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PubMed1998

Recommendations for recording and calculating the incidence of selected clinical diseases of dairy cattle.

The report upon which the current discussion is based was prepared in response to the increasing interest of the dairy industry in the recording of clinical disease data. The major objective was to introduce guidelines and standards for the recording and presentation of the diseases of dairy cattle. Eight clinically identifiable diseases of economic importance to the dairy industry were considered: milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, ketosis, left displaced abomasum, cystic ovarian disease, lameness, and clinical mastitis. Standardized definitions for these diseases were established through consultation with industry partners. Two approaches to summarization and reporting were proposed. For retrospective analysis, which is used when historical data are summarized for genetic evaluation for example, lactational incidence risk (cumulative incidence) has been recommended. For current analysis, which is used for herd health monitoring, a true incidence rate has been recommended. Milk fever and retained placenta were exceptions to the latter because of their short periods of risk. For these two diseases, lactational incidence risks are reported.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of the eaeA gene in verotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains from dairy cattle in Southwest Ontario.

This study determined the prevalence of the eaeA gene and its relationship to serotype and type of verotoxin produced in a collection of 432 verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) obtained from the faeces of healthy cows and calves in a systematic random survey involving 80 dairy farms in Southwest Ontario. A PCR amplification procedure involving primer pairs which target the conserved central region of the O157:H7 eaeA gene showed that 151 (35.2%) strains were positive for the eaeA gene. All isolates (9-21 for each O group) of O groups 5, 26, 69, 84, 103, 111, 145 and 157 were positive, whereas all isolates (7-34 for each O group) of O groups 113, 132, and 153 and serotype O156:NM (38 isolates) were negative for eaeA. Seventy-three percent of 130 isolates of eaeA-positive serotypes produced VT1 only compared with 20% of 253 isolates of eaeA-negative serotypes. We conclude that there is a strong association between certain O groups and the eaeA gene, that serotypes of eaeA-positive and eaeA-negative VTEC implicated in human and cattle disease are present at high frequency in the faeces of healthy cattle, that VT1 is more frequently associated with eaeA-positive than with eaeA-negative serogroups, and that the eaeA gene is more frequently found in VTEC from calves compared with VTEC from adult cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Potency assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in cattle by means of antibody assays.

A tendency has emerged for some years to replace the challenge infection of cattle for the assessment of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine potency. This can be actually evaluated by means of antibody assays on cattle sera, at about 3/4 weeks after the vaccination. Serological results can be worked out as single titres (to be compared with a pre-determined threshold level) or as mean antibody titres induced by different vaccine dilutions. However, the assessment of FMDV-specific antibody titres would not fully depict the extent and the efficacy of the immune response of cattle; moreover, the antibody response would not be proportional if potent vaccines are used (greater than or equal to 10-12 PD50). Thus, a particular approach is suggested for the serological procedures, which enable credible estimates of potent FMD vaccines to be formulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Development of an inactivated vaccine for the protection of cattle against Aujeszky's disease].

The effects of an inactivated strain of Aujeszky's disease vaccine in cattle were investigated. It has not been possible to use vaccines licensed for use in pigs successfully in cattle even though cattle develop neutralizing antibodies to these vaccines. The addition of zinc compounds to the vaccines resulted in protection in cattle. The basis for the use of zinc is discussed. A mutant based vaccine was effective following local administration, but was not when administered parenterally. Anti-prostaglandin was not effective either, despite its successful use in sheep when administered with BHV1. The vaccine presents a prospect for immunising dogs and cats, and the addition of zinc compounds to other drugs and inducers is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Disease management research using event graphs.

