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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A previously unrecognized group of Middle Jurassic triconodontan mammals from Central Asia.

Ferganodon narynensis gen. et sp. nov. is represented by a lower molariform tooth from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Balabansai Svita in Kyrgyzstan. The new genus is allied with Klamelia zhaopengi Chow and Rich 1984 from the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation in Xinjiang, northwest China to the new family Klameliidae based on parallelogram-shaped lower molariforms, imbricating rather than interlocking of cusps e-d-f, by a peculiar distolabial cingulid cusp, and by vertical folding of the enamel on the labial crown side. The new family Klameliidae fam. nov. is most similar to Gobiconodontidae by the structure of the molariform teeth and represents a previously unrecognized radiation of eutriconodontan mammals possibly endemic to Central Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Identification of QTL for growth- and grain yield-related traits in rice across nine locations of Asia.

Rice double-haploid (DH) lines of an indica and japonica cross were grown at nine different locations across four countries in Asia. Genotype-by-environment (G x E) interaction analysis for 11 growth- and grain yield-related traits in nine locations was estimated by AMMI analysis. Maximum G x E interaction was exhibited for fertility percentage number of spikelets and grain yield. Plant height was least affected by environment, and the AMMI model explained a total of 76.2% of the interaction effect. Mean environment was computed by averaging the nine environments and subsequently analyzed with other environments to map quantitative trait loci (QTL). QTL controlling the 11 traits were detected by interval analysis using mapmaker/qtl. A threshold LOD of >/=3.20 was used to identify significant QTL. A total of 126 QTL were identified for the 11 traits across nine locations. Thirty-four QTL common in more than one environment were identified on ten chromosomes. A maximum of 44 QTL were detected for panicle length, and the maximum number of common QTL were detected for days to heading detected. A single locus for plant height (RZ730-RG810) had QTL common in all ten environments, confirming AMMI results that QTL for plant height were affected the least by environment, indicating the stability of the trait. Two QTL were detected for grain yield and 19 for thousand-grain weight in all DH lines. The number of QTL per trait per location ranged from zero to four. Clustering of the QTL for different traits at the same marker intervals was observed for plant height, panicle number, panicle length and spikelet number suggesting that pleiotropism and or tight linkage of different traits could be the possible reason for the congruence of several QTL. The many QTL detected by the same marker interval across environments indicate that QTL for most traits are stable and not essentially affected by environmental factors.

Asia↗
PubMed2003

Identification of QTLs conferring resistance to downy mildews of maize in Asia.

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of maize in subtropical and tropical regions in Asia. As a prerequisite for improving downy mildew resistance in maize, we analyzed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in resistance to the important downy mildew pathogens--Peronosclerospora sorghi (sorghum downy mildew) and P. heteropogoni (Rajasthan downy mildew) in India, P. maydis (Java downy mildew) in Indonesia, P. zeae in Thailand and P. philippinensis in the Philippines--using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Ki3 (downy mildew resistant) and CML139 (susceptible). Resistance was evaluated as percentage disease incidence in replicated field trials at five downy mildew 'hotspots' in the four countries. Heritability estimates of individual environments ranged from 0.58 to 0.75 with an across environment heritability of 0.50. Composite interval mapping was applied for QTL detection using a previously constructed restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map. The investigation resulted in the identification of six genomic regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7 and 10 involved in the resistance to the downy mildews under study, explaining, in total, 26-57% of the phenotypic variance for disease response. Most QTL alleles conferring resistance to the downy mildews were from Ki3. All QTLs showed significant QTL x environment interactions, suggesting that the expression of the QTL may be environment-dependent. A strong QTL on chromosome 6 was stable across environments, significantly affecting disease resistance at the five locations in four Asian countries. Simple-sequence repeat markers tightly linked to this QTL were identified for potential use in marker-assisted selection.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Amebicidal activity of plant extracts from Southeast Asia on Acanthamoeba spp.

The effect of 100 polar and 100 nonpolar plant extract materials obtained from Southeast Asia were evaluated for amebicidal activity in vitro against three species of Acanthamoeba. A. culbertsoni, A. castellanii, and A. polyphaga, the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis, were studied in vitro to determine whether the plant extracts exhibited amebicidal activity or induced encystment of the amebae. Of the 200 plant extracts tested, extracts obtained from three plants (Ipomoea sp., Kaempferia galanga, and Cananga odorata) were amebicidal for all three species of Acanthamoeba and a fourth extract prepared from Gastrochilus panduratum was lytic for A. polyphaga and growth-inhibitory for A. castellanii and A. culbertsoni. Three plant extracts induced encystment of all three species of Acanthamoeba. Select plant extracts were tested as well for tumoricidal activity against B103 neuroblastoma cells. Some plant extracts that exhibited tumoricidal activity for B103 cells were not amebicidal for Acanthamoeba spp. Additionally, the polar and nonpolar extracts that exhibited amebicidal activity were also tested for activity against primary murine peritoneal macrophage cultures. Plant extracts that demonstrated tumoricidal or amebicidal activity were not lytic for normal macrophage cultures.

