinois. The organism is more widely distributed than generally appreciated, and the potential for infection in patients without the usual risk factors exists.

Adult↗

Mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus: cellulitis in the leg of a diabetic patient cured by amputation.

Mucormycosis accompanied the development of bacterial infection in the leg of a diabetic African-American man. Local injury, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal insufficiency, and antimicrobial therapy were factors that contributed to the pathogenesis of the mucormycosis. The cellulitis was caused in part by Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and was cured by amputation. We report this unusual case of mucormycosis to emphasize the value of fungal identification, to illustrate a dramatic and successful clinical result, and to draw attention to an apparent role for bacterial infection and its treatment in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis. It is the third case report of mucormycosis in a human in which R. microsporus var. microsporus was definitively identified as the etiologic agent.

Adult↗

Vancomycin-resistant Aureobacterium species cellulitis and bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia.

A 39-year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia and concomitant porphyria cutanea tarda was admitted to the hospital for consolidation chemotherapy of his leukemia. During his hospitalization, he developed cellulitis of the left hand and persistent bacteremia with a yellow-pigmented, nonfermenting coryneform bacterium that was identified as Aureobacterium sp. The portal of entry for the Aureobacterium infection was probably through the skin lesions due to porphyria cutanea tarda. The infection developed while the patient was receiving vancomycin prophylaxis, and the vancomycin MIC for the isolate was 32 micrograms/ml.

Adult↗