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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

James Jeffray: observations on the heart and on the peculiarities of the foetus.

James Jeffray, Regius Professor of Anatomy in the University of Glasgow (1790-1848), published his lectures on the heart as a monograph entitled Observations on the Heart and on the Peculiarities of the Foetus (Jeffray, 1835), in which he considered controversies about the adult heart, such as the arrangement of the coronary vessels and the function of the aortic and pulmonary sinuses, and about the fetal circulation. His sources were the works of Senac, Lower, Vieussens, Eustachius, Mery, Haller, Winslow, and Sabatier which were available from the Hunterian bequest. Jeffray supplemented his own material with Hunterian specimens for the illustrations. He supported the theory that blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae crossed in the right atrium, that from the superior cava being destined for the right ventricle and from the inferior passing through the foramen ovale to the left atrium. He also held that the valve of the inferior vena cava directed the bloodflow from that vessel to the foramen ovale. These views conflicted with those of John Bell (1763-1820), a successful Edinburgh anatomist and surgeon whose opinions are attacked several times in the publication. Regarding the placenta, Jeffray may have been deliberately vague about whether the fetal and maternal circulations are continuous or separate, an issue resolved by William Hunter in the previous century.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A clinical anatomy curriculum for the medical student of the 21st century: developmental anatomy.

An understanding of human developmental anatomy provides a fundamental framework for the accurate diagnosis and proper treatment of patients with congenital clinical entities, a significant population of any medical practice. Therefore, the regard afforded the study of developmental anatomy in the medical curriculum deserves thoughtful attention. In an effort to provide guidance in designing an undergraduate medical curriculum that properly addresses developmental anatomy, the Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA) developed this clinical anatomy curriculum in developmental anatomy. It outlines the subject matter and principles that will not only allow the physician to recognize and treat congenital diseases, but will also provide a solid basis for the incorporation of future discoveries, particularly in the rapidly evolving field of molecular developmental anatomy. The AACA seeks to ensure that all medical students receive thorough training in developmental anatomy and that each student, regardless of the institution attended, will be exposed to a curriculum that will provide the necessary competence and confidence for the effective practice of medicine in the 21st century.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2000

Terminology of the prostate and related structures.

The various studies of J.E. McNeal (1968ndash;1977) established with precision the different sites of predilection for prostatic carcinomas, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and inflammation, making the division of the prostate into right, left, and middle lobes and isthmus inadequate for their description. Unfortunately, his positional terms for the sites (peripheral, central, transition, and preprostatic) are not based on the usual parameters and cannot be directly related to those of other workers. Nevertheless, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists' Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology has made recommendations in Terminologia Anatomica, based on his findings but modified to take some account of those of Tisell and Salander (1975 Scand J Urol Nephrol 1975 9:185-191). The use of the term lobe is confined to the right and left lobes and the variable middle lobe. The term lobule is used for the subdivisions, which are named from the anatomical position. Thus each side has a superomedial, an anteromedial, an inferoposterior, and an inferolateral lobule. Also necessary to describe a site of predilection is a peri-urethral gland zone. In ultrasound diagnosis, the trapezoid area is important: its upper limit is the rectoperinealis, its anterior limit is the intermediate part of the urethra, its lower limit is the anoperinealis, and its posterior limit is the anorectal junction. Confusion at the bladder neck is resolved by recognizing that the position of the internal urethral orifice varies with functional state of the bladder: while it is filling the orifice lies above the base of the prostate; when voiding begins, the orifice descends to the base of the prostate; between the filling internal orifice and the emptying internal orifice is the bladder neck part of the urethra.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2000

Transmission electron microscope study of bacterial morphotypes on the anterior dorsal surface of human tongues.

The human tongue has been the subject of many cytological and histological studies. When a literature search disclosed no reports of the ultrastructure of the morphotypes of bacteria residing on the tongue's surface, a transmission electron microscope study of ultrathin sections of bacteria obtained by scraping eight human tongues was undertaken. The scrapings from the anterior dorsal tongue surfaces, processed conventionally for electron microscope study, revealed 33-35 different bacterial morphotypes. Several of the morphotypes were unique to a tongue. Morphotype differences were also related to donor characteristics such as smoking, tongue site, location in centrifuge pellet, diet, and medications. The predominant morphotypes were Gram-positive cocci. These preliminary findings suggest that the microbiota of the human tongue and variations in that microbiota, related to physical condition, lifestyle, medications, and dietary preferences, merit more attention from anatomists.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Homology--history of a concept.

