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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Metabolic responses of transition Holstein cows fed anionic salts and supplemented at calving with calcium and energy.

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of plasma Ca, P, Mg, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and glucose in transition cows fed anionic salts prepartum and provided with calcium and energy supplements at calving. The study was conducted on a Florida Holstein dairy farm from November to December 1997. Treatments consisted of no treatment (n = 30); 60 g of Ca as calcium chloride, orally (n = 30); 110 g of Ca as calcium propionate 510 g plus 400 g of propylene glycol, orally (n = 30); two doses of 60 g of Ca as calcium chloride, one at calving and the second 24 h later, orally (n = 30); and 10 g of Ca as borogluconate, intravenously (n = 30). Treatments were administered within 12 h after parturition. Blood samples were collected at d 1 (parturition), 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after calving. Plasma total Ca, P, Mg, NEFA, BHBA, and glucose were measured. There were no differences in the concentrations of the blood metabolites among treatments.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prolonged delivery of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from hydrophilic ocular inserts.

Ocular inserts were developed with prolonged release of drug and minimum swelling within cul-de-sac using ciprofloxacin (CPF) hydrochloride as a model drug. The ocular inserts were fahricated with sodium alginate films loaded with drug and then treated with calcium chloride. A 4% w/v solution of calcium chloride and an exposure of 15 s to this solution was found to be the optimum treatment combination of inserts. Four types of inserts were produced: type-I contained CPF hydrochloride and alginate, type-II contained CPF crystals and alginate, type-III contained CPF hydrochloride inalginate and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) matrix and type-IV contained CPF crystals entrapped inalginate and HPMC matrix. In vitro release profile of drug from the inserts followed Higuchi and first-order kinetic models. Longer duration for 90% drug release were obtained from types-II and IV inserts than from types I and III, although type III had a longer duration than type-I inserts. In vivo studies were carried out in rabbit eyes by measuring the tear concentrations against time. From the pharmacokinctic parameters obtained types II and IV were found to prolong the duration of action more than 2 days while types I and II inserts the duration of action lasted for about 1.5 days.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1977

[Pharmacological analysis of the pendular movements appearing during calcium blocking of peristalsis in the isolated guinea pig ileum].

Calcium chloride acting from the serosal surface blocked the peristaltic reflex and at the same time, after about 30 minutes, evoked pendulum type of activity in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum, subjected to constant intraluminal pressure. Hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, morphine, methadone and atropine blocked, while, neostigmine potentiated the pendulum movements evoked by calcium chloride. In the Magnus preparation of the guinea-pig isolated ileum calcium chloride also caused pendulum type of activity. From these experiments it is concluded that calcium chloride evoked pendular movements by stimulating the postganglionic cholinergic nerves in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular expression and functional involvement of the bovine calcium-activated chloride channel 1 (bCLCA1) in apical HCO3- permeability of bovine corneal endothelium.

Corneal endothelium secretes HCO(3)(-) from basolateral (stroma) to apical (anterior chamber) compartments. Apical HCO(3)(-) permeability can be enhanced by increasing [Ca(2+)](i). We hypothesized that the bovine calcium-activated chloride channel 1 (bCLCA1), shown previously by PCR screening to be expressed in corneal endothelium, is involved in Ca(2+) activated apical HCO(3)(-) permeability. bCLCA1 expression in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells (CBCEC) was examined by in situ hybridization analysis, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were generated using a 14 aa polypeptide (417-430) from the predicted sequence of bCLCA1. The small interference RNA (siRNA) knock down technique was used to evaluate the functional involvement of bCLCA1 in apical HCO(3)(-) permeability. In situ hybridization confirmed prominent bCLCA1-specific mRNA expression in CBCEC. bCLCA1 antiserum detected the heterologously expressed bCLCA1 in HEK293 cells and a 90kDa band in CBCEC, which was absent when using the pre-immune serum or antigen absorption of serum. Immunofluoresence staining with anti-bCLCA1 antibody and confocal microscopy indicates an apical membrane location in CBCEC. In CBCEC transfected with bCLCA1 specific siRNA, bCLCA1 expression was reduced by 80%, while transfection with siControl scrambled sequence had no effect. Increasing [Ca(i)(2+)] by application of ATPgammaS or cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) increased apical HCO(3)(-) permeability in siControl transfected CBCEC, while having no effect on apical HCO(3)(-) permeability in bCLCA1 specific siRNA transfected cells. Baseline HCO(3)(-) permeability, however, was not different between controls and siRNA treated cells. We conclude that the calcium-activated chloride channel (bCLCA1) is expressed in bovine corneal endothelial cells and can contribute to Ca(2+) dependent apical HCO(3)(-) permeability, but not resting permeability, across the corneal endothelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Regulatory effect of endogenous calcitonin on calcium metabolism in hepatic bile system of rats.

