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PubMed1980

Differential effect of ventro-medial amygdalar lesions on the ingestion of different foods.

The electrolytic lesions of the ventro-medial part of the amygdala in cats increased the cereal and milk intake and reduced the ingestion of meat. In consequence hyperphagia, hyperdipsia of milk and a significant increase of the total caloric intake developed only in cats fed cereal and milk. In cats fed milk and meat hyperdipsia and hypophagia, both of about 50 percent appeared, causing a small decrease of total caloric intake, and in cats receiving all kinds of food used in these experiments a similar depression in meat and increase in cereal and milk ingestion resulted only in a slight augmentation of caloric consumption. Thus, the ventro-medial amygdalar area controls the quality of the food ingested. It is suggested that the nutritional value of the protein component of the available solid food plays an important role. However, the intake of milk containing a high percentage of water seems to be independent of this regulation.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1995

[Breakfast habits in moderately obese adults and its effect on daily energy and nutrient intake, on alcohol consumption and on various clinical and anthropometric parameters].

It is widely held that obesity may be due to alterations in the total caloric intake, the distribution of nutrient intake and the number of meals; widely spaced out meals of large proportions may be associated with metabolic dysfunctions. An observational study was performed in a random sample (80 males and 183 females) of moderately obese adults (IMC > 30 and < 40) attending the dietary unit of our hospital to evaluate spontaneous breakfast eating habits (understood as caloric contribution > 10% of daily caloric intake) in relation to: working activity, region of origin, possible influence on daily intake of energy and nutrients and on common clinical and anthropometric variables (arterial pressure, glycemia, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, IMC, WHR). Following the subdivision of patients into breakfast eaters (SC = 26 males, 52 females) and non-breakfast eaters (NC = 54 males and 131 females), no significant differences emerged between sexes with regard to region of origin, working activity, IMC, WHR, total kcal, distribution of nutrients, glycemia, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, arterial pressure. The only significant difference between SC and NC concerns alcohol consumption which was inversely correlated to breakfast eating in both males and females (males: r = -0.225, p < 0.05; females: r = -0.157, p < 0.05). No significant differences appear between wine consumers (SE = 29) and abstemious males (NE = 51), except for daily caloric consumption (kcal/die), triglycerides and arterial pressure, which were higher in SE (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05 respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparative evaluation of whey hydrolysate and whey-predominant formulas. How well do infants accept and tolerate them?

Whey hydrolysate formulas are a recent and important innovation in infant feeding. This study compared clinical tolerance and acceptability of a whey hydrolysate formula (WH) with those of a whey-predominant formula (WF) in 45 infants. Four infants (16%) who refused to drink WH formula were eliminated from the study. Mean volume intake was significantly lower for WH (120 mL/kg/day) than for WF (147 mL/kg/day; P < .001). Consequently, mean caloric intake was also significantly different: 80 kcal/kg/day (WF) vs 97 kcal/kg/day (WF; P < .001). Nevertheless, weight gain from birth to 13 weeks of age was nearly identical in both groups (171% for WH vs 178% for WF). No significant differences were noted in duration of feeding, number of pauses during feeding, number of stools per day, or number of regurgitations per day. The lower rate of caloric intake and the dropout rate of 16% for WH raise questions about the use of WH formula in normal infants, as has become the case in some Western European regions.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews.

