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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Site and extent of mineral absorption in lactating cows fed whole-crop cereal grain silage of alfalfa silage.

The site of apparent absorption of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, and S in lactating dairy cows fed whole-crop barley, oats, triticale, or alfalfa silages was studied. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows with ad libitum access to a total mixed diet were assigned to one of four treatments as a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. All diets contained the same concentrate (50%, DM basis) plus one experimental silage. The concentrations of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, and S in the concentrate were .84, .71, .85, .78, .27, and 38%, respectively. Dry matter intake was higher (P < .05) for cows fed alfalfa and barely silages than for cows fed oats and triticale silages (19.6, 18.6, 16.7, and 17.2 kg/d, respectively). Alfalfa silage contained a higher concentration of all minerals studied than the cereal silages, except Na. Sodium flow at the duodenum was substantially greater than dietary intake and apparent total tract digestibilities ranged between 74.5 and 85.2%. Secretion of P in the forestomach ranged from 34 to 61 g/d and the major site of absorption was in the intestine. The correlation between P intake and fecal excretion of P was significant (P < .001, r/ = .39) and linear. Potassium absorption occurred before the duodenum and in the intestine. Apparent digestibilities of K were lower for cereal silages (range 74.0 to 82.9%) than for alfalfa silage (88,7%). Apparent total tract digestibilities of Ca (28 to 32%), P(27 to 34%), and MG (17 to 24%) were similar for all diets so that Ca, P, and Mg absorption (g/d) reflected dietary Ca, P, and Mg levels. Data indicate that forage source can influence the site and extent of absorption, fecal output, and apparent digestibilities of macrominerals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of maturity on degradation kinetics of sod-seeded cereal grain forage grown in northern Arkansas.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) were overseeded into a dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) sod and harvested at 3-wk intervals throughout March, April, May, and early June. Plant growth stage was documented for each forage on each harvest date, and harvested forages were evaluated for forage quality characteristics. Degradation kinetics of DM and NDF for these forages were evaluated by the in situ method. Fractional degradation rates for DM and NDF in all three species were relatively rapid for vegetative forage (> or =0.086 h(-1)) but declined rapidly by the heading stage of development and stabilized thereafter. Forage quality declined and forages were more resistant to ruminal degradation as plants entered the reproductive stages of growth. Based on these findings, growth stage is an effective predictor of most characteristics of in situ DM and NDF disappearance. The relationships between these degradation parameters and growth stage were typically explained with quadratic or cubic models. Clearly, forage quality characteristics of overseeded rye deteriorated more rapidly with phenological development and growth stage than quality characteristics of overseeded wheat and oat grown in the same environment. For rye, this problem is further complicated by its accelerated phenological development. These factors combine to permit a very narrow harvest window in early spring, relative to the other cereal grains evaluated. Acceptable forage quality may persist for an extended period in wheat and oat; this suggests that producers wishing to utilize these forages may lengthen the harvest window by planting more than one species, either as a mixture or preferably in independent stands.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Effect of dietary protein source and cereal type on the incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens.

Three experiments were conducted to compare the incidence of Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) in male Peterson by Arbor Acre broiler chickens fed diets with either corn or wheat as the grain type and meat meal or soybean meal as the main protein source. In the first two experiments, the broilers were raised in floor pens to 6 wk of age, and in the third experiment they were raised in battery-brooder cages to 4 wk of age. In both floor pen studies, total mortality and the incidence of SDS were significantly higher for wheat-fed birds, while SDS as a percentage of total mortality was not affected by cereal type. In the brooder study, neither total mortality nor mortality from SDS was significantly affected by cereal type. In the floor pen studies, the incidence of SDS as a percentage of the birds housed, was reduced by the inclusion of meat meal in the diet. In the brooder study, total mortality and the incidence of SDS were not affected by protein source, but SDS as a percentage of total mortality was reduced with the inclusion of meat meal in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Glycemic index of cereals and tubers produced in China.

AIM: To determine the GI of some cereals and tubers produced in China in an effort to establish the database of glycemic index (GI) of Chinese food. METHODS: Food containing 50 g carbohydrate was consumed by 8-12 healthy adults after they have been fasted for 10 h and blood glucose was monitored for 2 h. Glucose was used as reference food. GI of food was calculated according to a standard method. RESULTS: GI of 9 types of sugar and 60 kinds of food were determined. CONCLUSION: Food GI is mainly determined by nature of carbohydrate and procession. Most of cereals and tubers produced in China have similar GI with their counterparts produced in other countries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-dairy lactic fermentations: the cereal world.

