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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[How to decide in a dilemma. Bioethical?].

Teaching and research in bioethics help one to understand the keys to modern culture, with a large plurality of guidelines, so that one is able to choose the most appropriate professional method. With this objective in mind, the author suggests one take as a reference a decision making model by which one can acquire rigor, depth and perspective, and which provides us a significant level of knowledge about science, the natural world, society, and especially, the human person. The author reported on this topic at the XXI International Conference on Philosophy, celebrated in Istanbul.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1992

Quality of life in gynaecological oncology. The personalist perspective of bioethics.

Quality of life in gynaecological neoplastic diseases assumes a specific role within the therapeutic choice. Gynaecologists must give attention to the possibility of the patient's identity crises: a woman's reconstruction of her psycho-physical identity as regards gynaecological cancer is particularly difficult. Psychological assistence acquire a relevant role in improving the patient's quality of life. Personalist bioethics proposes a concept of corporeity which considers body not only in the physical aspect but also as an expression of subjectivity and totality of the person.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The experiments with laboratory animals from a bioethical point of view--history, modern time, perspectives].

The origin of laboratory animal science was called forth by violent development of experimental biology and medicine in the XIX century on the one hand, and on the other hand by the necessity to have standard healthy animals for experiments with strictly definite biological characteristics. With this aim in view management technology and animal use in experiments have been constantly improved. "Laboratory animal" notion has been formed by the end of the XIX century. At the beginning of laboratory animal science development ethical problems were not as urgent as they are now. It is established that the three Rs bioethical conception of W.M.S. Russel and R.L. Burch (1959) has influence on modern state and perspectives of the development of animal experimental methods. It is shown that the existence of laboratory animal protection laws and the reflection in them of compulsory ethical review of scientific project and statistics of used laboratory animals is absolutely necessary.

Animal Care Committees↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethical reflections: necessity to promote altruistic attitudes toward medical research in human beings].

In this paper some bioethical reflections about medical research in human beings are made. The social moral obligation to increase this kind of investigation, with the purpose of enlarging resources to take care of the health of society, as well as to comply with the moral duty of keeping the integrity of the participating subjects, have placed to medical investigators face to face with ethical problems that may affect the development of this essential activity for human healthcare. On one hand, in the present context, the resistance of both healthy and sick individuals to collaborate in the studies, as possible, according to a wrong autonomous decision (irreflexive individualism). On the other hand, the shortage of anticipating strategies that promotes altruistic attitudes to take into account, the suffering experiences proper of human nature. In this regard, the author focuses his reflections, from the principle of social welfare that underlies medical research and of the necessity of providing instrumentation for some educational policy that without lacking respect for the autonomy of subjects, would propitiate the participation of society so that humanity would continue to benefit from the achievements of this type of research.

Altruism↗
PubMed2006

Bioethics activities in India.

The Indian Council of Medical Research formulates, coordinates and promotes biomedical research in India. In 1980, they formulated the first national ethical guidelines. They offer a number of different training programmes, from 1 day to 6 months. The council is developing a core curriculum for teaching bioethics, which would be applied uniformly in medical schools throughout the country. Drug development and ethics is also important in India, particularly now that the local pharmaceutical industry is expanding and so many drugs trials are outsourced to the country. The council is also very active in encouraging the development of ethics review committees.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethics: philosophic bases and application].

Medical ethics have traditionally been guided by principles based on classical philosophical ideas about the place of man in nature, his relation to God, health, and disease, and on the epistemological and methodological concepts of diagnosis, risk evaluation, and treatment. The virtues expected of a physician were to cause no harm, to make patients better, and to refrain from using his skills for manipulation or coercion. The good patient was supposed to trust the physician and follow the treatment. Today, technological progress and the advent of a pluralistic society that emphasizes the autonomy of informed patients make for a much more complex and changing situation. However, some pragmatic principles found in bioethical arguments may assist in resolving moral dilemmas. Sass proposes that a basis be sought in "intermediate moral principles" that have found support in various ideologies and in complementary application of several models of doctor-patient hermeneutics and communication. Responsibility for health should be shared by physician and patient and founded on knowledge, mutual respect, and a combination of skill and ethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethics panorama in Mexico].

