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PubMed2006

[Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Poland].

The paper summarizes state of art knowledge on tick-borne diseases epidemiology in Poland. The most prevalent diseases are Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Although there is growing number of data published on anaplasmosis and babesiosis prevalence in ticks and humans, there is no national data on these diseases and their epidemiological features remain unclear. All tick-borne agents have a common vector tick--the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus. LB and TBE are mandatory reportable diseases. In 2005 case definitions were implemented in Poland to allow a better comparability of data within the country and with other European countries. LB is widespread in Poland. Studies of prevalence of infected ticks indicate that from 6 to 15% of I. ricinus ticks in different sites are infected with the spirochete. Data from seroepidemiologic studies and from routine surveillance (started in 1996) confirm that the disease is widespread in Poland, and its incidence is increasing. It has increased from 2.31 per 100,000 in 1999 to 11.55 in 2005. One reason of this increase is the improvement in diagnosis of the disease. There is a need to promote personal protection during outdoor activities and knowledge on LB symptoms, especially among populations at risk--forestry workers, farmers. TBE incidence is limited to two main foci--one in the Northeast of Poland bordering Baltic states endemic region, and the second on the South of Poland, neighbouring the Czech and Slovak republics. Seroepidemiologic data, supported by surveillance data, indicate that there are areas of particularly high TBEV activity. The mostly affected occupational groups are: unemployed, retired, students, and farmers. This is a reason to promote personal protection and prophylactic vaccination of both inhabitants of endemic regions and tourists visiting endemic regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs in Germany].

To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in Germany serum samples from 1124 dogs that were under suspicion of having anaplasmosis were examined. The samples were tested by an indirect immunofluorescence test (OFT) for antibodies to A. phagocytophilum. The geographical origin of positive cases were analysed with an geographic information system. Antibodies to A. phagocytophilum were found in 563 (50.1%) of the tested dogs. 166 dogs came from Saarland, 161 from North Rhine-Westphalia, 134 from Baden-Wuerttemberg, 33 from Bavaria, 22 from Rhineland-Palatinate, 11 from Hamburg, 10 from Brandenburg, 9 from Lower Saxony, 8 from Hesse and Berlin respectively and 1 from Schleswig-Holstein. Clinical signs and laboratory findings of 26 seropositive dogs were analysed. Those dogs showed a low haematocrit, thrombocytopenia and leucocytoses as well as higher values for alkaline phosphatase, ALAT und bilirubin. The clinical signs were lameness in 13 dogs, lethargy in 5, and uveitis in 3 dogs. Rhinitis and lymphadenopathy was found in 2 dogs and retinal detachment with blindness in 1 dog.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed1990

[Prevention of cowdriosis and cases of sheep diseases in the Niayes region of Senegal].

Sheep originating from an heartwater-free area were immunized by the infection and treatment method, using long-acting oxytetracycline. The animals were then exposed, together with control sheep to natural infection in an enzootic area. Tick counts were made to monitor the infestation and establish a correlation between infestation by certain tick species, in particular Amblyomma variegatum, and the occurrence of cowdriosis. In some cases of death associated with ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the group immunized against cowdriosis, groups of Cowdria ruminantium were found in smears of the cerebral cortex, which leaves question marks as to the real nature of immunity to cowdriosis. Furthermore, these losses show the necessity of an integrated approach to the control of diseases of livestock in a given area. The presence of Rhipicephalus e. evertsi, formerly absent from this area, was significant in this respect.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Methods currently used for the control of multi-host ticks: their validity and proposals for future control strategies.

Ticks have a world distribution and pest status reputation of hampering livestock production through transmission of fatal disease such as theileriosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, etc. and bites which cause blood loss, pain and other debilitating effects. Control of ticks is largely more effective on the host. The multi-host ticks spend most of the time off the host with short feeding periods of between four and ten days. Chemical control using dips or sprays has been the traditional method of attempting to kill these ticks during the infestation period. In many situations control, using acaricides, has been quite successful. This has been possible through correct timing of the ticks' seasonal activity and feeding periods to determine the application interval, and efficacy of the acaricides. However, the rising costs of acaricides have made it almost impossible to use these chemicals on a regular basis according to the pest problem. This is particularly true in many Third World tropical countries in which tick-associated problems are more pronounced. This has necessitated the search for alternative tick control methods on an integrated approach to pest management. For this reason, vaccination against ticks and breeding for host resistance against ticks are being studied in the hope that future control strategies will involve only the economically effective acaricide application in conjunction with these and other methods.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1990

Development and infectivity of Anaplasma marginale in Dermacentor andersoni nymphs.