The etiology of pancreatic cancer is poorly understood, partly because of the inconsistency of findings among case-control studies of pancreatic cancer. Because of the unfavorable prognosis for pancreatic cancer, many case-control studies have been based largely on interviews with next of kin, who are known to report less reliable information on potential risk factors than original respondents. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of speculative risk factors such as dietary/nutritional factors and alcohol drinking, as well as those of established risk factors such as cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and family history of pancreatic cancer, on pancreatic cancer risk based solely on direct interviews. This investigation was a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer diagnosed in Atlanta (GA), Detroit (MI), and ten New Jersey counties from August 1986 through April 1989. Direct interviews were conducted with 526 incident cases and 2,153 population controls. This study revealed a significant interaction between body mass index and caloric intake that was consistent by both race and gender. Subjects with elevated body mass index and caloric intake had increased risk, whereas those with elevated values for one of these factors but not the other experienced no increased risk. This finding suggests that energy balance may play a major role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Diabetes mellitus was also a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, as well as a possible complication of the tumor. Our data are consistent with a key role for hyperinsulinemia in pancreatic carcinogenesis, particularly among non-diabetics with an elevated body mass index. A three-fold risk of pancreatic cancer among first-degree relatives of affected individuals was apparent. An increased risk also was associated with a family history of colon, endometrial, ovary, and breast cancer, suggesting a possible link to hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Our findings support a causal role for cigarette smoking in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Alcohol drinking at levels typically consumed by the general population of the United States did not appear to be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, although heavy drinking may be related to risk, particularly in blacks.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

[Dietary intake of total lipids and saturated fatty acids of the Geneva population: an unexpected development].

Results of two dietary surveys performed 10 years apart suggest that the Geneva population has a lower caloric intake and a lower proportion of total fat and saturated fat in the total caloric intake. These changes are observed in all ages, sexes or nationalities. They may indicate that prevention campaigns promoting a healthier diet with a lower content of calories and fat have had some impact. However, because of methodological differences between the two surveys we cannot conclude that these dietary changes are real.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of a chronic wasting infection on skeletal muscle size and contractile properties.

To evaluate the effects of chronic infection on skeletal muscle dimensions and contractile properties, we used a hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection of the reticuloendothelial system produced by Leishmania donovani (LD). To distinguish between effects of reduced caloric intake and infection per se, we also studied healthy control animals and noninfected animals subjected to caloric restriction. Three muscles were tested in vitro: plantaris, soleus, and diaphragm. Both caloric restriction and LD infection caused loss of body weight and reduced muscle cross-sectional areas and wet weights. The interventions had variable effects on in vitro contractile properties, the most pronounced being reduction in peak tension in response to tetanic stimulation. Tension loss was 35-45%, except for a loss of 65% in plantaris of LD-infected animals. We conclude that chronic LD infection affects skeletal muscles in both indirect and direct ways. 1) Reduced caloric intake due to anorexia decreases muscle size and active tension. Disuse probably enhances this effect in limb muscles. 2) Infection produces profound weakness of inactive fast-twitch muscle by unknown mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Dietary habits in Spain: an approximation.

The dietary pattern of a population sample of males selected as a control group for a case-control study on bladder cancer carried out in four different regions of Spain is presented. Out of 807 population controls initially selected, 530 were interviewed, 465 males and 65 females. The method of selection of the study subjects and the diet assessment method are described. Our results confirm the Mediterranean pattern of the Spanish diet, with an important consumption of fresh fish, fruits and vegetables, and the use of vegetable oils, specially olive oil, for cooking and seasoning, accompanied with a high polyunsaturated/saturated ratio (0.7). The consumption of butter, cheese and other dairy products, on the other hand, is very low. Estimated total caloric intake is relatively low if compared with international figures, although questionnaire base assessment may seriously underestimate caloric intake, as it is the absolute amount of intake of lipids and carbohydrates. In relative terms, however, lipids provide the highest percentage of calories.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Nutritional problems in cirrhotic patients. Evaluation of dietetic aspects].

The aim of the study was to evaluate: a) the influence of the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis on the alimentary behaviour of cirrhotic patients; b) the compliance and the effect during observation-time of a personalized diet; c) the modifications, induced by the diet, of some clinical and biochemical parameters, specifically of these correlated to hepatic encephalopathy in 20 non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. They were entered the study, in stage A-B of liver disease, according to Child-Pugh criteria. No patients received a previous specific dietetic prescription. After the collection of the alimentary intake before and after the diagnosis of liver disease, we prescribed normoprotein and hyposodium diets, reducing or increasing the caloric intake for the patients who were not at their ideal weight. From our study it stands out that the diagnosis induced all patients to reduce their caloric intake, especially of lipids. The appropriate dietetic prescription followed by short run controls led to a general improvement of the evaluated parameters, which was not kept during the following months; as a matter of fact, at the long run control all patients tended to return to their previous alimentary habits, neglecting, in the course of time, the diets they had been prescribed. We can, consequently, maintain that the cirrhotic needs a steady clinical and dietetic control since he seems to undervalue the prescribed therapies.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

[Adaptation of food ingestion to energy expenditure].