Ethical values and principles are singular and immutable, but this is not true of their interpretation and application. In Mexico, even though these values and principles are respected in medical practice, the teaching of bioethics is non-existent and in most of the schools for health professionals the subject is not included in the curriculum. Nevertheless, Mexican society has made notable progress in the legislation and regulation of ethical aspects of such activities as research on human subjects, fertility regulation, the right to death with dignity, organ transplants, and AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethics in Peru].

Bioethics has still not acquired an identity of its own in Peru. The Ethics Committee of the Peruvian Medical School and the National AIDS Commission are review committees that deal with ethical problems arising in practice. Doubts regarding quality control of the drugs being tested have been raised in research on human subjects. Questions related to reproduction are very important. There is a high incidence of adolescent pregnancies, and illegal abortions result in many deaths and hospitalizations of women in serious condition. Birth control methods, such as vasectomy, conflict with attitudes about manhood in Peruvian society. Euthanasia is prohibited by the Ethical Code of the Peruvian Medical School, and legislation penalizes assisted suicide. Organ transplantation is hindered by concerns over early declaration of death. Handicapped children are often rejected by society owing to an absurd belief in the possibility that disorders such as Down's syndrome are contagious. The Ministry of Health requires state hospitals to accept AIDS patients, but instances of rejection are still reported.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships with AIDS patients: clinical metaphors and preventive bioethics.

AIDS, more than most diseases, evokes compelling and tragic stories. The AIDS epidemic is "The Plague." We seek the optimally therapeutic relationship, embodied in the metaphor of the covenant. There is a fundamental human possibility of healing through dying. "Death teaches us to live." We advocate asking AIDS patients the explicit question, "How do you want me to work with you?" This can generate conversations that facilitate congruence in relationships. A reluctance to talk about uncertainties and limits is a major source of preventable ethical conflict and a major obstacle to fulfillment of the therapeutic possibilities of the doctor-patient relationship. The Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPA) can be helpful in facilitating discussions with patients and their families. Successful "preventive bioethics" is communication that opens for the patient and doctor the broadest possibilities of hearing, understanding, and expressing. The doctor as parent, fighter, technician, teacher, and covenanter may be important roles at appropriate moments with a given patient who may be experiencing the disease variably as infectious chaos, brutal enemy, spiritual challenge, or opportunity for growth. The context of such communication is a real relationship that includes love, respect, humor, hope, and genuine interest in how this other person lives.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

Creation, the eschaton, and bioethics.

The Christian's role in renewing the universe is to discover the true name of God's creation and to use technology as a serious enterprise of co-creation. Guided by a bioethics based on Gospel values, the Christian healer brings the eschaton closer to realization.

Bible↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethics and environmental health].

Institutions such as World Health Organization and United Nations have considered the necessity to establish programs to control and preserve our environment. From the beginning, industrial development has polluted the air, water and soil, in some cases irreversibly affecting the ecosystems. Rampant use of natural resources and inattention to preventive measures have promoted environmental pollution, along with its hereditary effects, producing brain damage, intoxications, cancer, and respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, among other problems. It is necessary to put aside self-serving materialism and individualism and become aware of this problem. It is necessary to implement environmental policies, foster bioethical responsibility in environmental health research, conduct epidemiologic, biomedical and toxicologic environmental health research works if we are to have a worthy life and an optimal environment.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1997

[On bioethical and legal studies of use of gene therapy].

The bioethical and legal issues of research developments and the use of gene therapy in Russia are discussed. Prerequisites for development of gene therapy, the trends of researches and the national specific features of the application of gene therapy (religious confessions, ethnicity, health care service) are dealt with.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1997

Bioethics and Canadian dentistry.