The development of Anaplasma marginale was studied in Dermacentor andersoni nymphs after they had fed on a calf with ascending Anaplasma infection. Gut tissues were collected on day 4 of tick feeding, from newly replete (fed) nymphs and on postfeeding days (PFD) 5, 10, 15, 20, and were processed for light and electron microscopy to determine density of A marginale colonies. Homogenates of gut tissues were prepared from nymphs collected on the same days and inoculated into susceptible, splenectomized calves to test for infectivity. Anaplasma colonies were detected in gut cells on PFD 5, 10, 15, and 20. Although colony density appeared to be higher on PFD 10 and 15, differences were not significant. Nymphal type-1 colonies were detected in highest numbers on PFD 5 and 10, transitional colonies were seen in highest numbers at PFD 10 and 15, and nymphal type-2 colonies were observed only on PFD 20. Gut homogenates that were collected from ticks at 4 days of feeding, when newly replete, and on PFD 20 caused anaplasmosis when injected into susceptible calves, but homogenates made from ticks collected on PFD 5, 10, and 15 were not infective. The data indicate that of the colony types of A marginale that develop in replete nymphs, nymphal type-1 and transitional colonies may contain organisms that are not infective for cattle.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1987

[Studies in the field of tick-borne blood parasites].

A review of 'piroplasmosis' (a collective name tick-borne protozoan forms of disease of the blood (babesiasis, theileriasis) as well as rickettsial forms (anaplasmosis), written by De Blieck and published in 1916, is compared with the present state of our knowledge. Considerable progress has been made in classifying the causative agents. Moreover, the situation in the Netherlands has become much clearer. However, as regards the situation in the tropics, progress in control is rather limited and these forms of disease continue to be of major economic importance. The use of ascaricides is becoming increasingly confronted with problems and, in particular conditions, the use of cattle characterised by a considerable genetically acquired ability to produce an immune response to ticks is growing. In addition, it is hoped that it will be possible to immunise animals both against ticks and against tick-borne disease using characterised antigens produced by modern biotechnological methods in the future. Finally, a warning note is sounded that the active role of the faculty of veterinary science in the field of tropical veterinary medicine could well be reduced in the near future as a result of economies and changes of structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A common-source outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever on a dairy farm.

An outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) on a dairy farm in the Orange Free State in 1984 is described. Forty-six cows were purchased from the western Cape Province in January 1984; 2 died from the tick-borne disease anaplasmosis in March and a labourer who helped butcher the carcasses became ill a few days later. Another cow died at the end of April and within 9 days 4 people who had come into contact with its blood became ill. Antibodies to CCHF virus were found in the sera of the 5 patients but not in other residents of the farm. Three patients recovered from a severe influenza-like illness without seeking medical attention; 1 patient, who was admitted to hospital, recovered from illness marked by haematemesis, epistaxis and amnesia and the 5th patient died of complications of surgery for brain haemorrhage. Antibody studies indicated that many of the cows became infected with CCHF after their arrival on the farm. It can be deduced that animals reared in tick-free, or relatively tick-free, circumstances, which are then moved to where they are subject to heavy parasitization by ticks, can acquire common tick-borne diseases of livestock plus CCHF infection simultaneously. In such circumstances there is a definite risk of human exposure to CCHF-infected blood or other tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Animal health survey of cattle for the Bombali region, Sierra Leone, 1977.

