Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Azlocillin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Cefamandole resistance transfer in bacterial strains from two newborn units.

Transfer of Cefamandole resistance was demonstrated from strains of Citrobacter freundii as well as from individual strains of Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter anitratus and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients in two newborn units. In Citrobacter freundii, Cefamandole resistance was transferred always with Cephalotin resistance as well as with a TEM-like beta lactamase (conferring resistance to Ampicillin, Carbenicillin and Azlocillin). Citrobacter freundii strains from Hospital I were completely susceptible to gentamicin, while strains of other species, resistant to Cefamandole plus Cephalotin, were resistant to Gentamicin as well, and transferred this resistance, too. In one Enterobacter cloacae strain from Hospital I, Cefamandole resistance could be separated from resistance to Cephalotin, but only in clones selected with gentamicin and not with any of the cephalosporins. Acinetobacter anitratus strain was also resistant to Cefotaxime, but did not transfer this resistance. It might be concluded that special nosocomial bacteria may carry plasmids conferring a transferable type of resistance to Cefamandole together with resistance to classical cephalosporines. Second cycle of transfers, i.e. between two variants of E. coli K-12 strains confirmed the contransferability of Cefamandole and Cephalotin resistance.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1985

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from different medical institutions.

Patients screened for antibiotic resistance at three different medical institutions yielded 1,597 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin (92.8%), tobramycin (70.6%), gentamicin (59.1%) neomycin (89.4%), azlocillin (84.6%), mezlocillin (83.9%), piperacillin (85.7%), cefsulodin (83.8%) and colistin (98.5%); only 43.8% were sensitive to carbenicillin. In a rehabilitation hospital the frequency of isolates resistant to most of these antibiotics was twice as high than in the two other institutions. The frequency of phenotypes resistant to the combination of carbenicillin and gentamicin was twice as high in the rehabilitation hospital isolates (47.3%) than in the general hospital isolates (28.5%). The frequency of isolates resistant to the combination of aminoglycosides and the new beta-lactam antibiotics is relatively lower than in the former combinations. Serogroup 11 is predominant in the isolates from all three institutions (44%). In carbenicillin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates, 61% were of serogroup 11. On the other hand, in the carbenicillin- and gentamicin-sensitive isolates, serogroup 11 accounted for only 27.2%.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1985

N-formimidoyl-thienamycin and norfloxacin against multiple-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Combined in vitro activity and comparison with 14 other antibiotics.

The in vitro susceptibility of 54 multiple-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 16 antipseudomonal agents were determined. The majority of these organisms were also beta-lactamase-producing strains. Norfloxacin, N-formimidoyl-thienamycin and aztreonam showed the best antipseudomonal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of isolates (MIC90) of 2, 8, and 8 mg/l respectively. Of the aminoglycosides, only amikacin (MIC90 = 32 mg/l) showed satisfactory activity, whereas among beta-lactam antibiotics, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and moxalactam (MIC90 = 32 mg/l) were more active than cefoperazone (MIC90 = 128 mg/l), cefsulodin (MIC90 = 128 mg/l), piperacillin (MIC90 = 512 mg/l) and azlocillin (MIC90 = 1024 mg/l). A synergistic or partially synergistic interaction (fractional inhibitory concentration index less than 1) was demonstrated in vitro against 37% of the strains when N-formimidoyl-thienamycin was combined with norfloxacin.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1985

The emergence of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics during treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections: is combination therapy the solution?

Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections with beta-lactam antibiotics alone (beta-lactam monotherapy) has been thought to result in a high incidence of therapeutic failure due to the emergence of multiply-resistant strains on the basis of induction of a chromosomal beta-lactamase. Review of published experience in patients without granulocytopenia or cystic fibrosis suggests that favorable clinical responses can be obtained in 80-90% of cases, and bacteriological cures in 45-55%, using any of the newer beta-lactam antipseudomonal agents alone (data from cefsulodin, cefoperazone, azlocillin and piperacillin). Resistance develops in 30-40% of the infecting organisms, and is associated with treatment failure in 10-20% of cases (data from cefsulodin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin). Cross-resistance to other beta-lactams and to aminoglycosides can occur but seems unlikely to be on the basis of induction of a chromosomal beta-lactamase (data from cefsulodin). The addition of an aminoglycoside antibiotic (combination therapy) has been recommended to prevent these outcomes. Retrospective comparison with results obtained using combination therapy in patients without granulocytopenia or cystic fibrosis suggests that the addition of an aminoglycoside cannot be expected to prevent either the development of resistance or therapeutic failure (which are frequently unassociated). Treating every patient with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infection with combination therapy will expose all of them to the toxicity of an aminoglycoside but will rarely repay this risk with the prevention of a multiply resistant strain or the salvage of a patient destined to fail beta-lactam monotherapy.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1985