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutations in Southeast Asia.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a heterogeneous enzyme abnormality with high frequency in tropical areas. We performed population screening and molecular studies of G6PD variants to clarify their distribution and features in Southeast Asia. A total of 4317 participants (2019 males, 2298 females) from 16 ethnic groups in Myanmar, Lao in Laos, and Amboinese in Indonesia were screened with a single-step screening method. The prevalence of G6PD-deficient males ranged from 0% (the Akha) to 10.8% (the Shan). These G6PD-deficient individuals and 12 G6PD-deficient patients who had been diagnosed at hospitals in Indonesia and Malaysia were subjected to molecular analysis by a combination of polymerase-chain-reaction-based single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Ten different missense mutations were identified in 63 G6PD-deficient individuals (50 hemizygotes, 11 heterozygotes, and 2 homozygotes) from 14 ethnic groups. One missense mutation (1291 G-->A) found in an Indonesian Chinese, viz., G6PD Surabaya, was previously unknown. The 487 G-->A (G6PD Mahidol) mutation was widely seen in Myanmar, 383 T-->C (G6PD Vanua Lava) was specifically found among Amboinese, 871 G-->A (G6PD Viangchan) was observed mainly in Lao, and 592 C-->T (G6PD Coimbra) was found in Malaysian aborigines (Orang Asli). The other five mutations, 95 A-->G (G6PD Gaohe), 1003 G-->A (G6PD Chatham), 1360 C-->T (G6PD Union), 1376 G-->T (G6PD Canton), and 1388 G-->A (G6PD Kaiping) were identified mostly in accordance with distributions reported previously.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2004

Helicobacter pylori CagA protein variation associated with gastric cancer in Asia.

Recent molecular analysis has provided the pathological actions of CagA on gastric epithelial cells. CagA is injected into epithelial cells via the type IV secretion system and undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in the cells. In addition, translocated CagA forms a physical complex with SHP-2. There are two major CagA subtypes; the East Asian and the Western type. The East Asian CagA protein possesses stronger SHP-2 binding activity than the Western CagA. The grades of inflammation, activity of gastritis, and atrophy are significantly higher in gastritis patients infected with the East Asian CagA-positive strain than in gastritis patients infected with the cagA-negative or Western CagA-positive strains. The prevalence of the East Asian CagA-positive strain is associated with the mortality rate of gastric cancer in Asia. Endemic circulation of H. pylori populations carrying biologically more active CagA proteins in East Asian countries, where the mortality rate of gastric cancer is among the highest in the world, may be involved in increasing the risk of gastric cancer in these populations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Diversity of begomovirus DNA beta satellites of non-malvaceous plants in east and south east Asia.

Two previous analyses of the diversity of begomovirus-associated DNA beta satellites focused predominantly on molecules originating from the Indian sub-continent and southern China. They showed the satellites to group according to the hosts from which they were isolated, either malvaceous or non-malvaceous plants, and then to form sub-groups based upon geographic origin and host. In this study we analysed the diversity of DNA beta satellites in east and south east Asia. Here the satellites group by geographic location and are considerably more diverse than previously indicated. This probably reflects the limited movement of begomovirus/DNA beta complexes in this region and their subsequent diversification from a common ancestor to a variety of hosts.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2005

Frequency and distribution in East Asia of 12 mutations identified in the SLC25A13 gene of Japanese patients with citrin deficiency.

Deficiency of citrin, a liver-type mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier (AGC), encoded by the SLC25A13 gene on chromosome 7q21.3, causes autosomal recessive disorders: adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2) and neonatal hepatitis associated with intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD). So far, we have described 12 SLC25A13 mutations: 11 were from Japan and one from Israel. Three mutations found in Chinese and Vietnamese patients were the same as those in Japanese patients. In the present study, we identified a novel mutation IVS6+1G>C in a Japanese CTLN2 patient and widely screened 12 SLC25A13 mutations found in Japanese patients in control individuals from East Asia to confirm our preliminary results that the carrier frequency was high in Asian populations. Mutations 851-854del and 1638-1660dup were found in all Asian countries tested, and 851-854del associated with 290-haplotype in microsatellite marker D7S1812 was especially frequent. Other mutations frequently detected were IVS11+1G>A in Japanese and Korean, S225X in Japanese, and IVS6+5G>A in Chinese populations. We found a remarkable difference in carrier rates in China (including Taiwan) between north (1/940) and south (1/48) of the Yangtze River. We detected many carriers in Chinese (64/4169 = 1/65), Japanese (20/1372 = 1/69) and Korean (22/2455 = 1/112) populations, suggesting that over 80,000 East Asians are homozygotes with two mutated SLC25A13 alleles.

