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Caring for a person's clothes while they are in hospital or any other care setting is a fundamental part of ensuring that his or her needs are met. This paper discusses the issues involved, concentrating on the independent sector, but the importance of the subject for nurses in all sectors is also looked at.
Trials on persistence of repellent properties of N, N-diethyl phenyl acetamide (DEPA), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), 3acetyl2(2-6-dimethyl-5-heptenyl)oxazolidine(Citronyl) , dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and N-benzoyl piperidine (NBP) on cloth were conducted against land leeches in evergreen rain and deciduous forests of Assam. Results obtained were compared with volatile oil of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. syn. Z. alatum Roxb (Timur) to evaluate its efficacy as leech repellent. DEPA and DEET were found to be the best. Timur oil was at par with Citronyl and exhibited better results than DMP and NBP.
Fel d I has been found in almost all houses investigated, including those in which cats have never been present. These observations have not been explained. We measured Fel dI in samples of carpet dust from ten newly built model homes, 14 occupied homes, six allergists' offices, five hospital corridors, and three shopping mall stores. We also measured Fel d I on T-shirts of persons with and without cats. Measurable amounts of Fel d I were found in all the dust samples. Fel d I found in older model homes exceeded that found in newer model homes (P < .05). The amounts of Fel d I found in allergists' offices, hospital corridors, and retail stores were similar to the amounts found in occupied homes without cats. Fel d I was found in all T-shirts sampled and increased with increasing exposure to cats. Our findings confirm and extend previous reports of the ubiquitous presence of cat allergen and are consistent with the hypothesis that Fel d I is carried into cat-free buildings on the clothing of people exposed to cats.
Casework experience in the detection of GSR particles on samples from hands, hair and clothing is reported for the period of 6 years (1989-1994). The overall "success" rate on the examined samples is about 10%. Aspects of the sampling procedures, the number of particles detected per sample and problems of possible contamination are discussed.
"Hunter" orange (i.e., fluorescent or international orange) is worn by hunters to increase their visibility and to reduce their potential for being mistaken for game. Although education courses for hunters promote the use of hunter orange, hunters in New York are not required to wear high-visibility clothing. To examine factors associated with two-party hunting injuries involving firearms (i.e., the injury resulted from the intentional or unintentional discharge of the firearm of another hunter), including the use of hunter orange, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and the New York State Department of Health analyzed hunting-associated injury reports during 1989-1995. This report describes three of the 62 reported hunting-associated injuries during 1995 and summarizes information about two-party hunting-associated injuries involving firearms during 1989-1995. The findings indicate that most injured hunters in two-party incidents were not wearing hunter orange.
BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the multiple layers of protective clothing (PC) of a Chemical Defense Uniform (CDU) with body armor (BA), and load bearing equipment (LBE) impose an external impedance on breathing mechanics in addition to that caused by the chemical-biological protective mask (CB mask). METHODS: We measured the effects of wearing the CDU with BA + LBE on the mechanics and pattern of breathing and subjective reactions in 15 male soldiers during rest and sustained exercise (600 W). Heat strain on each soldier was made minimal and equivalent between the battle dress uniform (BDU) and CDU configurations. RESULTS: Results from wearing the CDU were contrasted with data from wearing a physical training uniform (PTU), or BDU. At rest, the CDU decreased maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) by 25% (p < 0.05) compared with the PTU. The CB mask alone reduced MVV 20% (p < 0.05), and the PC + BA + LBE components of the CDU contributed an additional 5% decrement (p = 0.059). The CB mask decreased maximal respiratory flows (p < 0.05), whereas the PC + BA + LBE components decreased lung volumes (p < 0.05), and potentiated the decrement of respiratory flows. Total respiratory system elastance (Ers) was increased by 16% (p < 0.05) in the CDU. During exercise, VE was comparable for both the CDU and BDU, but VT was smaller (p < 0.01) and fR greater (p < 0.05) in the CDU; a breathing pattern consistent with the increased Ers. Perceptions of anxiety, not getting enough air, not breathing the way one usually does, and not being relaxed were greater (p < 0.05) during exercise in the CDU than in the BDU. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that some of the respiratory impairment associated with the wearing of CDU is created by the PC, BA and LBE which present a unique external constraint on the chest wall. These impairments to ventilation may provoke more aversive effects than the larger resistive loads imposed by the CB mask.
