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PubMed1978

[Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in rats. I. Subacute intoxication. Absence of effect on incorporation of plasma phosphates into the acid-soluble phosphates of the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle, in anatomic continuity and after neural section].

The subcutaneous injection of acrylamide (30 mg kg-1 day-1) in adult male rats induces a severe impairment of the general state of health and a progressive polyneuropathy at the cumulative dose of 180 mg/kg. At the cumulative dose of 400 mg acrylamide does not interfere with the incorporation of plasma inorganic phosphate into the inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of either the gastrocnemius muscle or the sciatic nerve Schwann cells. Nor does it modify the characteristic metabolic response of these fractions to Wallerian degeneration and neurogenic muscle atrophy.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed2003

Determination of acrylamide in processed foods by LC/MS using column switching.

An LC/MS method was developed for the determination of acrylamide (AA) in processed or cooked foods. AA was extracted with a mixture of water and acetone from homogenized food samples after the addition of 13C-labeled acrylamide (AA-1-(13)C) as an internal standard. The extract was concentrated, washed with dichloromethane for defatting, and cleaned up on Bond Elut C18, PSA and ACCUCAT cartridge-columns, and then AA was determined by LC/MS in the selected ion recording (SIR) mode. For the LC/MS analysis, four LC columns were connected in-line and the flow of the mobile phase was switched according to a time-program. Monitoring ions for AA were m/z 72 and 55, and those for AA-1-(13)C were m/z 73 and 56. AA and AA-1-(13)C were determined without interference from the matrices in all samples. The recoveries of AA from potato chips, corn snack, pretzel and roasted tea spiked at the level of 500 ng/g of AA were 99.5-101.0% with standard deviations (SD) in the range from 0.3 to 1.6%. The limits of detection and quantification of the developed method were 9 and 30 ng/g for AA in samples, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of AA in various processed or cooked food samples purchased from retail markets. High levels of AA were found in potato chips and French-fried potato (467-3,544 ng/g). Fried and sugar-coated dough cakes (karinto) contained 374 and 1,895 ng/g. Corn snacks contained 117-535 ng/g of AA. Roasted foods (such as roasted sesame seed, roasted barley (mugi-cha), roasted tea (hoji-cha), coffee beans and curry powder) contained 116-567 ng/g of AA. Foods made from fish, egg and meat contained lower levels of AA than the plant-based foods. Foods containing much water showed a tendency to have low levels of AA compared with dry foods. The proposed method was applicable to the analysis of AA in variety of processed foods.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed2004

[Production of acrylamide in agricultural products by cooking].

Some model studies were performed using various agricultural Products, to clarify the relation between cooking conditions and production of acrylamide (AA). Disc chips made from dried mashed potato, corn meal, wheat flour, rice flour (jyohshin-ko) and glutinous rice flour (shiratama-ko), and dried sesame (arai-goma) and dried almond were baked at 120-200 degrees C for 5-20 min, and the samples were analyzed for the levels of AA. When the samples were baked for 10 min, the highest production of AA was observed at 180-200 degrees C. When the samples were baked at 180 degrees C, AA levels in agricultural products except sesame were highest after baking for 10 min. Vegetables and fruit were baked at 220 degrees C for 5 min with a oven, high AA concentrations were found in baked potato, asparagus, pumpkin, eggplant and green gram sprouts. Concentrations of AA in potato, asparagus and green gram sprouts baked after being pre-cooked by microwave irradiation were higher than those in the products baked without being precooked. On the other hand, the precooking by boiling reduced the production of AA by baking to 1/10-1/4. Acrylamide was not found in microwaved or boiled vegetables. High free asparagine concentrations in crops tended to result in high concentrations of AA being produced by heating the agricultural products.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2004

Application of ion-trap LC/MS/MS for determination of acrylamide in processed foods.

Ion-trap LC/MS/MS was evaluated for use in the determination of acrylamide (AA) in processed foods. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis of a series of AA standard solutions containing deuterium-labeled acrylamide (AA-d3) as an internal standard was performed. A linear relationship between the concentration of AA and the ratio of peak area (AA/AA-d3) in the extracted ion chromatogram (m/z 55, 58 derived from m/z 72, 75, respectively) was obtained over a wide range of 2-20,000 ng/mL. The quantification limit of AA was 2 ng/mL. In analyses of 37 commercial foods, AA was detected in a potato snack at the maximum value of 3,570 ng/g and found in 23 foods prepared or cooked at high temperature. The samples were analyzed in triplicate and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 15% in many processed foods.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between acrylamide concentration and enzymatic activity in an improved single fibrin zymogram gel system.