The results are presented of an animal health survey of cattle in the Bombali Region in Northern Sierra Leone between Feb 14 and June 30, 1977. 2009 faecal samples were found to contain 19 cases of liver fluke infestation (0.94%), 1648 cases of hook and round worms (82.03%), 162 cases of type worms (8.06%), and 964 cases of coccidiosis (47.98%). 110 blood and milk samples were found to contain 29 positive cases of brucellosis (26.36%). 1644 cattle were examined for blood parasites. Babesiosis was found in 30 cases (1.82%), anaplasmosis in 1 case (0.06%), and trypanosomiasis in 4 cases (0.24%). The need is stressed to continue such investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Tick infestations and tick-borne diseases in Zimbabwe Rhodesia.

The distribution of tick species in Zimbabwe Rhodesia is significantly influenced by land utilization practices. The most commonly occurring species in the over-grazed tribal areas is Boophilus decoloratus. By contrast, well-managed commercial farms and ranches support a wide range of tick species, the most important of which is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Until recently tick-borne diseases of cattle were efficiently controlled through dipping. The low incidence of disease was an important factor contributing to over-grazing in tribal areas. Between 1973 and 1978 political unrest resulted in a collapse of the dipping service in tribal areas. Populations of B. decoloratus built up and outbreaks of babesiosis and anaplasmosis occurred, normally between one and three years after the cessation of dipping. Reduced grazing pressure after the initial disease waves resulted in increased grass cover, allowing species such as R. appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum to become re-established. Outbreaks of theileriosis and heartwater usually followed, decimating the already depleted herds. The heavy cattle mortality resulted from lack of immunity to tick-borne diseases, as a result of efficient disease control through dipping in previous years.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Studies of the etiology of infectious abortion in cows in Ruse District].

A total of 28,159 blood serum samples have been examined for brucellosis, 87--for leptospirosis, 84--for toxoplasmosis, 554--for the presence of rickettsii and neoreckettsii, and 193--for total protein content, albumin, and protein fractions, taken from cows in the course of the years on 40 dairy farms in the district of Rousse. Bacteriologically were examined 349 aborted fetuses, 178 samples of estral secretion, 57 placentae, and 1002 samples of washings and seminal fluid from bulls for vibriosis. Bacteriologic investigations were also carried out on 383 fetuses for salmonellosis, listeriosis, and colibacteriosis, and virologic studies of 398 placentae and parenchymal organs of fetuses. Twenty-eight fetuses were studied parasitologically for toxoplasmosis, and 118 blood smears were examined for hemosporidiosis. It was established that most important in the etiology of the infectious abortions in cows in the district of Rousse were Vibrio organisms. They were found in 36.9 per cent of the studied bovine fetuses and in 24.4 per cent of all materials examined bacteriologically. Only 4 cases were noted of neorickettsii from fetuses and placentae. Serologically, there were 23.6 per cent cases positive for neorickettsiosis, and 12.6 per cent--for Q fever; 56.4 per cent of the investigated sera proved positive for leptospirosis. In 0.8 per cent of the examined fetuses there was Escherichia coli. Abortions in cows were also due to anaplasmosis and francaillelosis; 14.2 per cent of the investigated respective sera were positive for toxoplasmosis. On the days of abortions the amount of total protein was 7.13 mg%, that of albumins--36%, and of globulins--64%. It is considered imperative to elucidate the cause of abortions of infectious nature in cows in connection with the establishing of cattle-breeding complexes.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1984

Demonstration of the inclusion appendage of Anaplasma marginale in nymphal Dermacentor andersoni.

Dermacentor andersoni nymphs were placed in stockinettes and allowed to feed on a splenectomized calf with experimentally induced anaplasmosis when the parasitemia was 3%-5%. Nymphs were selected on each of the 6 days of feeding and every 5 days from repletion through molting to the adult stage (25 days postrepletion); they were killed and midgut tissues were processed and examined by light and electron microscopies. No stages of A marginale were seen in tissues of feeding ticks. Visualization of individual components of gut contents was difficult owing to presence of the concentrated, electrondense blood meal containing hemoglobin. Inclusion appendages were observed in midgut tissues of nymphs at 5 and 10 days postrepletion, but not at 20 or 25 days. The morphology of the appendages was similar to that described for inclusion appendages commonly associated with anaplasmal inclusions in bovine erythrocytes. Some appendages were free in the lumen of the midgut and occurred either alone or with clusters of small vesicular particles. Occasionally, initial bodies like those generally found in bovine erythrocytes were seen with the appendage, but most of them were swollen and appeared to be degenerating. Frequently, inclusion appendages were observed attached to the luminal surface of the midgut cell membrane by a blunt, electron-dense attachment complex. The attachment of the appendage appeared to be extracellular, with the pointed end extending into the lumen. Often, small particles were observed immediately across the cell membrane from where the appendages were attached; the small particles appeared to be generated from the appendage itself and to have passed through the membrane of the midgut cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1993

