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PubMed1994

[Reference values of anthropometry parameters in school children and youths in Subotica].

Anthropometric measurements are most often used in order to evaluate the state of nourishment and gain insight into body growth and development of children and young people. The use of different criteria in everyday practical work causes very diversified results and at the same time presents a problem in early detection of certain disorders of growth, development and state of nourishment and in undertaking adequate dietetic and therapeutic treatments. In Subotica 18864 persons from 8-19 years of age were examined by transverse anthropometric measurements of height and weight. By statistical processing of results mean values, medians and percentiles of body height, body mass and the body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) were established. These reference values present a base for producing nomogram of growth, development and state of nourishment in children and young people in our area which could be applied in everyday work at clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Techniques in anthropometry applied to disabled and elderly populations.

We discuss the requirements of anthropometric and biomechanical data for specific application to the design of assistive devices and other products for elderly and disabled populations, including body size, shape, range of motion and strength data. We analyse available information and the practical and statistical problems involved in the collection of data from such populations. We comment on the different human interface design issues posed by various types of device and compare a task-specific approach to ergonomic analysis with the use of a generic biomechanical database. The specific requirements of a useful biomechanical data collection system intended to fulfil this need, and the conditions under which a practical system would have to operate are discussed. We review a range of available measurement techniques, including manual, mechanical, optical and electronic systems and discuss their relative fitness for the task in question. We propose an approach to the collection of multi-variable biomechanical data from the analysis of various tasks and discuss the use of computer models and other means of interpreting such data to make it available to product designers and engineers.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

An evaluation of infant growth: the use and interpretation of anthropometry in infants. WHO Working Group on Infant Growth.

In reviewing the growth of infants who live under favourable conditions and are fed according to WHO feeding recommendations, the Working Group found significant differences between the growth patterns of these infants and the patterns reflected in the NCHS-WHO international reference. Given the short- and long-term consequences of growth failure, and the dangers of both the premature introduction of complementary foods and their undue delay--described as the "weanling's dilemma", the Working Group concluded that use of the current NCHS-WHO reference appears to accentuate the difficulty of avoiding these extremes rather than to help ensure optimal infant nutritional management. The Working Group identified the following requirements: (a) a new reference which will enhance the nutritional management of infants; (b) the reference population should reflect current health recommendations because of the frequent use of such reference data as standards; (c) evaluation, in a broad range of settings, of the practical utility of using reference data based on infants for whom the WHO feeding recommendations are being followed; (d) close investigation of the effects of different complementary foods on the growth of infants who are being fed according to the WHO recommendations; (e) criteria for evaluating abnormal growth patterns; (f) research for identifying proxy measures for length; and (g) evaluation of reference data based on other anthropometric measurements, such as skinfold thickness and arm and head circumferences.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anthropometry in the complex examination of women with pathology of the hand].

Women with a dystrophic pathology of the hand were found to have weak sexual constitution as well. In addition, a pathological type of morphograms was found independent of their stature. The data obtained confirm that hormonal disorders in women with a dystrophic pathology of the hand make their appearance as at the pubertal period and are a favorable background for the development of hand dystrophy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison between double-photon absorptiometry (DEXA), impedance and anthropometry in the study of the body composition of obese subjects].

Dual-energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is primarily used in the assessment of bone mineral. However, the transmissions of the two different energy beams in nonbone areas can be processed to calculate the amount of fat and free-fat mass of the soft tissues. We have compared the estimation of body fat mass (FM) by DEXA with data derived from anthropometric (A) (During & Womersley formula) and impedance (BIA) measurements. We have studied 10 subjects, 8 female and 2 male, age 39 +/- 17, weight 97.4 +/- 17.2 kg. The results were: FM 44.4 +/- 8.5 kg (DEXA), 40.6 +/- 6.3 kg (A) and 38.4 +/- 9.8 kg (BIA); FFM 52.1 +/- 14.1 kg (DEXA), 56.8 +/- 13.9 kg (A) and 58.8 +/- 13.6 kg (BIA). The correlation was higher between DEXA and A (r = 0.88, for women r = 0.94). BIA results change depending on the equation used to derive Lean Body Mass (LBM) according to different authors. DEXA measurements are independent from the explorer, whereas A and BIA determinations can change in separate occasions with the same or different observer. Therefore, DEXA method seems more reliable than BIA for the assessment of FM. If DEXA technology is not available, our results support the use of anthropometric over impedance measurements.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evaluation of body composition in children by anthropometry and impedance measurement].