Event Graphs, conditional representations of stochastic relationships between discrete events, simulate disease dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate how Event Graphs, at an appropriate abstraction level, also extend and organize scientific knowledge about diseases. They can identify promising treatment strategies and directions for further research and provide enough detail for testing combinations of new medicines and interventions. Event Graphs can be enriched to incorporate and validate data and test new theories to reflect an expanding dynamic scientific knowledge base and establish performance criteria for the economic viability of new treatments. To illustrate, an Event Graph is developed for mastitis, a costly dairy cattle disease, for which extensive scientific literature exists. With only a modest amount of imagination, the methodology presented here can be seen to apply modeling to any disease, human, plant, or animal. The Event Graph simulation presented here is currently being used in research and in a new veterinary epidemiology course.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Homologies between the major histocompatibility complex of man and cattle: consequences for disease resistance and susceptibility.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of mammals contains a large number of mostly duplicated genes. In the HLA system (the MHC of man), which is by far the best-studied major histocompatibility system so far, roughly 20 genes have been defined and mapped. They code for three classes of proteins: HLA-A, -B and -C (Class I), HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR (Class II) and serum complement components C2, C4 and Bf (Class III). Furthermore, the region contains genes for 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The MHC thus forms a chromosomal segment containing several clusters of genes of only partially defined biological significance, but ondoubtedly playing a role in disease susceptibility. In view of the recently obtained structural information on BoLA, the MHC of cattle, it is hypothesized that susceptibility to diseases in cattle is associated with BoLA in the same way as human diseases. Finally, new technical and conceptual developments in the field of MHC research and their application to the BoLA system are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A deletion of the paracellin-1 gene is responsible for renal tubular dysplasia in cattle.

Various hereditary diseases analogous to particular human heritable diseases have been identified in cattle. Investigation of these cattle diseases will provide useful information regarding the pathogenesis of the corresponding human diseases. Renal tubular dysplasia is an autosomal recessive disease of Japanese black cattle characterized by renal failure and growth retardation. We have previously mapped the locus responsible for the disease within a region on bovine chromosome 1. In the present study, we further typed additional markers in this region and found that a genomic segment of bovine chromosome 1 including the microsatellite marker BMS4009 was deleted in the affected animals. Construction of a physical map covering this region with BAC clones and comparison of the nucleotide sequences of this region between normal and affected animals revealed that a region of 37 kb including exons 1 to 4 of the bovine paracellin-1 gene was deleted in the affected animals. The paracellin-1 gene, which is the causative gene for human renal hypomagnesemia with hypercaciuria and nephrocalcinosis, encodes a tight junction protein of renal epithelial cells. Therefore, we concluded that deletion of the paracellin-1 gene is responsible for renal tubular dysplasia of cattle, and the cattle disease could be a good model for the human disease.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Spectrum analysis of diaphragmatic global electromyograms in cattle, with special regard to appropriate strategy for detection of fatigue.

Although the respiratory tract of healthy and diseased cattle has been intensively studied during the past few years, only a few attempts to detect dysfunctions of bovine inspiratory muscles have been reported. Such technique would be useful in assessing the possibility of inspiratory muscle fatigue in the context of ventilatory failure. Fatigue in skeletal muscle is associated with characteristic changes in the electromyographic power spectrum. Power spectral analysis was therefore applied to cattle diaphragmatic electromyograms (EMGdi) to precisely determine the exact influence of motion and ECG artifacts, describe its basic frequency content, and extract a spectral index capable of providing an accurate warning of fatigue. The EMGdi was recorded via intramuscularly placed fishhook electrodes in 5 healthy young bulls during resting and stimulated respiration. The EMGdi and EGC signals were analyzed by use of power spectral density analysis after band-pass filtering (20 to 1,800 Hz). The EMGdi spectrum was concentrated in the band width 20 to 530 Hz. Electrode motion artifacts were absent, and it was always possible to find an electrode pair giving ECG-free EMGdi. Of the 12 power and frequency values used to quantitate the spectrum, the most stable was the centroid frequency. It was reproducible within and between calves and was only minimally altered by changing inspiratory load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gamma interferon-producing CD4 T-cells correlate with resistance to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides S.C. infection in cattle.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC), is one of the most significant cattle disease in Africa. The control measures, which led to eradication from numerous countries are not feasible in Africa where the only prophylaxis relies on vaccination. However, the attenuated vaccines, used up to now in Africa, are of low efficiency. The development of an improved vaccine is, therefore, a necessity. The purpose of this study was to compare some immunological parameters in MmmSC-infected cattle (endobronchial versus natural in-contact infection) and assess the response in correlation with the clinical outcome (death versus recovery). Characterization of the immune parameters elicited in recovered animals, known to be refractory to new infection, will be an important step towards development of new vaccines against CBPP. A significant outcome of this study was the demonstration that all MmmSC-infected cattle developed a MmmSC-specific cell-mediated immune response. A kinetic analysis of the MmmSC responsiveness showed that the main difference between endobronchially- and in-contact infected animals was the delay before the onset of the MmmSC-specific immune response. The first MmmSC-responding PBMC sample was selected from each animal for cell phenotyping. The phenotypic analysis of this early MmmSC-induced response revealed the predominant contribution of the CD4 T-cells in all animals whereas IFNgamma was only constantly produced in recovered animals. Evolution of this early MmmSC-specific immune response was then followed by a kinetic analysis of the MmmSC-induced CD4 T-cell response and IFNgamma released. The results demonstrated that in recovered animals, the MmmSC-specific CD4 Th1-like T-cell response was maintained until slaughtering whereas in animals with acute disease, progression of CBPP was associated with a decreased ability of the PBMC to produce IFNgamma. The results led to the identification of immune parameters, which correlate with protection against CBPP and to a relevant strategy for the development of improved vaccines against this disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Possible role of bovine immunodeficiency virus in bovine paraplegic syndrome: evidence from immunochemical, virological and seroprevalence studies.