[Significance and problems of pseudomonas infection in ENT medicine].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently cultured in chronic otitis media, in external otitis, and from infected radical mastoid cavities. Necrotizing external otitis is a typical infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Perichondritis of the external ear is sometimes due to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Some cases of chronic sinusitis and wound infections in patients with tracheostomy are caused by this organism. Antiseptic agents or astringents should be used for local treatment of Pseudomonas infected ears. If these fail local treatment with azlocillin for several days is a good alternative. Systemic antibiotic therapy is also available for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Bacteria and resistance patterns in bacteriuria of hospitalized patients (author's transl)].

During different periods in 1976 and 1977 the bacteria of hospitalized patients were selected at random in significant bacteriuria. The species determination was carried out exactly and the susceptibility to beta-lactam-and aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated using the quantitative tube dilution test. The bacterial spectrum of 941 isolated strains is shown in Table I. E. coli was found in 50% only. The spectrum of bacteria is different in the various hospitals, caused by regional phenomenons of nosocomial infections (Table II). The sex distribution (Table III) shows that mostly E. coli and Strept. faecalis are isolated from women, and Klebsiella sp. from men. The difference is significant. May be there exists a sex specificity for some bacteria. The sensitivity tests include the antibiotics Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin, Azlocillin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole, Cefazolin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikazin (Table IV). Different sensitivity patterns could be established because of the exact species determination.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1979

[Possible indications for recently developed antibiotics [author's transl)].

Properties and possible indications of recently developed antibiotics are described. For the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of all penicillins azlocillin is the most favourable drug (instead of carbenicillin), for treatment of esch. coli infections it is mezlocillin (instead of ampicillin). Becampicillin and equally amoxycillin are more than ampicillin suitable for oral application (because of almost complete absorption). Cefaclor has a broader spectrum and stronger activity than cefalexin and will replace cefalexin in future. Sisomicin is similar to gentamicin and has no essential advantages. Netilmicin seems to be less oto-and nephrotoxic than gentamicin and may be used with less risk of side-effects in patients with renal insufficiency. Amikacin is reserved for infections by gentamicin-resistant bacteria.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1984

[Distribution of constituent beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

Acquired resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to beta-lactam antibiotics, e.g. ticarcillin, has the following characters: The incidence of ticarcillin-resistant strains is about 21% but it varies with hospitals from 10.9 to 35.1%. Resistance is predominantly due to beta-lactamases, which are produced by two-thirds of the strains (64.4% in 1982, 67.9% in 1983). The presence of beta-lactamase positive strains is dependent upon the type of patient, the hospital unit (e.g. urology or burns) and the nature of the specimen collected. Most beta-lactamase positive strains spontaneously produce one single penicillinase of the CARB (53.8%), OXA (30.5%) or TEM (8.7%) type. New types of beta-lactamases may develop and hydrolyse beta-lactam antibiotics such as ticarcillin, azlocillin, cefoperazone or cefsulodin. With beta-lactam antibiotics (cefotaxime, moxalactam, ceftazidime) that resist hydrolysis, bacterial resistance is due to production of a constitutive beta-lactamase of the cephalosporinase type. This enzyme has recently appeared and its incidence is low (6.8%). Associated beta-lactamases (e.g. penicillinase plus cephalosporinase) are exceptional.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Parallel resistance between cephalosporins and penicillins].

Resistance of Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefotaxime, cefoperazone, mezlocillin, azlocillin and piperacillin was induced by 15 culture transfers at subinhibitory concentrations. Information about a possible cross resistance between cephalosporins and penicillins was obtained by determining the MIC's of the five beta-lactam antibiotics studied before and after resistance was induced. The highest homologous resistance is induced in Enterobacter and Ps. aeruginosa by cefotaxime (factors 2021 and 42.2, respectively), and in Klebsiella by cefoperazone (factor 64). The lowest increase in homologous resistance is induced in Ps. aeruginosa by cefoperazone (factor 9.9), and in Enterobacter and Klebsiella by mezlocillin (factor 10.6 and 4.6 respectively). Resistance induced by cephalosporins is often accompanied by resistance to penicillins. Such cross resistance is observed especially in Ps. aeruginosa and Enterobacter. Resistance to cephalosporins is, however, only rarely induced by penicillins. These findings permit the conclusion that the use of all beta-lactam antibiotics may be prohibited by uncritical treatment with cephalosporins. Preference should therefore be given to acylureidopenicillins in primary treatment of emergency cases.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

[Bacteriostatic activity of apalcillin on Gram-negative bacilli and strict anaerobic bacteria. Multicenter study].