Based on the zymography analysis, Bacillus sp. DJ-4 (screened from Doen-Jang, a Korean traditional fermented food) secretes seven extracellular fibrinolytic enzymes (EFEs; 68, 64, 55, 45, 33, 27, and 13 kDa) in culture broth. These seven EFEs were analyzed by newly applied SDSfibrin zymography combined with gradient polyacrylamide (SDS-FZGP). This improved gel system was used with a 5-20% acrylamide gradient in a fibrin zymogram gel for the separation of proteins with molecular masses from below 10 kDa to over 100 kDa on one gel plate. Using this system, high molecular weight bands (HMWBs) were clearly and sharply resolved. We also examined the relationship between an acrylamide concentration and the enzymatic activity of EFE using densitometric analysis.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2004

Acrylamide does not cause apparent changes in genetic expression of creatine kinase in rat cerebellum.

Acrylamide inhibits creatine kinase (CK) activities in the brain of rats or mice. However, its effects on genetic expression of CK have not yet been studied. CK mRNA and protein level were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Neither cytosolic CK (B subunit) and mitochondrial CK (ubiquitous form) mRNA nor B subunit protein was clearly changed in the cerebellum from rats intoxicated with acrylamide (50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 8 days) and showing clinical neurotoxic signs.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1998

Optimizing the calcium content of a copolymer acrylamide gel matrix for dark-grown seedlings.

A copolymer acrylamide acrylate gel was investigated as the sole root matrix for dark-grown seedlings of soybean (Glycine max Merr. 'Century 84'). Increasing Ca2+ in the hydrating solution of the hydrogel from 1 to 10 mM decreased its water-holding capacity from 97 to 46 mL g-1, yet water potential of the medium remained high, sufficient for normal plant growth at all Ca2+ concentrations tested. Elongation rate of dark-grown soybean seedlings over a 54-hour period was 0.9, 1.5, and 1.8 mm h-1 with 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mM Ca2+, respectively, but did not increase with further increases in Ca2+ concentration. Further study revealed that Na+ was released from the hydrogel medium and was taken up by the seedlings as Ca2+ increased in the medium. In dry hypocotyl tissue, sodium content correlated negatively with calcium content. Despite the presence of Na+ in the hydrogel, seedling growth was normal when adequate Ca2+ was added in the hydrating solution. Acrylamide hydrogels hold good potential as a sole growth matrix for short-term experiments with dark-grown seedlings without irrigation.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed2002

Study of the prolonged release of theopylline from polymeric matrices based on grafted chitosan with acrylamide.

The aim of this work was to study the performance of chitosan (CB) grafted with acrylamide (CB-g-A) as prolonged drug release matrix as compared with unmodified chitosan. A non-pH dependent swelling behaviour for the matrix tablets based on grafted chitosan was observed. The overlaping between degree of swelling measured by weighing (DSw) and measured by increase of diameter (DSd) up to 240 minutes showed that the swelling process could be isotropic. The non-pH dependent swelling behaviour of these matrices could be explained by the partial substitution of amine groups of the chitosan chain by acrylamide. The grafting reaction provides an ionizable amine group by a neutral amide group which make the matrix non pH-dependent. On the contrary, the matrix tablet based on chitosan showed a pH dependent swelling behaviour where the swelling process could be anisotropic. The higher degree of erosion and swelling of the formulation based on CB-g-A600 (%G = 600) compared with the formulation based on chitosan and CB-g-A418 (%G = 418) could explain the higher fraction of theopylline released. For all formulations studied in this work, the amount of theopylline released from the matrix tablets was found to be controlled by a combination of the diffusion process and relaxation of the polymeric structure. These results match with the controlled swelling behaviour and low degree of erosion observed for these systems.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1992

Potassium iodide and acrylamide fluorescence quenching studies on gamma-crystallins of human lenses in development and aging.