Several anthropometric parameters (weight, height, thickness skinfolds, and body circumferences) together with the bioelectric impedance (BIA) were measured in a group of 407 healthy prepuberal children (205 males, mean age +/- SD: 6.8 +/- 1.6 years; 202 females, mean age +/- SD: 6.6 +/- 1.6 years) who did not practice any competitive sport. The group was divided into six weight classes (underweight to obese 3). The average values of the anthropometric data, BIA, FM (which is derived from the thickness skinfolds and BIA), TBW (derived from BIA), AFA and AMA (both derived from the forearm circumference and triceps skinfold) were all evaluated in relation to sex and weight classes. The average values of all the measured thickness skinfolds, FM and AFA were higher in the females. When considering the body circumferences, only the wrist circumference showed a statistically significant difference between sexes, being higher in males. In contrast both the rates waist/hips circumferences and waist/thigh circumferences were higher in males. As far as the BIA and FM average values is concerned, these were higher in females. The average value of FM derived from measuring the thickness skinfolds (males = 17.65 +/- 4.89%: females = 23.81 +/- 4.72% of body weight) proved higher than that one derived from BIA (males = 17 +/- 9.02%; females = 19.27 +/- 9.18%). The analysis of anthropometric and BIA data in relation to the weight classes showed significant variations of the mean values, except the rates waist/hips circumferences and waist/thigh circumferences. Therefore our data seem to exclude the presence of any difference of the fat distribution between sexes in paediatric age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1993

The Kingston Project. II. The effects of high energy supplement and metronidazole on malnourished children rehabilitated in the community: anthropometry.

Malnourished children (mean age 1.2 years) referred from public health clinics to a paediatric metabolic ward in Kingston, Jamaica, were enrolled for treatment in a community-based health care project and were randomly allocated to one of two groups. The first group was treated at home with metronidazole and then for 6 months using the standard health care provided from local clinics by community health aides. The second group was given the same drug and home treatment, but in addition received a high energy supplement of 3.31 MJ daily for 3 months. We have previously shown a significant advantage in both weight and height gain for a group given the same supplement in contrast with standard health care controls (Heikens et al., 1989, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 43, 145-160), and in this study test the addition of a drug treatment aimed at reducing malabsorbtion due to a possible microbial overgrowth of the small bowel in malnourished children. This paper reports anthropometric findings showing significant benefits from both the drug and nutritional treatments. Greatest gains were by the group given both treatments, but the group given the antibiotic treatment, without energy supplementation, also made better growth recovery than did controls. Only 8% of the children treated with metronidazole failed to respond to community-based intervention and were admitted to hospital, compared with 19% for the other groups (P < 0.05). These findings support targetted high-energy supplementation for the rehabilitation of moderately malnourished children receiving health clinic care, and suggest further that such programs should include antibiotic treatment directed at SBBO.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Maxillofacial anthropometry tables in healthy newborns].

With the purpose of having parameters which can be useful to evaluate the maxillofacial anthropometric characteristics at birth, we present the results of maxillofacial anthropometric measurements of 22 items in 373 healthy eutrophic newborns of both sexes delivered at the National Institute of Perinatology in Mexico City. Minor alterations of facial structures may indicate the presence of a dysmorphological syndrome such as: wide nasal bridge and wide intercantal distance. This study did not show big increments in the different anthropometric measurements from one week of gestation to the next, except for the bizygomatic and intercommissural measurements.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1995

Nutrition-related hair signs in Zairian preschool children and associations with anthropometry.