Body energy balance is regulated in adults. The accuracy of the phenomenon is particularly evident in laboratory animals under steady conditions. Moreover, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that this balance is maintained in spite of fluctuations in food intake or energy expenditure. When animals such as rats, dogs or rabbits are presented with a diluted or concentrated version of familiar food, they compensate rapidly by increasing or decreasing their ponderal intake. This is achieved first by a change in meal frequency, then meal size adapts to the new caloric content and meal frequency returns to the original pattern. This adaptation is based on the learning of post-ingestive cues. Hypo or hyperphagia leads to reduced or increased energy expenditure, as the case may be; the basal metabolic rate is modulated by thyroid hormones and diet-induced thermogenesis by the sympathetic system. These variations are partly regulatory. In a cold environment, the increase in energy expenditure caused by increased thermogenesis is rapidly compensated by increased caloric intake. Physical activity activates the sympathetic system responsible for numerous hormonal changes, the most important of which is insulin hyposecretion. In animals or humans, moderate aerobic exercise induces a small weight loss; afterwards, weight gain is normalized and increased caloric intake compensates for energy expenditures such as exercise, increased basal metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis. Extreme changes in body weight and fat are produced by gestation and lactation; they are satisfactorily explained by concomitant hormonal changes. Especially during lactation, food intake is regulated so that it allows body weight to return to pregestation level. Studies on the mechanisms implicated in the regulation of body energy balance are still in progress. Friedman and Ramirez (1985) suggest that the way fatty acids are utilized is important. Kasser et al. (1985) show a striking difference in the cellular metabolism of hypothalamic regions, depending on the metabolic state or the animal, and Woods et al. (1985) strongly suggest a role for the central insulin level. These hypotheses are well-documented and not exclusive of each other.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Protein intake, control of serum phosphorus, and relatively low levels of parathyroid hormone in elderly hemodialysis patients.

In maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, advanced age is a factor associated with relative hypoparathyroidism and an adynamic bone. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether the observed spontaneous decrease in protein intake in the elderly favors a better control of serum phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. A cross-sectional study including 207 MHD patients (mean age, 60 +/- 14; 59% males; time on dialysis, 61 +/- 55 months) dialyzed 3.5 to 4.5 hours 3 times a week using bicarbonate hemodialysis from 6 Spanish hemodialysis centers was performed. In 95 patients, the nutrient intake was recorded over a 5-day period, and average daily ingestion of nutrients was calculated using a computerized diet analysis system. One-way analysis of variance showed that serum phosphorus and intact PTH decreased with age. In addition, patients with serum phosphorus lower than 4 mg/dL as compared with those with serum phosphorus greater than 4 mg/dL were older (68 +/- 9 v 58 +/- 15 years, P < 0.001), had a lower protein (0.86 +/- 0.3 v 1.05 +/- 0.4 g/kg body weight, P < 0.01) and caloric intake (21.9 +/- 7.4 v 25.7 +/- 8.3 kcal/Kg body weight, P < 0.01), and had lower PTH levels (102 +/- 155 v 290 +/- 345 pg/mL, P < 0.001). An inverse and significant correlation was observed between age and protein intake (r = -0.48; P < 0.01), caloric intake (r = -0.37, P < 0.01), serum phosphorus concentration (r = -0.40; P < 0.01), and PTH levels (r = -0.26; P < 0.01). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between serum phosphorus and PTH levels (r = 0.40; P < 0.01). The results obtained in the present study suggest that a lower serum phosphorus level due to spontaneous reduction of protein intake might contribute to the relative low PTH levels observed in elderly hemodialysis patients.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Dietary fats and immune status in athletes: clinical implications.