gamma 1-, gamma 2- and gamma 3-crystallin (corresponding to gamma s-, gamma C- and gamma D-crystallin respectively) of human fetal, 2 year and 20+ year old lenses are separated by Sephadex gel chromatography. Iodide and acrylamide are used to quench the tryptophane fluorescence of sub-gamma-crystalline fractions and Ksv and fa values are calculated. The results show that iodide has no clear quenching effects on all gamma-crystallins, the quenching effects of acrylamide on the tryptophan fluorescences of gamma 1-, gamma 2- and gamma 3-crystallin from lenses of the same age have little differences, and the quenching rates of tryptophane fluorescences of gamma 1-crystallin decreases and that of gamma 2- and gamma 3-crystallin increase with age. These results indicate that all tryptophan residues in these three gamma-crystallins lie in hydrophobic environments of molecule and their exposure degree is in the order gamma 2 < gamma 3 < gamma 1. The tryptophan exposure of gamma 2 and gamma 3 increase (gamma 2 > gamma 3) and of gamma 1 decrease with age. The age related change of gamma 1 may be related to the changing of structure or containing of new constituents. Although the tryptophan exposure in gamma 3 is higher than that in gamma 2, the change of structure with age in gamma 2 is more prominent than in gamma 3.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of acrylamide on creatine kinase and adenosine triphosphate in brain of mice and its significance].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of brain energy metabolism following acrylamide (ACR) poisoning. METHODS: Creatie kinase (CK), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate(ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP) and glucose contents in brain were observed in O1a mice and 6J mice following ACR intoxication by enzyme analytical method. RESULTS: ATP, CK and glucose levels decreased transiently in O1a mice, while ATP level in 6J mice was significantly decreased (1.76 mumol/g, P < 0.01), as compared to the control (2.53 mumol/g) but ADP and AMP were increased, glucose was decreased. The activity of CK in poisoned group (1.13 mumol/g, P < 0.01) was lower than that of control (3.16 mumol/g and lasted for 5 weeks). CONCLUSION: The influence of ACR on O1a mice was slight and reversible but on 6J mice was severe and lasting. There was severe damage to the potential energy supply compensation, which might be the biochemical basis of neuron damage induced by acrylamide.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of acrylamide on DNA damage in human keratinocytes].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the toxic and DNA damaging effect of acrylamide (AA) on human keratinocytes and its mechanism. METHODS: (1) After the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT cells were exposed to AA with different concentrations for 44 hours, cell survival rate was detected by MTT method. (2) The effects of DNA damage of exposed cells were detected by comet assay. (3) After treating the cells with 2.00 mmol/L of AA plus 0.50 mmol/L of 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT), an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP-450), for 4 hours, the relationship between DNA damage and CYP-450 was studied. RESULTS: (1) Cytotoxicity measurement of AA showed that cell survival rate decreased significantly after 44-hour treatment. (2) Cytotoxicity was not detected after 4-hour AA treatment, but significant DNA damage was observed in all treatment groups, and the degree of damage increased with the concentration of AA. Moreover, the tail lengths of comet cells were in dose-effect relationship. As for cells treated by 1-ABT with 2 mmol/L AA, comet rate and tail length were 15.4% and (8.2 +/- 2.0) micro m respectively, which were decreased significantly (P < 0.01) when compared with 2 mmol/L AA treatment group [80.6% and (44.3 +/- 4.0) micro m]. CONCLUSIONS: Acrylamide has significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on HaCaT cells. AA-induced DNA damage may be related to the oxidative metabolite(s) of AA through CYP-450.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2003

Trans-unsaturated fatty acids and acrylamide in food as potential atherosclerosis progression factors. Based on own studies.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic pathological process and it is generelly accepted that lipids, coagulation and inflammatory factors play an important role in its development. Environmental factors such as bed diet and cigarette smoking strongly stimulate initation and progression of atherosclerotic changes in the artery wall. It has been recognized that deeply processed food may be a source of various factors potentiating processes related to atherosclerosis development among which inflammatory processes are of great importance. The aim of our studies was to find out if the trans-unsaturated fatty acids as well as acrylamide present in foods have the potential to provoke pro-inflammatory states in the body and enhance atherosclerosis risk. The results of our in vitro studies have shown that trans fatty acids cause a significant increase in secretion of reactive oxygen species, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor a and metalloproteinase-9, and enhance apoptosis. It indicates that in vivo trans-fatty acids may distroy the endothelium integrity and cause plaque rupture. Our in vivo studies in the group of healthy volunteers have shown that the consumption of potato chips rich in acrylamide cause the significant increase in plasma C-reactive protein and homocysteine concentrations. Enhanced CRP and HCY levels are accepted markers of enhanced atherosclerosis risk.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2005

[Determination of acrylamide in heated starchy food by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry].

An isotope dilution liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method has been established for the determination of acrylamide in heated starchy food with a C18 analytical column and methanol-water containing 0.1% formic acid (2:98, v/v) as mobile phases. The clean-up of samples was performed on an Oasis HLB solid phase extraction cartridge. The calibration curve of acrylamide showed good linearity in the range of 10-500 microg/L with correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The detection limit of the method was 6 microg/kg (S/N = 3), and the limit of quantification was 20 microg/kg (S/N = 10). The average recoveries at three levels ranged from 96.8% to 97.4% (n = 5), and the relative standard derivations were lower than 10%.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1991

Covalent binding of enzymes to synthetic membranes containing acrylamide units, using formaldehyde.

Synthetic membranes containing 10% acrylamide units were subjected to activation with formaldehyde at pH 7.5 and 45 degrees C. Trypsin, invertase, and urease were bound to this activated membrane and the kinetic properties of immobilized enzymes were studied. The permeability of the membrane for distilled water manifests certain differences depending on the enzyme bound. The membranes with immobilized enzymes stored at 4 degrees C in a moist state showed no change in their activity for 6 months. The membrane with immobilized invertase has preserved its activity even after 20 operations with 2% sucrose solution at 25 degrees C. The proposed method of binding enzymes to synthetic membranes containing acrylamide groups, through the introduction of N-hydroxymethyl groups, possesses several advantages with respect to the activation of the membrane in a one-step reaction with cheap and accessible reagent, high operative stability of the immobilized enzymes, no danger of bacterial rotting, and long shelf life of the membrane.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1989

Toxic neurofilamentous axonopathies and fast anterograde axonal transport. I. The effects of single doses of acrylamide on the rate and capacity of transport.