The concept of homology is traceable to Aristotle, but Belon's comparison in 1555 of a human skeleton with that of a bird expressed it overtly. Before the late 18th century, the dominant view of the pattern of organisms was the scala naturae--even Linnaeus with his divergent hierarchical classification did not necessarily see the resulting taxonomic pattern as a natural phenomenon. The divergent hierarchy, rather than the acceptance of phylogeny, was the necessary spur to discussion of homology and the concept of analogy. Lamarck, despite his proposal of evolution, attributed homology to his escalator naturae and analogy to convergent acquired characters. Significantly, it was the concept of serial homology that emerged at the end of the 18th century, although comparison between organisms became popular soon after, and was boosted by the famous Cuvier/Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire debate of the 1830s. The concepts of homology and analogy were well understood by the pre- (or anti-) evolutionary comparative anatomists before the general acceptance of phylogeny, and they were defined by Owen in 1843. The acceptance of evolution led to the idea that homology should be defined by common ancestry, and to the confusion between definition and explanation. The term 'homoplasy', introduced by Lankester in 1870, also arose from a phylogenetic explanation of homology.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1980

An elementary introduction to stereology (quantitative microscopy).

Stereology is a branch of applied mathematics used for the three-dimensional analysis of organs and materials from two-dimensional measurements. Stereologic methods are versatile, easily understood, and simply applied. This paper provides anatomists with a practical guide to stereologic techniques and concepts and to ancillary morphometric methods. These methods allow investigators to calculate volume, surface, and numerical densities; make shape determinations; and calculate size distributions for spheres and rotatory ellipsoids. Other topics covered in this article include sampling methods, correction factors for shrinkage and section thickness, index of folding, automated and semiautomated image analysis, and three-dimensional reconstruction from serial sections.

Biometry↗
PubMed1994

Earliest description by Johann Friedrich Meckel, Senior (1750) of what is known today as Lutembacher syndrome (1916).

The letter that the famous anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel, Sr. sent from Berlin on May 5, 1750 to the great Albrecht von Haller (at that time resident in Göttingen) contains the earliest reference to an unusual observation made by the former. Even today this observation is considered in the clinical literature to be the first description of a coarctation of the aorta. In fact, it is probably the first description of what is known today as Lutembacher syndrome.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Physical anthropology and the dental and medical specialties.

The rise of two sub-specialties in Physical Antrhopology traces back to the Anatomy Departments of Schools of Medicine in Germany and France during the nineteenth century. The study of human diversity in bones and bodies was largely by medically-trained anatomists. There developed Medical Antropology and Dental Anthropology, employing osteometry and craniometry on the skeleton, somatometry and cephalometry on the living body. As a result cross-sectional studies gave way to longitudinal studies and X-ray techniques were added to purely mensurational procedures. In Medical Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pediatrics, plastic surgery, endocrinology, and orthopaedics. In Dental Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pedodontics, orthodontics, oral surgery, and prosthodontics. The contributions of Physical Anthropology to each is discussed.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1976

Studies of the basicranial axis: a brief review.

Growth and development of the cranial base have interested students of anatomical disciplines for more than a century. Flexure of the basal region has been of particular interest and is among the most assiduously studied characteristics of the skull. Reports may be found in journals serving such a diversity of professional interests that a summary of facts and the more interesting speculations on unsettled aspects of this subject should be of value. This paper is a review of the literature from Virschow's and Schaeffer's writings in the latter half of the last century to those of the most recent investigators. It includes the works of anatomists, anthropologists, embryologists and orthodontists, among others.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Forelimb musculature and ligaments in Ateles, the spider monkey.

The forelimb anatomy of Ateles, the spider monkey, is a key factor in its locomotor adaptation because of its extensive use of bimanual suspensory locomotion in addition to climbing and quadrupedal walking (Mittermeier, 1978; and Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980). The detailed description of the muscles and ligaments of the forelimb of Ateles provided in this paper can be of considerable use not only to primate morphologists interested in both extant and fossil primates but also to functional anatomists. All measurements were made on fresh, unembalmed specimens. Standard anatomical descriptions of the musculature, cross-sectional areas of the muscles, dry weights of muscle bellies, and relative proportions of antagonistic muscles are reported as are the joint ligaments and potential range of motions of the joints. These anatomical data are compared briefly to published data on Alouatta, the howler monkey, which is predominantly a quadruped (Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980; and Schön Ybarra, 1982).

