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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Combination chemotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus with cisplatinum and bleomycin followed by radiotherapy: results of a pilot study.

Thirteen patients were entered into an uncontrolled pilot study to investigate the response to, and toxicity of, a combination of cisplatinum (20 mg/m2) and bleomycin (6 mg/m2) infused daily for 5 days and repeated every 21 days up to a maximum of 4 cycles, in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. This regimen was subsequently followed by a split course of local irradiation. All patients have been followed to death. Six patients showed a partial response to chemotherapy while 7 showed no response or progressive disease. The median survival was 5 months. The median survival of the responders was 15 months and that of the nonresponders 3 months. Two patients developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion from which one died. The longest survivor, who died 26 months after the commencement of chemotherapy, had severe mediastinal and pulmonary fibrosis.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2003

Single-lung ventilation with a cuffed endotracheal tube in a child with a left mainstem bronchus disruption.

IMPLICATIONS: We report a case of management of ventilation during operative repair of a traumatic left mainstem bronchial disruption in a pediatric patient. With the use of a conventional cuffed endotracheal tube, with the cuff partially in the right mainstem bronchus and partially in the trachea, we successfully managed the case with single-lung ventilation.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1979

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the laboratory-bred and wild rat, Rattus norvegicus.

In juvenile wild rats, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) development was similar to that seen in adult specified-pathogen-free rats. In adult wild rats the BALT was widespread. In one animal infected with a mycoplasma-like organism, a region of bronchoepithelium overlying a large BALT nodule was seen, through which lymphocytes appeared able to pass to make direct contact with the bronchial lumen: the significance of this observation is discussed. There was no evidence of infection in lungs from any of the specified-pathogen-free animals, where small foci of BALT were seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Postnatal development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the rat, Rattus norvegicus.

The pattern of development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in specified-pathogen-free and conventional (non-barrier maintained) rats over the initial 4 weeks of life appeared to be similar. BALT first appeared around the 2nd week of life and increased in amount over the following 2 weeks. Overlying large nodules of BALT the bronchial epithelium becomes infiltrated by lymphocytes to form a lymphoepithelium. This transformation occurs earlier in conventional rats, possibly because of the differing antigen levels to which they are exposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Radiation myelopathy in patients treated for carcinoma of bronchus using a six fraction regime of radiotherapy.

The adoption of a six-fraction regime of radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the bronchus was followed by the appearance of radiation myelitis in eight cases. These were among a group of 130 patients given radiotherapy with anterior and posterior treatment fields, without shielding of the spinal cord. Radiation myelitis was found only in those where the calculated spinal-cord dose exceeded 3350 cGy (rad). The possible precipitating factors in the eight patients who suffered myelopathy were compared with those in the remaining 62 patients who also received spinal-cord doses calculated to be greater than 3350 cGy (rad). Only one difference was found--the haemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in those who suffered neuropathy compared with those who did not (P = 0.05).

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and the source of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the mucosa.

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue has major morphologic and functional similarities to Peyer's patches found in the gut. Both possess a lymphoepithelium with selective antigen sampling properties, both appear in the apparent absence of direct antigen stimulation, both contain a high percentage of cells bearing IgA sdurface immunoglobulin and both can repopulate the bronchial and gut lamina propria with IgA containing cells. Good evidence now exists (and will be reviewed) in support of the concept of a common mucosal immunologic system. Cells potentially sensitized at or in a mucosal tissue such as the gut or lung would then migrate to the draining lymph node, thence into the circulation and localize in a variety of mucosal tissues. Factors involved but not essential for such localization include antigen. Lymphoblasts derived from the lung tend to go back to the lung. Similarly, gut derived lymphoblasts have a predilection for the gut. However, available evidence supports the concept of integrated systemic and mucosal immune systems. Several factors must be taken into account in analysis of the products of local mucosal immune reactions and in developing approaches to achieve optimal humoral immunity at any mucosal surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A morphologic and immunohistochemical study of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue of pigs naturally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEN), caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), has been described in pigs in all geographic areas. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study was done to determine the cellular populations present in lung parenchyma of infected pigs, with special attention to the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were used for the detection of antigens of Mh, T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), IgG+ or IgA+ lymphocytes, and cells containing lysozyme, S-100 protein, major histocompatibility complex class II antigen or myeloid-histiocyte antigen. Findings in lung tissues associated with Mh infection were catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of bronchi and bronchioles and alveolar septa. Hyperplasia of mononuclear cells in the BALT areas was the most significant histologic change. The BALT showed a high morphologic and cellular organization. Macrophages and B lymphocytes were the main cellular components of germinal centers. T lymphocytes were primarily located in perifollicular areas of the BALT, lamina propria and within the airway epithelium, and plasma cells containing IgG or IgA at the periphery of the BALT, in the lamina propria of bronchi and bronchioles, in alveolar septa, and around bronchial submucosal glands. The hyperplastic BALT in PEN cases consisted of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, and IgG+ and IgA+ plasma cells. CD4+ cells predominated over CD8+ cells. Local humoral immunity appears to play an important role in the infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is well defined in animals. In humans, however, BALT has been reported to be inducible under pathologic conditions, such as chronic respiratory infection, although it is not present in healthy adults. Thus, induced BALT is considered to be involved in the mucosal immunity of the human lung under these conditions. However, there have been few studies to investigate BALT development in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of BALT in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, especially in its chronic form. METHODS: The subjects included five patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) diagnosed from clinical and histologic findings. We investigated histologically the development of BALT in these patients. Further, the cellular distribution of BALT was also examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: BALT was present in three of five patients with CHP. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the follicular area of BALT to be composed mainly of B cells, while the parafollicular area comprised predominantly T cells. Centroblasts located in the germinal center of BALT expressed Ki-67 antigen, a marker of cell proliferation, suggesting that these cells were actively proliferating after antigenic stimulation. Cells expressing bcl-2, which is present primarily on memory B cells, were confined to the follicular area, devoid of any germinal centers. S-100-positive, CD1a-negative interdigitating dendritic cells were observed in the dome area of BALT. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that chronic antigenic stimulation and/or inflammation in CHP may cause BALT development, which, in turn, is likely to play an important role in the mucosal immune response of this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Aortic rupture and concomitant transection of the left bronchus after blunt chest trauma.