Sourdough is the foremost cereal fermentation performed in a variety of technologies with almost any cereal. The lactobacilli studied most intensely include Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, L. reuteri and L. pontis isolated from traditional and modern rye and wheat fermentations. Molecular biology tools are available for their rapid identification and monitoring throughout a process. The currently available insight on their metabolism can be used to explain their prevalence in this environment and their interactions. Key genes of the sugar degradation pathway were cloned and characterised from L. sanfranciscensis. In addition some strains were found to have special properties including the production of antagonistic compounds or the adhesion to human intestinal cells.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of meat and iron-fortified commercial cereal to prevent iron depletion in cow milk-fed infants 6 to 12 months of age: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether utilization of iron from infant cereal and pureed meat was sufficient to prevent iron depletion and/or anaemia in infants 6 to 12 months old fed whole cow milk (WCM) as their primary milk source. DESIGN: Six-month-old infants were randomized into a treatment group (n = 43) receiving iron-fortified infant cereal (10.2 mg iron), pureed meat (0.75-1.7 mg iron) and WCM for six months or a control group (n = 54) receiving no dietary intervention. Haemoglobin < 110 g/L or ferritin < 10 micrograms/L (measured bi-monthly), confirmed in a second blood sample, defined end-points. RESULTS: Proportion reaching end-point was similar between the treatment (3/43) and control infants (5/54) (p = 0.66). Infants not complying with the protocol were at greater risk of reaching end-point (p = 0.0002). Change in haemoglobin and ferritin across age was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency is not a concern in WCM-fed infants after six months of age if iron-containing complementary foods are concurrently ingested.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1998

[Simultaneous determinations of carbamate pesticides in cereal by high performance liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescence derivatization].

A liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of carbamate pesticides in cereal by Waters Carbamate Analysis System with post-column fluorescence derivatization is described. The cereal sample homogenate was extracted with acetone and water. The extract was partitioned between 5% sodium chloride solution and dichloromethane. The dichloromethane layer was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in n-hexane and extracted with acetonitrile (saturated with n-hexane). The acetonitrile layer was decreased with n-hexane (saturated with acetonitrile), then the acetonitrile layer was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in methanol. It's the test solution for HPLC. Nine carbamate pesticides and their three metabolites were separated by Waters Carbamate Column with gradient elution. Two steps underwent in the post-column system: hydrolysis by NaOH solution and the reaction of the product with o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol. The resulting fluorescence derivative was detected at 445 nm (excitation at 339 nm). The selectivity, reproducibility and sensitivity of proposed method are better than those reported with other methods. The detection limits was 5 micrograms/kg of samples.

Carbamates↗
PubMed1975

Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. V. Cereal ingestants.

Among the cereal ingestants, rice, rye, wheat, corn and oats, provocative skin tests of patients differed according to age. Sensitivity to rice and oats was low for children and that to rice in particular was high for adults, suggesting a differential immunological response to rice allergens. Compared to patient grass pollen reactions, response to ingestants was noticeably lower. Cross-reactivity among ingestants was also lower, particularly between oats and the other cereals.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Occurrence and diversity of egg pathogenic fungi of the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Heterodera latipons.

Eighteen fungal strains in nine genera present in German and Syrian soils were isolated from eggs of the barley cyst nematode H. latipons. The fungi were selected out of the soil microflora using the slide-frame baiting technique from a semiarid soil originating from Syria heavily infested with H. latipons and from a temperate soil from German heavily infested with H. schachtii. Fusarium and Acremonium were the most common fungi isolated from the both soils. The natural suppressiveness or antagonistic potential of egg pathogenic fungi in the Syrian and German soils toward H. latipons also was measured. The results demonstrated that a higher level of antagonistic potential and a greater level of fungal egg pathogen biodiversity is present in the semiarid Syrian soils. This is important for the natural control of the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode H. latipons which is widely spread throughout the region. The high level of biodiversity in the soil may allow subsequent buffering of the pest even when unsuitable soil conditions for growth of the antagonistic fungi occur e.g. low organic matter, as is common in the semiarid soils of the Middle East. These isolates may also lend themselves to management in the field or to inundative approaches to biocontrol of cereal cyst nematodes in the semiarid production zone.