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Original histologic findings in arteries of the right ventricle papillary muscles in human hearts.

In this study we describe original histologic findings of the right ventricle papillary muscle (PM) arteries in people under 30 years old. We examined 666 samples taken from the tip, mid-portion, and base of the PM in 56 males and 55 females, as well as samples from the rest of the right ventricle. The amount of smooth muscle cell (SMC) fibers in the tunica media (TM) led to their division into three groups: Group 1: 351 samples (53%); normal amount, normal lumen. The amount of SMCs increased from the tip (20%) to the base (48%). Group 2: 226 samples (34%); mild to moderately increased amount of SMCs, with narrowness, eccentric displacement, and uneven lumen shape. They decreased from the tip (42%) to the base (23%). Group 3: 89 samples (13%), with abundant SMCs that duplicated the arterial size, contrary to the other two groups. Their shape was round and their extremely narrow, centrally located lumen had a round or oval shape. These changes were restricted only to PM arteries and decreased from the tip (65%) to the mid-portion (35%). This type of artery predominated compared to the other two groups, probably because of the narrow lumen. No inflammatory reaction or chronic ischemic changes were found in the PM and its arteries. The SMC changes in groups 2 and 3 were found in subjects older than 2 months. The above findings will provide anatomists, cardiologists, and physiologists with valuable knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Infective agents in fixed human cadavers: a brief review and suggested guidelines.

Cadavers remain a principal teaching tool for anatomists and medical educators teaching gross anatomy. Infectious pathogens in cadavers that present particular risks include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, the AIDS virus HIV, and prions that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS). It is often claimed that fixatives are effective in inactivation of these agents. Unfortunately cadavers, even though they are fixed, may still pose infection hazards to those who handle them. Specific safety precautions are necessary to avoid accidental disease transmission from cadavers before and during dissection and to decontaminate the local environment afterward. In this brief review, we describe the infectious pathogens that can be detected in cadavers and suggest safety guidelines for the protection of all who handle cadavers against infectious hazards.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2001

From Wolff's law to the Utah paradigm: insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications.

Efforts to understand our anatomy and physiology can involve four often overlapping phases. We study what occurs, then how, then ask why, and then seek clinical applications. In that regard, in 1960 views, bone's effector cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) worked chiefly to maintain homeostasis under the control of nonmechanical agents, and that physiology had little to do with anatomy, biomechanics, tissue-level things, muscle, and other clinical applications. But it seems later-discovered tissue-level mechanisms and functions (including biomechanical ones, plus muscle) are the true key players in bone physiology, and homeostasis ranks below the mechanical functions. Adding that information to earlier views led to the Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology that combines varied anatomical, clinical, pathological, and basic science evidence and ideas. While it explains in a general way how strong muscles make strong bones and chronically weak muscles make weak ones, and while many anatomists know about the physiology that fact depends on, poor interdisciplinary communication left people in many other specialties unaware of it and its applications. Those applications concern 1.) healing of fractures, osteotomies, and arthrodeses; 2.) criteria that distinguish mechanically competent from incompetent bones; 3.) design criteria that should let load-bearing implants endure; 4.) how to increase bone strength during growth, and how to maintain it afterwards on earth and in microgravity situations in space; 5.) how and why healthy women only lose bone next to marrow during menopause; 6.) why normal bone functions can cause osteopenias; 7.) why whole-bone strength and bone health are different matters; 8.) why falls can cause metaphyseal and diaphyseal fractures of the radius in children, but mainly metaphyseal fractures of that bone in aged adults; 9.) which methods could best evaluate whole-bone strength, "osteopenias" and "osteoporoses"; 10.) and why most "osteoporoses" should not have bone-genetic causes and some could have extraosseous genetic causes. Clinical specialties that currently require this information include orthopaedics, endocrinology, radiology, rheumatology, pediatrics, neurology, nutrition, dentistry, and physical, space and sports medicine. Basic science specialties include absorptiometry, anatomy, anthropology, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics, genetics, histology, pathology, pharmacology, and cell and molecular biology. This article reviews our present general understanding of this new bone physiology and some of its clinical applications and implications. It must leave to other times, places, and people the resolution of questions about that new physiology, and to understand the many devils that should lie in its details. (Thompson D'Arcy, 1917).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain.