To assess prevalence of hair dyspigmentation, decurling, thinness and frailty, a random sample of more than 4,000 preschoolers, representative for a large area in Northern Zaire, was examined clinically and anthropometrically. Isolated dyspigmentation, isolated thinness and the combination of both were the most frequent signs (> 5%). Prevalence of hair signs did not differ according to sex or season. Peak prevalence was found between ages 6 and 18 months, suggesting a relationship with weaning. Most hair signs, studied separately or as combinations, increased gradually with lowering weight-for-age (WFA) or weight-for-height but not with height-for-age. Isolated dyspigmentation, however, was unrelated to WFA or marasmus. All signs occurred also in children with 'normal' WFA (SD > -2). In these children, hair signs were associated with the presence of clinical muscle wasting.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

The influence of fat free mass on prediction of densitometric body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and by anthropometry.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of varying size of fat free mass (FFM) on the precision and bias of body composition prediction by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) from four equations of Segal et al (BIA-Segal), Gray et al (BIA-Gray, Lukaski et al (BIA-Lukaski) and those from a manufacturer (BIA-EZC), by body mass index (BMI), and by skinfold methods with reference to estimation by densitometry. SUBJECTS: 73 men and 77 women aged 17-71 years, were measured for height, weight, FFM, bioelectrical impedance and age. RESULTS: BIA-Segal gave the highest precision (men: R2 = 83%, women: R2 = 75%) and the least bias (men: slope = 0.88; women: slope = 0.81) of all BIA methods. There were poorer precision (R2 < or = 50%) and more bias (slope < 0.70) by BIA-Lukaski and BIA-EZC in both sexes, which were comparable to the simpler BMI method. The skinfold method gave R2 = 83% and slope = 0.84 in men and R2 = 61% and slope = 0.86 in women. Bland and Altman analysis showed BIA-Segal gave prediction of FFM within +/-6 kg of 95% confidence interval limit of agreement of that estimated by UWW in most subjects. Other BIA methods presented unacceptably large underestimates of up to 15-17 kg in FFM. CONCLUSIONS: The BIA-Segal provide the best predictions of the methods tested, but using BMI-or waist-specific equations may be more practical than the original BIA-Segal method, which BIA methods are affected by large FFM, and not better than anthropometric methods in predicting FFM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Blood pressure and anthropometry in parents and children of a southern Italian village.

In an investigation on hypertension risk factors, the entire school population was examined in Trecchina, a southern Italian village. The reported findings refer to those children examined together with at least one parent, for a total of 134 mother-child pairs and 128 father-child pairs. For these groups of children, fathers and mothers, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, weight (W), height (H) and triceps skinfold (TS) were detected and body mass index (BMI) was calculated in order to evaluate the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) values and if overweight. Of 19.3% children, 26.9% fathers and 15.8% mothers showed high BP values; 28.9% of children, 14.0% of fathers and 19.3% of mothers were overweight. In children, the analysis of correlations, after adjustment for height, showed a significant association between BP and W, BMI and TS. Using multiple regression analysis, with BP as the dependent variable, SBP was significantly associated with BMI and age in mother and fathers. For DBP the only variable entered in the model was BMI for mothers and fathers. When controlling for the children's age, H, W and BMI of children were significantly related to H, W and BMI of mothers and fathers. These results confirm that overweight and a parental history of obesity are predictive and possibly causal factors for essential hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The role of anthropometry in the assessment of vectorcardiographic norms.

There is scarcity of quantitative studies on the relationship between somatometric characteristics of chest configuration and vectorcardiographic variables. The objective of this study was to give a quantitative description of these relations in order to improve the recognition of normal vectorcardiographic ranges and limits. The magnitude of the maximum vector of atrial depolarization is strongly influenced by chest configuration, but not by age, while declination values of atrial activation are under the influence of both factors. The same holds for vectors of ventricular depolarization, while, as regards ventricular repolarization, somatometric variables are only related to the spacial orientation of the vector. Both age and chest configuration also influence the magnitude of the spacial angle between QRS and T integral vectors. These results speak for the need to consider somatometric data for correct assessment of normal limits of VCG variables. (Tab. 6, Fig. 1, Ref. 17.)

Adolescent↗