Formal ethical reflection and analysis have become expected components of clinical decision making for all health professionals. The implicit acceptance of professional ethics as the sole determinant of "the right and the good" has been replaced by an expectation for more broadly-based understanding of ethical issues. Dentists, like physicians, must be clear about professional ethics and competent in interdisciplinary and interprofessional discussions of the right and good. Modern bioethics is providing approaches to these issues to help practitioners make ethical clinical decisions. These approaches may not be appropriate for dentistry, especially as practised in Canada. Clearly, there are fundamental questions concerning dentistry as a profession, patient-dentist interactions and dental health that must be addressed to form a basis for an ethic relevant to professional practice. The answers to these questions have profound implications for the initial and continuing education of Canadian dentists and for dentistry itself. Some possible starting points for a truly Canadian ethic for dentistry are suggested from a non-dentist, physician ethicist.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1997

Communicating with our patients: the goal of bioethics.

Listening, teaching, understanding, exploring, explaining: these are the foundations of a sound patient-physician relationship. From these skills, we can then proceed to discussions on difficult topics such as preferences for end-of-life care. We can share bad news without destroying hope. We can show what makes the medical profession unlike any other. This issue of The Journal addresses the handling of medical errors, the termination of mechanical ventilatory support, ethical problems in managed care, and confidentiality issues in the computer era. Guidelines for institutional ethics committees also are presented. These are only a sampling of topics that cut to the heart of bioethics, patient communication, and contemporary medical practice. The more that we study such issues, the more we understand the contributions of medical ethics to medical practice, and the better we serve our patients.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1997

[Bioethical dimensions of medical care in the elderly].

This editorial examines the challenges posed by the current epidemiological transition towards ageing of societies, against the background of medical technologies: life-saving, life-sustaining and life-enhancing. Increased life expectancy among the elderly, compression of morbidity in the last year of life, cost containment in health-care delivery and humane treatment are elements of the dilemma facing modern medicine confronted to the aged. Technical success and medicalization of life are doomed to failure if the necessary reflection on what is proper, what is good and what is fair or just is not incorporated into everyday practice. These bioethical dimensions' should be reformulated at the level of the individual professional, the institutional environment and the social milieu. Aside from gloomy predictions about the future, the challenges imposed by treatment of the elderly are seen as invigorating stimuli for the continuous improvement of medical care.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[American and European legislation on bioethics evaluation of clinical experimentation].

This paper describes the existing legislation for evaluating the bioethics of clinical trials (drug studies conducted on humans after completion of drug testing on animals). The legislation is presented in chronologic order; thus that of the United States is presented first, followed by a description of the European Union legislation, which includes a brief comment on Italian legislation. The rationale for informed consent and the specific requirements are addressed. Ethical committees are discussed in terms of their membership, responsibilities, and methods of revision. The paper concludes with a comparison between the USA and the European Union legislations.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2004

Out of the armchair: a bioethics student's search for practical knowledge in Kenya.

This paper recounts the efforts of a Bioethics student to understand the experience of human subjects of medical research in Kenya. Although the endeavor resulted in more questions that answers, it served to highlight areas where the current system of protections has failed to secure the well-being of those involved. It concludes that, in addition to existing considerations, ethical review ought to include another kind of information: that which can be gained only from listening to the feelings and experiences related by subjects themselves.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2004

The West's dismissal of the Khabarovsk trial as 'communist propaganda': ideology, evidence and international bioethics.

In late 1949 the former Soviet Union conducted an open trial of eight Japanese physicians and researchers and four other military servicemen in Khabarovsk, a city in eastern Siberia. Despite its strong ideological tone and many obvious shortcomings such as the lack of international participation, the trial established beyond a reasonable doubt that the Japanese army had prepared and deployed bacteriological weapons and that Japanese researchers had conducted cruel experiments on living human beings. However, the trial, together with the evidence presented to the court and its major findings--which have proved remarkably accurate--was dismissed as communist propaganda and totally ignored in the West until the 1980s. This paper reviews the 1949 Khabarovsk trial, examines the West's dismissal of the proceedings as mere propaganda and draws some moral lessons for bioethics today. As an important historical case, set in the unique socio-political context of the Cold War, the West's dismissal of the trial powerfully illustrates some perennial ethical issues such as the ambivalence of evidence and power of ideology in making (or failing to make) cross-national and cross-cultural factual and moral judgments.

Biological Warfare↗