The effect of calcium chloride (4.0 mg Ca2+/100 g BW) on the calcium metabolism in the hepatic bile system was investigated in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats. The administration of calcium did not alter the serum calcium of intact rats but increased it markedly in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. The administration of calcium to intact rats also caused a significant decrease in the liver plasma membrane Ca-ATPase activity, and a corresponding increase in liver calcium and bile calcium, while no such increase was seen in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Meanwhile, the administration of calcitonin (CT, 80 MRC mU/100 g BW) to intact rats significantly lowered both serum calcium and liver plasma membrane Ca-ATPase activity, and it also significantly elevated both liver and bile calcium. These results suggest that endogenous CT regulates calcium metabolism in the hepatic bile system of rats after the injection of calcium chloride.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Calcium-activated chloride current in cultured sensory and parasympathetic quail neurones.

1. Sensory (trigeminal and dorsal root) and autonomic (ciliary) ganglia from embryonic quail were dissociated and the neurones were grown in tissue culture. 2. Intracellular recordings were made in voltage clamp using patch electrodes and the whole-cell recording technique. In order to investigate a calcium-activated chloride current, the sodium and potassium currents were blocked. 3. Depolarizing voltage steps from a holding potential of -100 mV to a test potential of +20 mV triggered an early inward and a delayed outward current. The latter persisted as a long-lasting inward tail current when the membrane was depolarized to -100 mV. 4. These currents were all blocked by extracellular cobalt suggesting that they were calcium dependent. During a test depolarization to +20 mV, in the presence of intracellular EGTA (20 mM), the inward current persisted but the outward current was suppressed. EGTA (20 mM) also suppressed the long-lasting inward tail current at -100 mV. This suggested the presence of a calcium-activated current. 5. The reversal potential of the calcium-activated current was near the equilibrium potential for chloride ions and was shifted as predicted by the Nernst equation when the extracellular chloride concentration was changed. 6. The calcium-activated current was partially blocked by adding 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-disulphonic acid (SITS) at a concentration of 1 mM to the external superfusion medium. This effect of a compound known to interfere with chloride channels together with the results of point (5) suggested the existence of a calcium-activated chloride current (ICl(Ca)). 7. ICl(Ca) could be activated by transient and sustained components of the calcium current present in the cultured neurones. 8. ICl(Ca) was present in 80% of the sensory neurones but only in 10% of the parasympathetic neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Annexins from Ehrlich ascites cells inhibit the calcium-activated chloride current in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

The effect of annexins II, III and V, purified from different species, on the calcium-activated chloride current across the stage-V to stage-VI Xenopus laevis oocyte membrane was tested either directly, using calcium entry mediated by depolarization, by A23187 permeabilization of oocytes or indirectly by quisqualate stimulation of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the membrane expressed by the oocyte after injection of mRNA. The annexins isolated from the Ehrlich ascites cell, which is a mouse tumor cell, were found to be potent inhibitors of the chloride current, showing half-maximal inhibition at 50 nM, whereas no block was found using bovine or porcine annexins isolated from lung tissue. Of the annexins tested, we found annexin III to be naturally occurring in the oocyte, while only trace amounts of annexins II and V could be demonstrated. The inhibition pattern varied somewhat according to the stimulus method, the inhibition being more complete when an indirect stimulus via the metabotropic receptor was applied compared to a direct calcium stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Feeding following intrahypothalamic injections of calcium and magnesium ions in sheep.