Detergents and other laundry products are generally effective and safe for all the family, but use carefully according to the maker's instructions and keep out of the reach of children. Rinse thoroughly to remove detergent residue from fabrics. If handwashing clothes, dissolve detergent before immersing hands. Wear rubber gloves if possible. Wash, rinse and dry hands thoroughly after contact with detergent. If a baby or parent has eczema, it may be necessary to try different products to see which one the client can tolerate. A non-perfumed, non-enzyme product may be found less irritating.
The analysis of gunshot residues on human tissues and clothing in suicide, homicide, suspicious death, or attempted murder events, permits the forensic scientist to confirm the possibility of an entry wound caused by a gunshot bullet from a pistol, revolver, rifle, etc. The residues to be detected are lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba) usually from the primer, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) usually from the metal jacket bullet and iron (Fe) possibly from the barrel of the gun used. The presence or absence of these elements and their relative concentrations can help in the interpretation of the event.
AIM: To characterise work related hand and lower arm injuries among New Zealand meat processors and to identify practices used for protecting the hands of this group of workers. METHODS: These involved identifying and describing, from Department of Health national data, hand and lower arm injuries sustained by meat workers in New Zealand which resulted in hospitalisation during the period 1979-88, examining injury case records from selected meat processing plants for the period 1987-93 and identifying protective clothing practices in the meat processing industry. RESULTS: A significant increase in the hospitalisation rate for the period 1979-88 was identified (3.3 per 1000 to 5.3 per 1000; chi(2) = 33.14, df = 1, p < 0.001) with cutting and piercing being the most common injury event. Reported use of protective gloves and covers for the lower arm by meat workers was high (93% and 66% respectively) and also probably increased. CONCLUSION: Why injury rates rose during a period in which use of protective gloves reportedly increased is unclear. Possible explanations are discussed.
Studies were conducted on mannequins using gasoline and flammable and nonflammable children's clothing. The results indicate that the flame-resistant standards currently required by law for children's sleepweare lead to much less severe burns.
A research on tooth-wear was done in a clothing factory, focusing on the teeth of the inter-canine sector in 59 workers who had volunteered for the research. The subjects were in the habit of cutting the thread with their teeth instead of using scissors as was prescribed in the production process. In 53 (89.83%) of the subjects, damages of the incisal portion of the tooth were found, whereas in the remaining 6 (10.17%) there were no such changes. No significant difference could be established in the incidence of tooth-wear between the women workers who cut the thread with their teeth constantly and those who only did that occasionally (p > 0.05). Because of the action of pulling a thread across the incisal edge of the incisor, defects--in the form of solitary, oval or multiple cuts (attributed the values 1, 2 and 3)--had been inflicted on the incisal portion of the teeth. Most frequently those were the defects of the enamel (type 2, 1), but in some cases dentin (type 3), also was affected. A somewhat more severe degree of damage was observed from workers biting the purely polyester-made thread (p < 0.05) than from biting the regular sewing type of thread. Education of the workers seems to be the only useful prevention, since we are dealing with only a bad habit. Therefore, the workers should be warned that the seemingly innocent cutting of thread with their teeth could lead to esthetic, functional and restorative problems.
The examination of damage to multiple layers of clothing of an attempted murder victim is described. The large number of cuts to the garments, the multiple layers and the varying types of fabric composing these garments gave valuable information as to the possible implement causing the damage. The results also show that some types of material may better reflect the geometry of the suspect weapon than others.