Athletes are competitive, train at very high levels with inadequate rest, consume too few calories, avoid fats, and may be at increased risk of infections. The immune system is sensitive to both fat intake and intense exercise, suggesting that athletes may have suppressed immune function. It has been reported that many athletes consume about 25% fewer calories than the estimated expenditure, leading to low intakes of some essential micronutrients and fats. Acute exercise has been shown to increase inflammatory and decrease antiinflammatory immune factors and may increase oxidant stress. Chronic exercise appears to improve immune competence. Lipids are powerful mediators of the immune system, and they may modulate the immunosuppressive effects of strenuous exercise. Studies have shown that a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet (15% fat, 65% CHO, 20% protein of total calories), typically eaten by athletes, increases inflammatory and decreases antiinflammatory immune factors, depresses antioxidants, and negatively affects blood lipoprotein ratios. Increasing total caloric intake by 25% to match energy expenditure and the dietary fat intake to 32% in athletes appears to reverse the negative effects on immune function and lipoprotein levels reported on a low-fat diet. Increasing the dietary fat intake of athletes to 42%, while maintaining caloric intake equal to expenditure, does not negatively affect immune competency or blood lipoproteins, whereas it improves endurance exercise performance at 60-80% of VO2max in cyclists, soldiers, and runners. There is no evidence that higher fat intakes (up to 42% of total calories), in calorically balanced diets, increase the risk of cancer, but studies are needed to determine whether the beneficial effects of higher fat diets in athletes reduce their rate of infections.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1987

Dietary self-selection of golden hamsters in response to acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction.

Adult male golden hamsters were maintained on either Purine Rat Chow (Chow diet) or a self-selection diet consisting of high-protein chow, pure fat, and pure carbohydrate (Choice diet). In Experiment 1, animals were deprived of food for single periods of up to 48 hr. Animals on the Chow diet did not increase intake at any time after deprivation; animals on the Choice diet selectively increased their consumption of fat-derived calories and increased their total caloric intake during the first 6 hr of refeeding, but not thereafter. The nature of the diet did not influence the rate at which animals regained weight following deprivation. In Experiment 2, hamsters were placed on food-restriction schedules (access to food either for 1 hr/day only or on alternate days only) until they lost 20% of starting body weight. Chow-fed animals demonstrated little or no change in food intake either during or after food restriction. Hamsters on the Choice diet consumed more calories and lost weight more slowly than did chow-fed animals during 1-hr/day feeding; intake of fat-derived calories was elevated during restriction. Choice hamsters increased total caloric intake only towards the end of the alternate-days restriction schedule. Choice hamsters were hyperphagic following both types of food-restriction schedules, but no increased preference for fat-derived calories was observed. Factors influencing food consumption of hamsters in response to deprivation and restriction are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Energy requirements of non-ambulatory, tube-fed adult patients with cerebral palsy and chronic hypothermia.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the energy requirements of non-ambulatory patients with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities and chronic hypothermia. METHODS: Six adult patients with a permanent ostomy for tube feeding were studied. Otic temperature was taken before the indirect calorimetry measurements. Prescribed tube-feeding intake and nutrient prescription changes were evaluated for 4 y for each patient. Monthly body weights and periodic anthropometric body fat assessments were measured for assessment of the need for weight gain, loss, or maintenance. The prescribed caloric intake was compared with the measured energy expenditure when normothermic, the Harris-Benedict equations, and the Arlington Developmental Center equation for non-ambulatory adult patients with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities (estimated resting energy expenditure [kcal/d] = [22.3 x fat-free mass [kg]] - [9.4 x age [y]] + 557). RESULTS: Mean energy expenditure was 783 +/- 81 kcal/d or 29.0 +/- 10.9 kcal. kg(-1)d(-1) when normothermic versus 606 +/- 11 kcal/d or 19.5 +/- 8.5 kcal. kg(-1)d(-1) (P < 0.05) when hypothermic (36.9 degrees C +/- 0.4 versus 35.5 degrees C +/- 0.4; P < 0.02), respectively. Prescribed caloric intakes to achieve weight gain, maintenance and loss were 138 +/- 13%, 105 +/- 15%, and 74 +/- 11% of the measured energy expenditure when normothermic (P < 0.001); 107 +/- 19%, 86 +/- 18%, and 56 +/- 3% of the Harris-Benedict equations (P < 0.02); or 130 +/- 23%, 100 +/- 19%, and 75 +/- 11% of the Arlington Developmental Center equation (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Measured energy expenditure when the patient is normothermic significantly overestimated actual caloric needs. The energy intake necessary to achieve desired weight changes are restrictive when compared with the basal energy expenditure, Arlington Developmental Center equation, or measured energy expenditure when normothermic.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Serotonergic drugs : effects on appetite expression and use for the treatment of obesity.