Bovine paraplegic syndrome (BPS) is a debilitating cattle disease of unknown origin that is characterized by leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia and monocytopenia. The major clinical signs are difficulties in locomotion affecting hind limbs, hypoalgesia in the hind quarters, posterior paralysis and death within 72 to 96 hours after recumbency. To investigate the aetiological basis of BPS, we examined a possible association of the syndrome with infection by bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus implicated in immune system dysfunction and central nervous system lesions in cattle. Serum samples (n = 1,278) were collected from both healthy and BPS-prevalent cattle herds in Venezuela, and organ extracts were prepared from euthanized animals (n = 11) suspected of having BPS. Sera were analysed for reactivity to recombinant BIV and bovine leukaemia virus gag precursor proteins by immunoblot procedures. Serum reactivity to BIV ranged from 12 to 66% between groups of BPS prevalent herds. The percentage of samples reactive to BLV antigen was much lower (2 to 17%). Rabbits inoculated with extracts from BPS-afflicted animals exhibited an anamnestic immune response to BIV antigens as well as the presence of BIV gag antigens in their tissues. We present evidence for a possible association between BPS disease and a viral agent related to BIV. The role of BIV, in combination with malnutrition, in BPS is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Systemic granulomatous disease in Brazilian cattle grazing pasture containing vetch (Vicia spp).

Vetch associated disease (hairy vetch poisoning) was observed in 8 herds of dairy cows in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. In the pasture where 4 of these 8 herds were, Vicia villosa was the only vetch species represented, while cattle in the remaining 4 herds had access to both V villosa and V sativa but with large predominance of the former. Observed clinical signs included fever, dramatic drop in milk yield, thickening and wrinkling of the skin with multifocal plaques of alopecia, pruritus, conjunctivitis, nasal and ocular serous discharge, loss of weight and diarrhea. The mean morbidity in the 8 affected herds, representing 219 cattle, was 11.1% and the mortality was 100%. The duration of the clinical disease varied from 10 to 30 d. Gross lesions consisted of multifocal to coalescing grey-white soft to moderately firm nodules which infiltrated several organs, but were particularly prominent in lymph nodes, adrenal, renal cortex, spleen, liver, and myocardium. Microscopically the lesions consisted of extensive cellular infiltration composed of variable proportions of epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells; variable numbers of eosinophils were present in the inflammatory foci of several organs, but they were more prominent in the myocardium.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Serological and virological studies on the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Algeria.

Clinical cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis were observed within the cattle population in Algeria. The isolation and identification of six bovine herpes virus type 1 strains from diseased cattle and the serological surveys undertaken in the central region of the country on 2948 sera revealed a 20.5% incidence of IBR infections in Algeria. The DNA restriction profiles of the isolated strains showed the existence of only the BHV1-2a subtype associated with the endemic infections in Algerian cattle. These results emphasized also the lack of correlation between the observed clinical symptoms and the DNA restriction pattern of the isolated herpes virus strain. The plans for disease control are based mainly on the application of strict control measures at the borders for avoiding the introduction of other BHV1 subtypes.

Algeria↗
PubMed2000

Culture-derived parasites in vaccination of cattle against tick-borne diseases.