Early 20th-century comparative anatomists regarded the avian telencephalon as largely consisting of a hypertrophied basal ganglia, with thalamotelencephalic circuitry thus being taken to be akin to thalamostriatal circuitry in mammals. Although this view has been disproved for more than 40 years, only with the recent replacement of the old telencephalic terminology that perpetuated this view by a new terminology reflecting more accurate understanding of avian brain organization has the modern view of avian forebrain organization begun to become more widely appreciated. The modern view, reviewed in the present article, recognizes that the avian basal ganglia occupies no more of the telencephalon than is typically the case in mammals, and that it plays a role in motor control and motor learning as in mammals. Moreover, the vast majority of the telencephalon in birds is pallial in nature and, as true of cerebral cortex in mammals, provides the substrate for the substantial perceptual and cognitive abilities evident among birds. While the evolutionary relationship of the pallium of the avian telencephalon and its thalamic input to mammalian cerebral cortex and its thalamic input remains a topic of intense interest, the evidence currently favors the view that they had a common origin from forerunners in the stem amniotes ancestral to birds and mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Nature's experiments in brain diversity.

This special issue of The Anatomical Record originates from a symposium on the evolution of neurobiological specializations in mammals held at the American Association of Anatomists annual meeting in San Diego in April 2005. The symposium, co-organized by Patrick R. Hof and Lori Marino, provided the impetus for extending the discussion to a greater range of species. This special issue is the product of that goal and is fueled by the philosophy that it is largely against a backdrop of brain diversity that we can extract the higher-order commonalities across brains that may lead us to uncovering general higher-order principles of brain and behavioral evolution. Several major themes emerge from this issue. These are that there are no simple brains, that brains reflect ecology, and that brain evolution is a detective story. The 12 articles in this issue are outstanding reflections of these themes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Preserving and sharing examples of anatomical variation and developmental anomalies via photorealistic virtual reality.

Computer graphics technology has made it possible to create photographic-quality virtual specimens from real anatomical material. One technique for doing this, QuickTime Virtual Reality (QTVR), results in virtual specimens that are easily shared on the Internet and displayed as standalone entities or incorporated into complex programs or Web sites. A compelling use of this technology is the sharing of rare specimens such as unusual variations, developmental anomalies or gross pathology. These types of specimens have traditionally been confined to anatomical museums, but could serve a much more useful existence as freely shared virtual specimens. An example presented here is a relatively rare developmental defect in the embryonic aortic arches that results in a right-sided aortic arch coursing posterior to the trachea and esophagus. In a time of ever increasing restraints on the practical side of anatomy education, an Internet-based library of human variation and other rare specimens would be a useful supplement to students' limited exposure to the human body. Since the discovery and preparation of specimens would be the rate-limiting step in producing such a collection, we propose the establishment of a center for virtual specimen creation and preservation through a cooperative effort by gross anatomists and pathologists in contributing the source material. This collection, a work in progress, is available at www.anatomy.wright.edu/qtvr.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2005

Finding support for educational projects in anatomy: tips, tools, and lessons learned.

This article is based on a presentation of the same name given on 20 April 2004 at a symposium entitled "Faculty Development: Funding Resources for Education Projects" at the annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists in Washington, DC. It discusses various lessons learned by the authors from their own work on the development of an educational tool and the assessment of its use with funding from an educational research grant, as well as tips and tools gathered from other education researchers. The material is organized into two sections. The first provides information and suggestions useful in the development of an educational project in anatomy and the preparation of the grant application. The second consists of insights that may help ensure that the funded grant is successful.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2005

William Cowper and his decorated copperplate initials.

William Cowper was an 18th-century London surgeon/anatomist who made important contributions to several medical disciplines. He achieved lasting fame for describing the bulbourethral glands and lasting infamy for pirating plates for his anatomical atlas, the Anatomy of Humane Bodies. Cowper wrote the books and papers that taught the forerunners of today's surgeons and anatomists. His most famous pupil, the great surgeon William Cheselden, was one of the teachers of John Hunter, the founder of modern surgery. Cowper's magnificent atlas of human myology, the Myotomia Reformata, is a showcase for exquisitely rendered illustrations of muscles and bones. Cowper populated his masterwork with dozens of delightfully decorated initial letters depicting anatomical scenes. This article introduces readers to the long-forgotten William Cowper and exhibits his stunning historiated letters in all their glory.

Anatomy↗