To study ionic effects on hypothalamic control of feeding, seven sheep were each prepared with six bilateral medial-hypothalamic guides. Hypothalamic loci were identified where feeding resulted following 1 mu 1 injections of calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. Doses of 1 and 2 mumol were most effective to induce feeding, and potassium chloride was not effective. Injections of phentolamine, LB-46, carbachol, atropine, or prostaglandin E1 did not inhibit the feeding responses following magnesium chloride injections into magnesium ion responsive loci. Feeding following calcium chloride injections into calcium ion responsive loci was blocked by atropine and reduced by phentolamine. Carbachol and prostaglandin E1 elicited feeding when injected into magnesium but not calcium ion responsive loci. Injections of carbachol followed by magnesium chloride resulted in greater feeding than when either chemical was injected alone. Calcium and/or magnesium ion bound feeding loci were in the anterior, ventromedial, dorsomedial, posterior and lateral hypothalamus, and the mammillary bodies. These ions elicited feeding in sheep perhaps by decreasing excitability of feeding-inhibitory neural pathways in the hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Axotomy-induced expression of calcium-activated chloride current in subpopulations of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of calcium-activated chloride current [ICl(Ca)] were made from adult sensory neurons of naive and axotomized mouse L4-L6 lumbar dorsal root ganglia after 1 day of culture in vitro. A basal ICl(Ca) was specifically expressed in a subset of naive medium-diameter neurons (30-40 microm). Prior nerve injury, induced by sciatic nerve transection 5 days before experiments, increased both ICl(Ca) amplitude and its expression in medium-diameter neurons. Moreover, nerve injury also induced ICl(Ca) expression in a new subpopulation of neurons, the large-diameter neurons (40-50 microm). Small-diameter neurons (inferior to 30 microm) never expressed ICl(Ca). Regulated ICl(Ca) expression was strongly correlated with injury-induced regenerative growth of sensory neurons in vitro and nerve regeneration in vivo. Cell culture on a substrate not permissive for growth, D,L-polyornithine, prevented both elongation growth and ICl(Ca) expression in axotomized neurons. Regenerative growth and the induction of ICl(Ca) expression take place 2 days after injury, peak after 5 days of conditioning in vivo, slowly declining thereafter to control values. The selective expression of ICl(Ca) within medium- and large-diameter neurons conditioned for rapid, efficient growth suggests that these channels play a specific role in postinjury behavior of sensory neuron subpopulations such as neuropathic pain and/or axonal regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Calcium-activated chloride conductance of lactotrophs: comparison of activation in normal and tumoral cells during thyrotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation.

We studied a chloride (Cl-) conductance activated by calcium (Ca2+) in normal rat lactotrophs and compared its activation during TRH stimulation in normal rat lactotrophs and in GH3 tumoral lactosomatotrophs cells, using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The Cl- specificity of the conductance was assessed by manipulation of internal and external Cl- concentrations. The reversal potentials were in agreement with those predicted by the Nernst equation. Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and membrane depolarizations activated the Cl- conductance. However, a feedback effect of Cl- gradient modifications on Ca2+ movements was also observed in normal lactotrophs. In the latter, TRH (100 nM) mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ activated this Cl- conductance together with the potassium (K+) conductance when both ions were present in the intracellular medium (IM) or alone when K+ was absent. Chloride conductance was not activated in the GH3 cells, where mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by TRH (100 nM) activated only Ca2(+)-dependent K+ conductance. It seems likely that the activation of Cl- conductance in these two different cell types involves different mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Alpha-adrenergic stimulation activates a calcium-sensitive chloride current in brown fat cells.

The first response of brown adipocytes to adrenergic stimulation is a rapid depolarizing conductance increase mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors. We used patch recording techniques on cultured brown fat cells from neonatal rats to characterize this conductance. Measurements in perforated patch clamped cells showed that fast depolarizing responses were frequent in cells maintained in culture for 1 d or less, but were seen less often in cells cultured for longer periods. Ion substitution showed that the depolarization was due to a selective increase in membrane chloride permeability. The reversal potential for the depolarizing current in perforated patch clamped cells indicated that intracellular chloride concentrations were significantly higher than expected if chloride were passively distributed. The chloride conductance could be activated by increases in intracellular calcium, either by exposing intact cells to the ionophore A23187 or by using pipette solutions with free calcium levels of 0.2-1.0 microM in whole-cell configuration. The chloride conductance did not increase monotonically with increases in intracellular calcium, and going whole cell with pipette-free calcium concentrations > or = 10 microM rapidly inactivated the current. The chloride currents ran down in whole-cell recordings using intracellular solutions of various compositions, and were absent in excised patches. These findings imply that cytoplasmic factors in addition to intracellular calcium are involved in regulation of the chloride conductance. The chloride currents could be blocked by niflumic acid or flufenamic acid with IC50s of 3 and 7 microM, or by higher concentrations of SITS (IC50 = 170 microM), DIDS (IC50 = 50 microM), or 9-anthracene carboxylic acid (IC50 = 80 microM). The chloride conductance activated in whole cell by intracellular calcium had the permeability sequence PNOS > PI > PBr > PCl >> Paspartate, measured from either reversal potentials or conductances. Instantaneous current-voltage relations for the calcium-activated chloride currents were linear in symmetric chloride solutions. Much of the current was time and voltage independent and active at all membrane potentials between -100 and +100 mV, but an additional component of variable amplitude showed time-dependent activation with depolarization. Volume-sensitive chloride currents were also present in brown fat cells, but differed from the calcium-activated currents in that they responded to cell swelling, required intracellular ATP in whole-cell recordings, showed no sensitivity to intracellular or extracellular calcium levels, and were relatively resistant to block by niflumic and flufenamic acids. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1997

Determination of total and pancreatic alpha-amylase in human serum with 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-maltotrioside as substrate.