We report a patient with traumatic aortic rupture and preoperatively unrecognized complete disruption of the bronchus for the left lower lobe. Preoperative state was complicated by inadequate oxygenation due to total atelectasis of the unventilated collapsed left lower lobe with consequent significant shunting of the unoxygenated blood. The patient had no massive pneumothorax because the intact peribronchial tissue and pleura covered the injured place, preventing important air leakage. The suspicion of possible concomitant tracheobronchial injury and early diagnostic bronchoscopy are important in patients with aortic rupture after blunt chest trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Lobectomy with sleeve resection in the treatment of tumors of the bronchus.

We evaluated the results of right upper lobectomy with a sleeve resection of the right main bronchus in 50 patients with a bronchial neoplasm. Four patients (8 percent) died during surgery or postoperatively. Eight of the 22 patients who underwent surgery for carcinoma between the years 1960 and 1974 had tumor-positive hilar lymph nodes. They died as a result of subsequent extension of the resected carcinoma. Fourteen of the 22 patients had no lymph node metastasis and nine of them (64 percent) were alive after five years without detectable recurrence. The finding of positive hilar lymph nodes contraindicates sleeve resection. In these cases, when pneumonectomy is impossible from a functional point of view, sleeve resection is to be regarded as a palliative procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Photoradiation therapy in advanced carcinoma of the trachea and bronchus.

Photoradiation therapy is a new technique being investigated for the treatment of solid malignant tumors. In this study, 17 patients with advanced, recurrent, biopsy-proven malignant lesions of the trachea or main-stem bronchus were treated by photoradiation therapy. Patients received hematoporphyrin derivative intravenously three days prior to light therapy. The light was delivered from a fiberoptic fiber attached to the output beam of a dye laser (633 +/- 3 nm). The fiber was passed through the large channel of a bronchoscope (Olympus BF 2T). Of the 17 patients, two had no measurable response to the photoradiation therapy, six had partial necrosis of the tumor, seven patients had a greater than 50 percent reduction in the intraluminal volume of tumor, and two were lost to follow-up. Survival ranged from 5 to 210 days (median survival, 40 days). Complications of the treatment were significant in this group of advanced-stage patients and included excessive secretions, fever, pneumonia, and abscess formation.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Endoscopic treatment of a whistling middle-lobe bronchus.

A 32-year old man presented with dyspnea and a loud inspiratory wheeze. Examination revealed a nonfibrous, fissure-shaped entrance to the middle-lobe bronchus. The cause of this stenosis was unclear. Endoscopic treatment consisted of splitting the spur and resulted in complete disappearance of the wheeze.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The presence of specialized epithelial cells on the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the mouse.

The aggregation of lymphoid cells in the bronchial mucosa has been named the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and investigated in comparison with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). To elucidate precisely the structure and function of the BALT, the present study examined the age-related change in the mouse BALT by light microscopy. We also observed the characteristics of the overlying epithelium, especially the lectin-binding properties of the epithelial cells, by the combined use of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By LM, lymphoid aggregates were not recognizable in the bronchial mucosa of young (8-10 week-old) mice, while they were commonly found at the second to fourth branching portions of the bronchial tree in older (32-40 week-old) mice. The epithelium overlying the lymphoid aggregates of the mature mice often contained a large number of mononuclear cells. Lectin cytochemistry revealed that UEA1 (Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1) positive cells were not only restricted to the overlying epithelium of the BALT in the older mice but also found in a cell group in the mucous epithelium at the branching portions in the young mice. Comparison between the LM and SEM images of the UEA1-stained whole mount specimens clarified the surface morphology of the lectin-stained epithelial cells, showing them to be non-ciliated cells with a large number of short microvillous projections on the apical surface. TEM studies further demonstrated that the UEA1 reaction products appeared on the plasma membrane of the non-ciliated cells which often enfolded lymphocytes in the old mice. Latex microbeads, which were administrated intratracheally, were selectively taken up by the UEA1-positive cells of the BALT. These results indicate that the mouse BALT has specialized epithelial cells similar to the UEA1 positive M cells in the GALT and probably functions as a part of the mucosal immune system. This study also showed the possibility that the UEA1 positive cells appear in the mucous epithelium before the formation of the BALT.

Age Factors↗