This work reports a multicenter study of the bacteriostatic activity of apalcillin, a new N-acyl-penicillin, against 1 827 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli and obligate anaerobes. The modal minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for susceptible strains are (mg/l) : Salmonella-Shigella : 1 ; E. coli : 0.5-2 ; Klebsiella : 4 ; Citrobacter : 1-2 ; Enterobacter : 2 ; Serratia : 8 ; Proteus-Providencia : 1 ; Acinetobacter : 1-4 ; P. aeruginosa : 2 ; H. influenzae : 0.06 ; C. perfringens : 0.03-01 ; Peptococcus : 0.2 ; B. fragilis : 16. Against Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter, apalcillin is as active as mezlocillin and piperacillin, and much more than carbenicillin. Against P. aeruginosa, apalcillin is the most active penicillin : 2 to 16 fold more active than azlocillin and piperacillin, and 2 to 128 fold more active than ticarcillin. Against H. influenzae, C. perfringens and Peptococcus, apalcillin has MICs similar to those of other N-acyl penicillins, and inferior to those of carboxypenicillins . Apalcillin, as other penicillins, is poorly active against B. fragilis.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1984

[In-vitro activity of new beta-lactam antibiotics. Testing resistant enterobacteria and pseudomonas aeruginosa strains].

The MIC's of 95 strains of enterobacteria, being resistant to Cefazolin, were determined against 8 recent beta-lactam antibiotics by the agar-dilution method. Thienamycin proved to be most active in vitro, followed by Cefotaxim, Ceftriaxon, Ceftizoxim, Ceftazidim and Monobactam; Cefoperazon and Temocillin proved to be less active. Ceftazidim showed better results with 25 strains of P. aeruginosa, including 12 strains resistent to Azlocillin, than did Cefsulodin, Piperacillin and Cefoperazon. Thienamycin showed the highest MIC's. The testing of representative antibiotics is discussed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Current status of determining bacteria and resistance in urinary tract infections].

A total of 5.584 bacterial strains of different species from urine samples of various University clinics were isolated in 1983. These were tested with regard to their susceptability towards antibacterial substances. E. coli was the most common rod bacteria isolated, followed by Proteus species, Klebsiella und Pseudomonas. Staphylococci and Enterococci were found relatively frequently. A list was set up concerning the resistance pattern of the most important gram-negative rod bacteria toward four penicillin- and three cephalosporin derivatives as well as towards gentamicin and three chemotherapeutics in a stricter sense. For the first substance group mezlocillin supplied the best results. In the second group cefotaxime was most effective. More unfavorable on the whole were the results of the three chemotherapeutics. Enterococci were inhibited most by azlocillin, mezlocillin, ampicillin and nalidixic-acid. Cefsulodin as a special Pseudomonas cephalosporin showed strong activity towards this bacterial species.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Sensitivity of enterococci to beta-lactam antibiotics, co-trimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline and doxycycline.

The current sensitivity of enterococci to a total of 20 antibiotics (5 penicillins, 11 cephalosporins, cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole), nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and doxycycline) was evaluated by determining the respective MICs. Ampicillin is certainly the drug of first choice for the treatment of moderately severe infections due to enterococci. Nitrofurantoin is equally effective in urinary tract infections. Co-trimoxazole is a suitable alternative in the presence of penicillin allergy. Penicillin G and tetracyclines should not be used in enterococcal infections. All cephalosporins presently available are ineffective against these bacteria. In view of the results of in vitro sensitivity test for bacteria, acylureido penicillins should be preferred to cephalosporins in very serious infections and mixed infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Azlocillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin are the most effective drugs to prevent superinfections with enterococci in clinically and bacteriologically defined situations. The combination of these drugs with aminoglycosides is the most effective antibiotic therapy for serious infections known so far. The influence of inoculum density on MIC and MBC values was investigated. The detailed discussion of the laboratory's own results and of the data reported in the literature points to the inadequacies of the test methods which have been used so far.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Penicillinase from B. licheniformis. Determination of the ionization constants of the enzymatic hydrolysis products of beta-lactam antibiotics].