The major economically important tick-borne diseases of cattle are theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and cowdriosis. Culture-derived attenuated schizonts of Theileria annulata have proved to be safe for all types of cattle and they protect against tick-borne theileriosis. T. parva was also successfully grown in vitro; however, inoculation of cattle with allogeneic schizont-infected cells resulted in rejection and destruction of the parasites together with the host cells. The number of schizont-infected cells needed for immunization is greater than for T. annulata theileriosis. Culture-propagated Babesia bovis and B. bigemina were used for large scale vaccination in the field. An avirulent population of Babesia spp. was obtained by in vitro cloning; inoculation of cattle did not induce clinical babesiosis, but produced specific antibodies. Culture-derived exoantigens of Babesia spp. proved to be completely safe for cattle, however, they conferred less protection than live parasites. Cell-cultured Cowdria ruminantium was highly infective for susceptible animals but, attenuated in vitro, could offer a potential source for vaccination. Anaplasma marginale, successfully grown in tick cell culture, may be developed for vaccines. Factors that should be considered in the developing of vaccines against tick-borne diseases include: the protective immune response to the pathogenic parasite developmental stages, virulence, immunological strain differences, and antigenic variations in cattle and in culture.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2006

Differential transcription of ovine herpesvirus 2 genes in lymphocytes from reservoir and susceptible species.

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is a lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus that asymptomatically infects most sheep, but causes malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, bison, pigs and deer. There is no permissive cell culture system but OvHV-2-infected T lymphocytes can be cultured from diseased animals. We showed that the OvHV-2 genome was in a circular conformation in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells and that the latency-associated ORF73 was transcribed, while expression of the productive cycle genes ORF9 (DNA polymerase) and ORF50 (R-transactivator) was barely detectable, suggestive of latency. Doxorubicin treatment of these cells induced the appearance of linear viral DNA and transcription of productive cycle genes along with several viral unique genes. In contrast, cultured T cells from diseased cattle and rabbits contained a mixture of circular and linear genome configurations indicative of a mixture of latently- and productively-infected cells. Most of the OvHV-2 unique genes were transcribed in these cells but ORF50 expression was only seen after doxorubicin treatment indicating a 'leaky' latent pattern of gene expression. 5-azacytidine treatment increased the proportion of circular DNA and inhibited the expression of most of the OvHV-2 unique genes except Ov2.5 (vIL-10) and Ov4.5 (Bcl-2 homologue) in the cattle cell line. These studies provide key insights into the differences in OvHV-2 gene expression in cells from reservoir and susceptible species and, for the first time, an in vitro system for studying the latent and productive phases of the OvHV-2 virus life cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Rescuing valuable genomes by animal cloning: a case for natural disease resistance in cattle.

Tissue banking and animal cloning represent a powerful tool for conserving and regenerating valuable animal genomes. Here we report an example involving cattle and the rescue of a genome affording natural disease resistance. During the course of a 2-decade study involving the phenotypic and genotypic analysis for the functional and genetic basis of natural disease resistance against bovine brucellosis, a foundation sire was identified and confirmed to be genetically resistant to Brucella abortus. This unique animal was utilized extensively in numerous animal breeding studies to further characterize the genetic basis for natural disease resistance. The bull died in 1996 of natural causes, and no semen was available for AI, resulting in the loss of this valuable genome. Fibroblast cell lines had been established in 1985, cryopreserved, and stored in liquid nitrogen for future genetic analysis. Therefore, we decided to utilize these cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer to attempt the production of a cloned bull and salvage this valuable genotype. Embryos were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer and transferred to 20 recipient cows, 10 of which became pregnant as determined by ultrasound at d 40 of gestation. One calf survived to term. At present, the cloned bull is 4.5 yr old and appears completely normal as determined by physical examination and blood chemistry. Furthermore, in vitro assays performed to date indicate this bull is naturally resistant to B. abortus, Mycobacterium bovis, and Salmonella typhimurium, as was the original genetic donor.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A retrospective survey of diseases of feedlot cattle in Alberta.

A survey of feedlot managers was used to obtain information on disease occurrence, management practices and preventive techniques employed in feedlots in Alberta. Respiratory diseases were reported to be the most frequent causes of sickness and death. Costs associated with disease occurrence were estimated to be C $15.6 million in feedlots in Alberta annually during the period under study.

Alberta↗