Over 35 years of research suggests that endogenous hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) plays an important part in within-meal satiation and post-meal satiety processes. Thus, the serotonin system has provided a viable target for weight control, critical to the action of at least two effective anti-obesity treatments, both producing clinically significant weight loss over a year or more. Numerous serotonin receptor subtypes have been identified; of these, serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors have been specifically recognised as mediators of serotonin-induced satiety.A number of serotonergic drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), dexfenfluramine and 5-HT2C receptor agonists, have been shown to significantly attenuate rodent bodyweight gain. This effect is strongly associated with marked hypophagia and is probably mediated by the hypothalamic melanocortin system. Additionally, sibutramine, dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine and the 5-HT2C receptor agonist chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) have all been shown to modify appetite in both lean and obese humans, resulting in reduced caloric intake. Clinical studies demonstrate serotonergic drugs specifically reduce appetite prior to and following the consumption of fixed caloric loads, and cause a reduction in pre-meal appetite and caloric intake at ad libitum meals. Weight loss in the obese has also been produced by treatment with both the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan and the preferential 5-HT2C receptor agonist mCPP.A new generation of 5-HT2C receptor selective agonists have been developed and at least one, lorcaserin (APD356), is currently undergoing clinical trials. In addition, 5-HT6 receptor antagonists such as PRX-07034 and BVT74316 have been shown to potently reduce food intake and bodyweight gain in rodent models and have recently entered clinical trials. However, the role of the 5-HT6 receptor in the expression of appetite remains to be determined. The hope is that these drugs will not only be free of their predecessors' adverse effect profiles, but will also be equally or more effective at regulating appetite and controlling bodyweight.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Studies on the use of activated charcoal and cholestyramine for reducing the body burden of polybrominated biphenyls.