The level of transformation of beta-lactam antibiotics hydrolysed by penicillinase from B. licheniformis on determination with the method of pH-metric titration with sodium hydrate solutions depended on the electrochemical nature of the products formed. The data on the study of the pH dependence of the penicillinase-catalysed hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics were used for estimation of the ionization constants of the products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring in the molecules of azlocillin, carfecillin, benzylpenicillin, cephalothin and 7-PADCA. Methods for quantitative determination of the compounds were developed. The methods are based on penicillinase-catalysed enzymatic hydrolysis and pH-metric titration of the products with sodium hydrate solutions at pH 7.0 with regard to their dissociation levels.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetic and microbiologic evaluation of dosage regimens for newer cephalosporins and penicillins.

A retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis was performed for eight newer cephalosporins and penicillins and one aminoglycoside used in treating 10 microorganisms for which the antibiotics are considered to be primary alternatives. The pharmacokinetic indices assessed were the three components of the steady-state temporal blood concentration profile: (1) the magnitude of the peak antibiotic blood level at steady state compared with the mininum inhibitory concentration (CSSmax/MIC), (2) the number of hours that the blood level is greater than the MIC during a 72-hour treatment period, and (3) the intensity index, which is a dimensionless term that reflects the contributions of both the peak serum level of the antibiotic and duration of this level above the MIC. Substantial differences were demonstrated in pharmacokinetic indices for dosage regimens used in treating specific microorganisms for which the antibiotics are considered the primary alternative agents. Moxalactam, cefoxitin, and piperacillin demonstrated the best pharmacokinetic performances for the third-generation cephalosporin, second-generation cephalosporin, and newer penicillin groups, respectively. The data suggest that some antibiotics, notably moxalactam and cefotaxime, may be effective at lower doses than commonly recommended, while others, like cefoperazone, cefamandole, and azlocillin, are probably often ineffective even at high doses.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

In vitro effect of new penicillins and aminoglycosides on tests for glycosuria.

The effect of newer penicillins (azlocillin, mezlocillin, cyclacillin, and piperacillin) a 6 beta-amidinopenicillanic acid derivative (amdinocillin), and newer aminoglycosides (netilmicin and sisomicin) on the accuracy of tests for glycosuria was studied. Solutions of each of the drugs were prepared in urine in a range of clinically obtainable drug concentrations. In addition, urine solutions were prepared that contained the same drug concentrations and 0.5, 1, and 2% glucose. All solutions were tested in triplicate using the five-drop Clinitest method and two glucose oxidase methods (Diastix and Tes-Tape). Falsely elevated Clinitest readings of approximately 0.25% were obtained with the penicillins. These readings were influenced by the concentration of the penicillins and of glucose. Neither amdinocillin nor the aminoglycosides had an effect on Clinitest determinations. None of the drugs interfered with Diastix or Tes-Tape readings. Because the Clinitest-penicillin interaction is unpredictable, Clinitest results should be rechecked using one of the qualitative glucose oxidase tests when Clinitest is used as a quantitative test for glycosuria in patients receiving penicillins. All three tests studied can be used to test for glycosuria in patients receiving amdinocillin or one of the aminoglycosides.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1982

[Regrowth in post-antibiotic period. A new approach based on the early response of the growth curve (author's transl)].

Growth curve studies (MS-2 Abbott) of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures submitted to different beta-lactams concentrations showed that a) the maximal values of residual growth (MVRG) observed in the first hours of contact between antibiotic and bacteria was either concentration dependent (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, moxalactam, ceftazidime, cefsulodin against Escherichia coli) or concentration independent (azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin against E. coli and all beta-lactams against P. aeruginosa) ; b) a relationship was found between MVRG and lag of regrowth in the postantibiotic period ; c) the MVRG independent of antibiotic concentration was associated with filament formation. This observation may contribute to athe best choice of the mode of administration of an antibiotic in therapeutic field (peak level or plateau).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Comparative susceptibilities of 40 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 10 antipseudomonal antimicrobial agents.

The in vitro susceptibility of 40 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 10 antipseudomonal antibiotics was determined. Of the strains examined, 100, 90, 85 and 80% were susceptible to netilmicin, amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin, respectively; 93, 85 and 72% were susceptible to piperacillin, azlocillin and carbenicillin, respectively; and 93, 88 and 84% were susceptible to cefotaxime, moxalactam and cefsulodin, respectively. These data confirm that the newer antipseudomonal antimicrobial agents are more effective against Ps. aeruginosa than the older agents.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