In this study, activated carbon cloths (ACCs) were modified in a glow-discharge apparatus by using 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA), dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and hydroxymethyldisiloxane (HMDS) plasmas. Scanning electron micrographs exhibited the formation of the polymeric films on the ACCs after glow-discharge modification. The adsorption experiments were performed using model solutes, i.e., creatinine, vitamin B-12, and trypsin. No significant change was observed in the adsorption capacities of the ACC/PHEMA and ACC/PDMAEMA composites compared with the original ACC adsorption capacity. However, there was a pronounced decrease in the case of the ACC/PHMDS. Oxygen permeabilities of both the original and modified ACCs were measured in a flow-through gas chamber. The oxygen permeabilities of the original and modified forms were 817 and 3.5-5 cm3/s.cm2.cm Hg x 10(-7), respectively. Water-vapor permeabilities of the composites were obtained by using a standard water-cup assembly. Permeabilities varying between 921 and 10,300 g/m2.day were found. Microorganism impermeabilities of the ACCs were demonstrated by using model PS monosize polymeric particles with a diameter of 0.2 micron. The particle permeability of the original ACC was 65.6 mg/m2.day. Almost no particle permission was observed through the modified ACCs.
Linen was pretreated with 20 remedies for cleaning and maintaining clothes and 20 microliters blood was applied on each sample and dried. Restriction enzyme digest of bloodstain DNA was irregularly inhibited by highly concentrated residues of 2 detergents and a stain-remover and colour-brightener. An additional dialysis step to purify DNA (Gill 1987) reliably prevented disturbance. High molecular DNA was obtained in every case and bandshifts were not observed.
A mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell deficient in lactate dehydrogenase A activity has been isolated using a nonselective technique. The method uses histochemical staining to examine colonies directly for enzyme activity and nylon cloth replica plating to recover particular clones. The mutant cell has an apparent Km (pyruvate to lactate) that is nearly tenfold higher than the parental cell, while its Vmax has been reduced more than 80-fold. In mutant cell extracts with added porcine LDH-B enzyme, molecular dissociation and recombination of subunits produces two new active LDH tetramers (A1B3, A2B2). The electrophoretic mobility of at least one of the tetramers (A1B3) was different from those formed in the parental extracts. The evidence suggests the variant cell contains a mutation in the structural gene for LDH-A.
Techinques are described which permit the identification and isolation of UV-sensitive variants from mutagenized populations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Identification is based on the observation that within two days after receiving a dose of approximately 240 ergs/mm2 of UV irradiation most of the cells in a colony of CHO detach from the surface of a plastic tissue culture dish. At a lower dose of UV, which does not kill or detach a significant number of parental cells, UV-sensitive colonies are killed and become detached. Thus a clear plaque is produced in a lawn of unirradiated parental cells, marking the site occupied by a sensitive colony. Live cells from such sensitive colonies have been recovered from a nylon cloth replica prepared prior to irradiation and characterized. One UV-sensitive variant (CHO-UV-1) is indistinguishable from parental cells in X-ray resistance, chromosome number, generation time, and duration of the phases of the cell cycle. For UV irradiation the hit number (-n), shoulder width (Dq), and mean lethal dose (Do) for the variant are 2.8, 21 ergs/mm2, and 21 ergs/mm2, respectively, as compared to 2.6, 36 ergs/mm2, and 45 ergs/mm2 for CHO-K1 cells. These values have not changed for a period of eight months in culture.
Mate location in moths typically entails long-range attraction of males to female-produced pheromone. Here, we show that male and female webbing clothes moths, Tineola bisselliella, seek larval habitats (dry carrion, animal lairs, etc) to encounter mates. With males seeking, and arriving at, larval habitat earlier at night than females, male-produced pheromonal and sonic signals enhance the habitat's attractiveness to females. This resource-based mating strategy of T bisselliella differs from that known for most other moths. It may have evolved in response to larval habitats that are patchy and temporary, but that disseminate attractive semiochemicals so abundantly that T bisselliella encounter them more readily than their own pheromones.
The metal chelator-sensitive proteinase activity from the larvae of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella, was fractionated into two components by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and the properties of the major fraction investigated. The approximate molecular weight obtained by gel filtration was 24 000. The pH optimum of 9.4 and the high stability between pH 9.0 and 11.5 are consistent with the alkaline conditions known to be present in the larval mid-gut. The enzyme also showed a second region of high stability around pH 2.3. The cleavage specificity against S-carboxy-methyl A and B chains of insulin was quite different to that of the metal chelator-sensitive proteinases from snake venoms and microorganisms. 10 bonds in the A-chain and 8 bonds in the B-chain were cleaved and the tentative rules governing the specificity limitations of this metal-chelator-sensitive proteinase are discussed.