Calcium-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed2006

A cytological study on Kelloggia (Rubiaceae), an intercontinental disjunct genus between eastern Asia and western North America.

A cytological study was carried out for the first time on four populations of the only two species of Kelloggia (Rubiaceae), which occur disjunctly in eastern Asia (K. chinensis Franch.) and western North America (K. galioides Torr.). The consistent mitotic prophase chromosome condensation pattern and interphase nuclei type were determined for both species. The chromosome base number of the genus is suggested to be x = 11. The karyotype of 2n = 22 = 2x = 16m + 6sm was examined for both species. The karyotypical asymmetry of 1A and 2A was found in K. chinensis and K. galioides, respectively. According to the predominant evolutionary direction of karyotype asymmetry in angiosperms, K. galioides (2A) seems slightly more evolved than K. chinensis (1A). Our finding is consistent with the hypothesis of the Old World origin of Kelloggia based on molecular study.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2005

Phylogenetic relationships of sheep populations from coastal areas in East Asia.

Using the method of random sampling in typical colonies of the central area of the habitat and several electrophoresis techniques, the variations of 12 structural loci encoding blood protein of 60 Small-tailed Han sheep were examined and compared with those of four other sheep populations from coastal areas in East Asia to explore their phylogenetic relationships. Average heterozygosity of the five populations was: Kharkhorin sheep 0.3447, Ulaanbaatar sheep 0.3285, Small-tailed Han sheep 0.3157, Hu sheep 0.3884, and Cham Tribe sheep 0.2300. The earlier researchers' conclusion through documentary research, indicating that Small-tailed Han sheep and Hu sheep both evolved from Mongolian sheep, was further verified by the results of this study. Hu sheep, Small-tailed Han sheep, and Cham Tribe sheep were decreasingly affected by the bloodline of Mongolian sheep. A 1partial founder population, i.e., Mongolian sheep forming current Small-tailed Han sheep, possibly made a contribution to the bloodline of Cham Tribe sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dust storms are an indication of an unhealthy environment in East Asia.

Dust storms frequently occur in Mongolia and in northern China. Each year there are 30 to 120 dusty days in source regions of Mongolia and 14-20 dusty days on the Korean Peninsula. Intense sand storms and associated dust falls produce environmental impacts in East Asia. This paper discusses the environmental degradation in Mongolia and the social, economic and atmospheric impacts of dust storms in the sink area. The impact of dust storms on environmental compartments as well as their direct and indirect consequences to basic resources like water and energy demand and supply is explained. Governments are encouraged to take appropriate action in specified regions. For monitoring dust storms there is a need for international cooperation to combat growing environmental and human security concerns.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A model for HIV in Asia.

A model is proposed in which the spread of HIV/AIDS in the community is mainly due to the sexual interaction between a core group of female prostitutes and young unmarried males. Several threshold parameters are obtained that determine persistence of endemic proportions, persistence of total population, and the persistence of infective population given the extinction of endemic proportions in a population tending to infinity. Conditions are given for the existence of multiple endemic equilibria as well as the existence of multiple stable equilibria with separatrix and their asymptotic behavior and biological significance are discussed. In all cases, global analysis is accompanied by bifurcation diagrams, and numerical examples are provided for some particular cases of interest. This model was proposed with the recent rapid growth of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Asia in mind.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

A retrospective serological suvey of Royal Marines previously exposed to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in South East Asia.

Following the suggestion that it was possible that cases of melioidosis amongst those who had been exposed abroad in the past, might be escaping notice, 487 Royal Marines were examined by indirect haemagglutination studies. Four hundred and eleven of these subjects had served for variable times in areas where melioidosis has been known to occur in Indonesia and Malaya, between 1960 and 1974, occupied in activities in the jungle and paddy fields during which exposure to the disease was to be expected. No evidence of residual subclinical melioidosis was found and it seems unlikely that recrudescent disease will prove to be a problem in the future for English servicemen who have been in South East Asia.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1990

Hepatitis B virus eradication strategy for Asia. The Asian Regional Study Group.