A reagent and assay conditions for the determination of the catalytic concentration of alpha-amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1) in serum with 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-maltotrioside as substrate are described. The selected reaction mixture contains 50 mmol/l 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid buffer at pH 6.1 (37 degrees C), 300 mmol/l sodium chloride, 5 mmol/l calcium chloride and 450 mmol/l potassium thiocyanate. The described method is suitable for the measurement of total as well as pancreatic alpha-amylase by including antibodies against the salivary isoenzyme. The method shows the absence of a lag phase period, is sensitive and precise, has a large analytical range and is free from interference by hemoglobin, bilirubin and triglycerides. Comparative studies showed good correlation with other well established methods.

Buffers↗
PubMed2006

Remediation of cadmium contamination in paddy soils by washing with chemicals: selection of washing chemicals.

The efficiencies of neutral salts, strong acids, and chelates were tested for extracting cadmium (Cd) from three paddy soils. The higher the selectivity of the cations of the added neutral salts toward soil adsorption sites, the lower the pH in the extracts and the more soil Cd could be extracted. In addition, soil carbon and nitrogen contents and mineral composition were closely associated with the amount of Cd extracted. Calcium chloride and iron(III) chloride were selected as wash chemicals to restore Cd-contaminated paddy soils in situ. Washing with calcium chloride led to the formation of Cd chloride complexes, enhancing Cd extraction from the soils. The washing also substantially decreased soil levels of exchangeable and acid-soluble Cd, which are the major forms of bioavailable Cd for rice (Oryza sativa L.). The optimum conditions for in situ soil washing were also determined for calcium chloride.

Acids↗
PubMed2003

Precipitation of RNA impurities with high salt in a plasmid DNA purification process: use of experimental design to determine reaction conditions.

The use of high salt solution to precipitate RNA in a pharmaceutical-grade plasmid DNA purification process was investigated. Five antichaotropic salts were tested for their potential to precipitate RNA. Calcium chloride was by far the best precipitant with high RNA removal in a very short incubation time. Calcium chloride precipitation conditions were investigated at two stages of a plasmid purification process using experimental design techniques. The effect of up to five factors on RNA precipitation and plasmid recovery was assessed by statistical modeling. Optimized conditions for calcium chloride precipitation were then introduced to the plasmid purification process resulting in the efficient removal of most impurities (RNA, chromosomal DNA, proteins, and endotoxins).

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1998

Binding of soluble myelin basic protein to various conformational forms of alpha2-macroglobulin.

Myelin basic protein is known to be released into the circulation following traumatic injuries or demyelination within the central nervous system, resulting in the generation of potentially immunogenic myelin basic protein material. In this investigation we have studied the binding of bovine and human myelin basic protein to human alpha2-macroglobulin, which was found to be the only major myelin basic protein-binding protein in human plasma. Myelin basic protein bound to all three conformational forms of alpha2-macroglobulin studied, i.e., native alpha2-macroglobulin, methylamine-treated alpha2-macroglobulin, and chymotrypsin-treated alpha2-macroglobulin. Zinc chloride (1 mM) or 1 mM iodoacetamide partly blocked the complex formation between myelin basic protein and alpha2-macroglobulin, while 1 mM magnesium chloride, 1 mM calcium chloride, or 1 mM EDTA had no effect on binding. Chymotrypsin and trypsin can degrade myelin basic protein to fragments which do not bind to alpha2-macroglobulin. However, when myelin basic protein was complexed with any of the conformational forms of alpha2-macroglobulin, no significant release of Na[125I]-labeled myelin basic protein occurred after proteinase treatment. The results suggest that binding of myelin basic protein to alpha2-macroglobulin may protect extracellular compartments in vivo from immunogenic myelin basic protein fragments and alpha2-macroglobulin may participate in the specific clearance of myelin basic protein from the circulation.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1982

Effect of varying dietary ratio of sodium and chloride on the responses of lactating dairy cows in hot weather.

Twenty-four lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were fed concentrate mixtures formulated to supplement total diets with 1) no added sodium chloride, 2) 1.0% sodium chloride, 3) 1.14% calcium chloride, and 4) 1.45% sodium bicarbonate during a 9-wk continuous trial, Experiment 1. Responses measured were body temperature, respiration rate, milk yield, milk composition, and 15 blood variables to evaluate acid-base status and express metabolic profile. Treatments affected body temperature and pH, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, and base excess of blood. No treatment affected milk yield and composition. Differences in dietary electrolytes had little influence on responses. In a second experiment immediately following the first, a 1-km walking stress was imposed during midafternoon on 3 days; treatment did not influence change in response variables or recovery from stress although Jerseys recovered faster than Holsteins.

Animals↗