Weanling male rats were exposed to a polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) mixture (Firemaster FF-1) in their diet so that they received 1 mg/kg/day for 6 months. They were then fed a normal diet for 4 months. Following this they were placed on diets containing either activated charcoal (AC) or cholestyramine (CSA) for 6 months to evaluate the usefulness of these compounds in reducing the body burdens of the retained PBBs. Periods of restricted caloric intake were also used in an effort to mobilize PBBs stored in fat. Neither compound nor restricted caloric intake was found to be effective in reducing tissue bromine levels but CSA proved useful in preventing the progression of chronic progressive nephropathy, a spontaneous lesion of aging rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Prescribing exercise in multiple short bouts versus one continuous bout: effects on adherence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight loss in overweight women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether prescribing exercise in several short-bouts versus one long-bout per day would enhance exercise adherence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight loss in overweight adult females in a behavioral weight control program. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with subjects randomized to either a short-bout exercise group (SB, n = 28, age = 40.4 +/- 5.9 yrs) or a long-bout exercise group (LB, n = 28, age = 40.9 +/- 7.3 yrs), with subjects followed for a period of 20 weeks. Both groups were instructed to exercise 5 days per week with exercise duration progressing from 20 to 40 min per day. The LB group performed one exercise bout per day, whereas the SB group performed multiple 10 min bouts of exercise per day. The recommended caloric intake for all subjects was 5022-6277 kJ/day (1200-1500 kcal/day), with fat reduced to 20% of caloric intake. SUBJECTS: Fifty-six obese, sedentary females (BMI = 33.9 +/- 4.1 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Exercise participation was assessed from self-reported diaries and Tri-Trac Accelerometers. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a submaximal cycle ergometer test. RESULTS: Exercising in multiple short-bouts per day improved adherence to exercise: the SB group reported exercising on a greater number of days (mean +/- s.d. = 87.3 +/- 29.5 days vs 69.1 +/- 28.9 days; P < 0.05) and for a greater total duration (223.8 +/- 69.5 min/week vs 188.2 +/- 58.4 min/week; P = 0.08) than the LB group. Predicted VO2Peak increased by 5.6% and 5.0% for the LB and SB groups, respectively (P < 0.05). There was a trend for the weight loss to be greater in the SB group (-8.9 +/- 5.3 kg) compared to the LB group (-6.4 +/- 4.5 kg; P < 0.07). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that short-bouts of exercise may enhance exercise adherence. Short-bouts of exercise may also enhance weight loss and produce similar changes in cardiorespiratory fitness when compared to long-bouts of exercise. Thus, short-bouts of exercise may be preferred when prescribing exercise to obese adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Oral diet in health personnel, fulfillment of daily recommendations].

BACKGROUND: Nutritional education is an essential issue for the proper approach to patients. One of the first issues to have in mind is the appropriate nutritional guidelines in theses professionals in their routine life. The aim of out work was to determine the oral intake pattern in a group of health professionals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 24-hours nutritional survey (encuesta) was performed in a group of 51 health professionals (including both medical and nurse personnel) who attended a course in specialized training in nutrition at Hospital Universitario Río Hortega. All participants had their weight, length, age, and profession recorded. Before complying with diet they received an identification session of alimentary rations. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 25.9 (5.4) years and they were all women (52.9% nurses and 47.1% physicians). Body mass index (BMI) was 21.9 (2.6). The intake of vitamin D was lower than international recommendations (RDA): 2.25 (3.27) g/day. However, the intake of vitamin C, 183.8 (118) mg/day; vitamin B12, 4.73 (3.18) mg/day; folic acid, 262.4 (126) g/day, and iodine, 310.3 (185) g/day were higher than international recommendations. The caloric intake was appropriate for the age of participants and protein intake was 2-fold above normality 1.66 (0.9) g/ kg/day. Differences were observed only between the group of nurses and physicians regarding iodine intake, slightly higher in the former individuals. CONCLUSION: In summary, the caloric intake in these health professionals is appropriate, and there is an excess in the intake of proteins, vitamin C, vitamin B12, folic acid and iodine, with a low intake of vitamin D.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hunger and food intake following consumption of low-calorie foods.

Although high-intensity sweeteners are widely used to decrease the energy density of foods, little is known about how this affects hunger and food intake. We have studied the effects of consumption of commercially available foods sweetened with either sucrose or aspartame on subjective appetite ratings and food intake. When normal-weight non-dieting males and females were given large portions of either a high- or low-calorie pudding or jello and instructed to eat as much as they liked, they ate similar weights of the different caloric versions of each food. Despite the resulting difference in caloric intake (up to 206 kcal), subjects showed only a non-significant trend towards caloric compensation when presented with a variety of foods 2 h later. Total caloric intake (preload plus test meal) did not differ between conditions. Ratings of hunger, desire to eat, the amount subjects wanted to eat, and the pleasantness of the taste of the eaten food were similarly decreased and fullness similarly increased by consumption of the different caloric versions of the foods. Awareness of the caloric content of the foods did not influence intake or appetite in that both informed and uniformed subjects responded similarly in the tests. Thus reduced calorie foods suppressed ratings of hunger for several hours after consumption, but were not associated with a significant reduction in total energy intake.

Adolescent↗