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its sequelae vary widely in the different populations living in the Asian-Pacific region. Horizontal transmission plays an important role in the spread of the disease; in East Asia, however, maternal transmission is particularly significant since a high portion of infected infants become chronic carriers and develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma later in life. Cost-benefit studies performed in Taipei and Shanghai show that hepatitis B vaccination is cost-effective. The three main strategies for HBV eradication include universal immunization or active plus passive immunization in areas of high endemicity, and selective vaccination of high-risk groups where carriage of the surface antigen is low.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Primary health care in Southeast Asia: attitudes about community participation in community health programmes.

Although community participation in health has become a major plank in WHO's Primary Health Care platform, comparatively little concrete programme data has been collected which helps to define its potentials and problems. In an effort to expand knowledge in this area, a study of three Church-related community health programmes in Southeast Asia was undertaken. All three programmes have the stated goal of 'having the community take responsibility for its own health care' and as a concrete step in this direction, have developed training programmes for community health workers (CHWs). Starting about the same time, 1973-1975, they provide data for comparative examination of the development of community participation. As part of the study, a questionnaire was designed to elicit information from three categories of programme participants (the medical professionals, the community development workers and the CHWs) in community health programmes. It sought to discover their attitudes about the objectives of community health programmes; impact and measurements of success of these programmes; the role of health services; the role of medical professionals and community development workers in community health programmes; the role and training of community health workers; and financing community health programmes. The hypothesis of the investigation was that all three categories of programme participants in one programme share attitudes distinct from participants in the other two programmes. Although, due to technical reasons, it was not possible to test this hypothesis, the survey produced other conclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1988

To strengthen and refresh: herbal therapy in Southeast Asia.

Throughout Southeast Asia herbal tonic drinks are a long established part of the health adaptation system of both rural and urban households. A recent study on infant feeding practices in urban poor households revealed a differential use of postpartum herbal tonics in Bangkok, Thailand and Semarang, Indonesia. This paper explores the cultural meaning of this difference between comparable groups of mothers, focussing on the colonial and neocolonial development of the medical systems, the transmission of knowledge about herbal therapies, and how the tonics fit into the food-drug classification system in both countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Gender differences in tobacco use in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America.

This paper reviews historical, anthropological and contemporary survey data concerning gender differences in tobacco use in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America. In many cultural groups in these regions, tobacco use has been substantially more common among men than among women. In some groups, tobacco use has been about equally common for both sexes. No evidence was found of any group in which tobacco use has been substantially more common among women. The widespread pattern of greater tobacco use by men appears to be linked to general features of sex roles. For example, men have often had greater social power than women, and this has been expressed in greater restrictions on women's behavior, including social prohibitions against women's smoking. These social prohibitions against women's smoking have strongly inhibited women's tobacco use and thus have been a major cause of gender differences in tobacco use. Gender differences in tobacco use have varied in magnitude, depending on the type of tobacco use and the particular cultural group, age group and historical period considered. Causes of the variation in gender differences in tobacco use include variation in women's status and variation in the social significance and benefits attributed to particular types of tobacco use in different cultures. Contact with Western cultures appears to have increased or decreased gender differences in smoking, depending on the specific circumstances. The patterns of gender differences in tobacco use in non-Western societies are similar in many ways to the patterns observed in Western societies, but there are several important differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Africa↗
PubMed1990

Low birth-weight and pre-term delivery in South-east Asia. The WHO International Collaborative Study of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

Population-based data from 10 centres in Burma, Thailand, China and Vietnam, have been analysed to assess those social and environmental factors which may be associated with pre-term delivery and low birth-weight. The philosophy behind the study was that if the same association was found in different countries, then the association may be causal; if associations differed in the various countries, then causality was unlikely. The major findings were as follows: a strong association between low birth-weight and pre-term delivery and the unmarried state (RR 1.64, 1.39), a consistent reduced risk of pre-term delivery when the father was in a managerial post (RR 0.77), an excess risk of pre-term delivery if the mother was a housewife (RR 1.16), lifting heavy objects at the time of quickening (RR 1.63) or frequently bending and stooping at the time of quickening (1.15). Strong associations were found with both paternal and maternal education levels but these were strongest for the mother's education level. The association was far stronger for pre-term delivery than for low birth-weight and it is assumed that the low birth-weight effect is secondary to pre-term delivery. The only variation with maternal age concerned an excess of low birth-weight among teenage mothers, but not of pre-term delivery, and an excess of low birth-weight but not pre-term delivery among mothers with small head circumferences or small arm circumferences. We conclude that the aetiology of growth retardation and pre-term delivery are probably different in South-east Asia, and point out the need to elucidate further the strong variation with education level.

Asia, Southeastern↗