Acrylamide (ACR) produces a neuropathy in the central and peripheral nervous systems characterized by neurofilament-containing swellings in the distal nerve and eventual dying-back degeneration of axons. The effects of a single exposure to ACR on the rate and quantity of protein transported in the rat sciatic nerve has been measured to determine whether fast axonal transport is compromised by this toxicant. Using the segmental analysis of radioactive label of proteins following 3H-leucine injections into the DRG, ACR (50-100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the rate of fast anterograde transport by 9.3 to 20.8% but, more importantly, reduced the quantity of transported protein by 42.4 to 51.3%. The non-neurotoxic analogue methylene bis-acrylamide did not significantly change either parameter. The reductions in transport were not due to general effects of the toxicant upon protein synthesis. Therefore, fast anterograde transport was significantly affected by a single exposure to ACR in the same magnitude as retrograde transport. Discovery of these dramatic changes was due to differences from previous studies in the time frame of study of transport in relation to toxicant injection and to measurements of the quantity of protein transported rather than only the rate. These changes may be significant in terms of the pathogenesis of distal nerve degeneration.

Acrylamides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protective effect of 6-MFA, an interferon inducer against acrylamide neurotoxicity.

Protective effect of 6-MFA, an interferon inducer and antiviral agent of fungal origin, was investigated against the neurotoxic effects induced by acrylamide in rats. Animals of 6-MFA (2.5, 5, 10 mg/100 gm, i.p.) pretreated plus acrylamide (ACR) group exhibited a reduction in development of hind limb paralysis which was 34, 25 and 20 (%) with increasing doses of 6-MFA respectively. Corpus striatal dopamine binding was significantly raised in the ACR treated rats while 6-MFA (10 mg) plus ACR group showed no significant change, in comparison to respective controls. Increased binding in the 6-MFA (2.5, 5 mg) pretreated plus ACR group was also evident. Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity was markedly reduced (66%) in ACR alone rats while no change was noted in rats pretreated with either dose of 6-MFA alone. However, a significant reversal was noted in animals of 6-MFA plus ACR group in a dose related manner. Conservation of glutathione levels and involvement of microglia, gamma-interferon and other lymphokines has been suggested for the observed protective effect of 6-MFA against neurotoxicity of ACR.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1988

Calcium dependent reversible inactivation of erythrocyte transglutaminase by acrylamide.

Purified transglutaminase from human erythrocytes was shown to undergo time dependent inactivation by acrylamide added at millimolar concentration: this effect was wholly dependent on calcium ions and some protection was produced by glutamine substrates and GTP. The enzyme activity was recovered by addition of thiol based reducing agents, while ascorbic acid and sodium borohydrate were ineffective. These data are suggestive of an active site directed action of acrylamide.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1976

Enzymatic attack on side chains of synthetic polymers. Chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of specific substrate groups attached to acrylamide or acrylic acid co-polymers.

Three vinyl monomers, M-1, M-3, and M-5, in which L-phenylalanine p-nitroanilide was acylated with CH2==CHCONH(CH2)nCO--(n = 1, 3, 5) were synthesized. They were co-polymerized with a large excess of acrylamide (co-polymers PAm-1, PAm-3, and PAm-5) and with a large excess of acrylic acid (co-polymers PAc=1, PAc-3, and PCc-5). In addition, M-5 was co-polymerized with acrylamide containing 2.8 mol % of the hydrophobic monomer N-acrylyl-1-naphthylamine (co-polymer PAm-5N). The rates of the chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nitroanilide groups of M-5 and the various co-polymers were determined over a range of pH. For some of the systems data were also obtained over a range of substrate concentrations to derive values for Vmax and Km. Results obtained with PAm-5 were found to be independent of the chain length of the co-polymer. At pH 7, 25 degrees and with 2.7 X 10(-6) M enzyme, Vmax values for M-5, PAm-k, PAm-5N, and PAc-5 were 5.5, 5.5, 10, and 3.6 X 10(-8) M/S, while Km values were 8.5, 16.5, 10, and 2.2 X 10(-5),respectively, With PAc-5, the pH activity profile was shifted to higher acidities as compared to the profiles obtained with M-5 and PAm-5. The susceptibility of the co-polymers to chymotrypsin attack decreases sharply with a decreasing spacing of the L-phenylalanine p-nitroanilide residue from the backbone of the polymer chains.

Acrylamides↗