Acremonium↗
PubMed2001

Comparative efficacy of five herbicides on winter cereal weeds in semi-arid region of Algeria.

Field chemical control trials on cereal weeds were conducted in the Sétif region (north-east of Algeria), using five herbicides. The most abundant weeds were Fumaria densiflora DC., Veronica cymbalaria Bodard, Vaccaria pyramidata Medik, and Papaver rhoeas L.. The herbicides applied at the end-tillering stage of wheat were bromoxynil + diclofop-methyl, flamprop-isopropyl + MCPA, 2,4-D ester, diclofop-methyl and tribenuron-methyl. Compared to the untreated control, they increased grain yield by 359, 294, 216, 174 and 417 kg ha-1, respectively. These results showed the importance of the chemical control, which is applied in the Sétif region on less than 5% of the total surface of cereals.

Algeria↗
PubMed1976

Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. VI. Cereal products.

Information on total lipid and fatty acid composition or cereal grains and their products used for food has been collated in a comprehensive search of world literature published since 1960. Data considered most suitable for use for representing contents of total lipids and fatty acids have been tabulated and are presented. In developing these data, attention was given to stability and other chemical properties of the lipids, lipid composition of the different parts of the grain, and to such factors as genetics, production, processing, and analytical methods used in extracting and determining the fat and fatty acids in cereal products.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2002

Nutritional evaluation of extruded faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a protein supplement in cereals based diet in rats.

The quality of extruded faba bean (EFB) (Vicia faba L.) as a protein supplement in cereals diet was evaluated. Growth rate and protein efficiency ratio was better in 20% EFB blended dietary group of rats than those fed either on cereals alone or at 40% EFB supplementation. Subsequent studies on digestibility co-efficient, biological value, net protein utilization and net protein ratio also confirmed biological utilization of EFB proteins in a better way at low level (20%).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of cereal and vegetable fiber feeding on potential risk factors for colon cancer.

The effects of two doses of cereal fiber and vegetable fiber on mean transit time, stool weight, fecal pH and fecal bile acids were examined in 34 healthy volunteers. Subjects consumed five diets in random order for 23 days each, consisting of a fiber-free liquid diet and quick breads containing 0 g added dietary fiber, 10 g fiber as wheat bran (WB), 30 g fiber as WB, 10 g fiber as vegetable fiber (VF), and 30 g fiber as VF. Fecal wet and dry weights were 43% and 19% higher, respectively, on WB as compared to VF (P < 0.0001). Fecal pH was lower on WB than on VF (P < 0.0001) and decreased with increased fiber intake (P < 0.005). Transit time was 36% faster with WB than with VF (P < 0.0001). There was no VF dose effect on transit time, but transit time was 23% faster on 30 g WB than on 10 g WB (P = 0.04). Total bile acid concentrations decreased with increased fiber dose (P < 0.0001) but were not significantly different between WB and VF. Daily total bile acid excretion was 14% lower on VF compared to WB (P = 0.01). There was no VF dose effect on total bile acid excretion, but excretion was 13% lower on 30 g WB than on 10 g WB (P = 0.04). These findings are consistent with the capacity of fiber to alter potential risk factors for colon cancer but do not explain differences in epidemiological data between vegetable and cereal intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An in vitro procedure based on chewing to predict metabolic response to starch in cereal and legume products.

A new method for measuring the rate of in-vitro starch digestion in products with a structure 'as eaten' is introduced. An equivalent amount of potentially available starch from each product was chewed by subjects, expectorated into a beaker and incubated with pepsin. The incubate was thereafter transferred to a dialysis tubing and incubated with pancreatic alpha-amylase for 3 h. Samples were removed from the dialysate at time intervals and the degree of hydrolysis was calculated as the proportion of the potentially available starch degraded to maltose. A hydrolysis index (HI) was calculated as the area under the hydrolysis curve with the product as a percentage of the corresponding area with white wheat bread. The method was applied to 21 cereal and legume products, chosen to cover as wide a range as possible with respect to metabolic response, and to include several of the proposed mechanisms to differences in metabolic behaviour of starch. The accuracy of the in-vitro method was evaluated versus the metabolic responses obtained with the same products in healthy subjects. A significant correlation between HI and glycaemic index (GI) was obtained in cereal as well as in legume products. A significant correlation was also obtained between HI and insulin index (II) with pooled data from all products. However, in the case of II no correlation was obtained with the legume products only. It is concluded that the presently described in-vitro procedure offers a good potential to predict the metabolic behaviour of starchy foods.

Digestion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Crude fat, diethyl ether extraction, in feed, cereal grain, and forage (Randall/Soxtec/submersion method): collaborative study.

A method for determining crude fat in animal feed, cereal grain, and forage (plant tissue) was collaboratively studied. Crude fat was extracted from the animal feed, cereal grain, or forage material with diethyl ether by the Randall method, also called the Soxtec method or the submersion method. The proposed submersion method considerably decreases the extraction time required to complete a batch of samples. The increase in throughput is very desirable in the quest for faster turnaround times and the greater efficiency in the use of labor. In addition, this method provides for reclamation of the solvent as a step of the method. The submersion method for fat extraction was previously studied for meat and meat products and was accepted as AOAC Official Method 991.36. Fourteen blind samples were sent to 12 collaborators in the United States, Sweden, Canada, and Germany. The within-laboratory relative standard deviation (repeatability) ranged from 1.09 to 9.26% for crude fat. Among-laboratory (including within) relative standard deviation (reproducibility) ranged from 1.0 to 21.0%. The method is recommended for Official First Action.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Crude fat, hexanes extraction, in feed, cereal grain, and forage (Randall/Soxtec/submersion method): collaborative study.

A method for determining crude fat in animal feed, cereal grain, and forage (plant tissue) was collaboratively studied. Crude fat was extracted from the animal feed, cereal grain, or forage material with hexanes by the Randall method, also called the Soxtec method or the submersion method. The use of hexanes provides for an alternative to diethyl ether for fat extractions. The proposed submersion method considerably decreases the extraction time required to complete a batch of samples compared to Soxhlet. The increase in throughput is very desirable in the quest for faster turnaround times and the greater efficiency in the use of labor. In addition, this method provides for reclamation of the solvent as a step of the method. The submersion method for fat extraction was previously studied for meat and meat products and was accepted as AOAC Official Method 991.36. Fourteen blind samples were sent to 14 collaborators in the United States, Sweden, Canada, and Germany. The within-laboratory relative standard deviation (repeatability) ranged from 1.23 to 5.80% for crude fat. Among-laboratory (including within) relative standard deviation (reproducibility) ranged from 1.88 to 14.1%. The method is recommended for Official First Action.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Method for obtaining the basic factor of pathogenicity of Phytoplasma--extracellular fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (on the model of the agent of pale-green dwarfness of cereals in culture)].

A preparation with fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) activity has been isolated as a result of the five-stage treatment of the culture liquid obtained after growing the agent of pale-green dwarfness of cereals on the medium CM IMB-72. After this enzyme treatment by means of hydrophobic chromatography on the column from Toyopearl HW-60 (the enzyme was obtained from the column with decrease of ammonium sulphate (AS) concentration in the eluating buffer to 0.8 M), the preparation deprivation of AS on the column with Sephadex G-10 and substrate-dependent chromatography on the column with CM-sepharose the extracellular 176-fold purified FBPase. Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum strain 118 was obtained--the main pathogenicity factor for the agent of cereals yellow.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2004

[Revealing hereditary variation of winter hardiness in cereals].

A set of cereal crops and differentiating cultivars was shown to be of utility for identifying the major abiotic factors that limit the survival of winter crops in the cold season of a particular year. With this approach, the season was identified (1997-1998, Belgorod) when the survival of cereals depended on the tolerance to anaerobiosis rather than on the frost resistance. Differentiation of common wheat cultivars with respect to this property was attributed to a locus designated Win1 (Winter hardiness 1) and localized 3.2-5.8% recombination away from the B1 (awnlessness) gene. Winter barley (cultivar Odesskii 165) displayed the highest tolerance to anaerobiosis in the cold season; low and intermediate tolerance was established for winter durum wheat (cultivar Alyi Parus) and winter common wheat, respectively. Frost resistance and winter hardiness type 1 proved to be determined by different genetic systems, which showed no statistical association. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations of frost resistance in the field (1996-1997, Belgorod) with productivity, sedimentation index, plant height, and vegetation period in wheat. Statistical analysis associated frost resistance with gliadin-coding alleles of homeologous chromosomes 1 and 6 of the A, B, and D wheat genomes.

Cold Temperature↗