Persistence of tick-derived Anaplasma marginale in cultured bovine turbinate and endothelial cells.

Anaplasma marginale from salivary glands of Dermacentor andersoni was used to inoculate monolayers of bovine turbinate and endothelial cells. Monolayers were passaged at 2 or 4 week intervals and monitored with light and electron microscopy and with an A. marginale-specific DNA probe. Intracellular inclusions were observed in turbinate cells after 2-4 weeks. The number of inclusion-bearing cells increased over 1-2 weeks and gradually disappeared. A radiolabeled fragment from within the msp1 beta gene of the erythrocytic stage of A. marginale hybridized to DNA extracted from bovine turbinate cell cultures as late as 7 weeks post inoculation (passage 4). Individual rickettsiae were observed with electron microscopy in samples taken at this time. Susceptible calves inoculated with suspect cultures did not develop clinical anaplasmosis but did develop significant antibody titers as detected with ELISA. DNA from endothelial cell cultures at 9 weeks post inoculation also bound the Anaplasma-specific DNA probe. Anaplasma marginale from salivary glands of D. andersoni appears to persist in cultured bovine turbinate and endothelial cells but typical development and infectivity for bovines do not occur.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1997

Health evaluation of black-faced impala (Aepyceros melampus petersi) using blood chemistry and serology.

As part of ongoing ecological studies of black-faced impala (Aepyceros melampus petersi) in northern Namibia, blood samples were collected and analyzed from 26 animals captured for translocation in 1992. All animals appeared to be in good condition and no abnormality was noted during physical examination. Serum chemistry and mineral levels were measured and correlated with the results of bacterial and viral serology and were within the normal ranges for domestic ruminants. Antibody titers for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea were detected. Serological tests for bluetongue, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, parainfluenza 3, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and anaplasmosis were negative. Significant differences in disease prevalence were not found between sexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Major tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats in the Sudan.

Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats have not been thoroughly investigated in the Sudan. Heartwater, the most important of the group, was reported only in the early '60s and malignant theileriosis of sheep in the mid '80s. Other tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats like anaplasmosis, Q fever, Nairobi sheep disease and babesiosis are expected to be present although the vector which transmit Nairobi sheep disease, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is confined to a very narrow stretch on the Southern border with Zaire, Uganda and Kenya.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Research into the relative importance of Tabanidae (Diptera) in mechanical disease transmission. IV. A contribution to the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in Africa.

The incidence of trypanosomiasis was studied in a herd of dairy cattle near Dar es Salaam over a period of 4 months. The apparent density of tsetse flies and prevalence of various species of Tabanidae were measured. There was no statistical correlation between the disease incidence and the seasonal occurrence of Tabanidae. Although anaplasmosis was concurrently transmitted by Tabanus taeniola on an economically significant scale in this herd and there was a high incidence of Trypanosoma vivax infections it was thought, however, that trypanosomes were transmitted by Tabanidae at an insignificant rate. The only measureable result of such mechanical transmission was a change of the T. vivax/T. congolense ratio in favour of T. vivax (69 per cent of the infections).

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Anaplasma marginale: failure of sera from immune cattle to confer protection in passive-transfer experiments.

High levels of immunity to Anaplasma marginale were induced in cattle either by vaccination using sonically disrupted A. marginale-infected erythrocytes or by repeated infection with different strains of the rickettsia. In both instances, high levels of anti-A. marginale antibody were detected in the sera of the immune cattle by immunoblotting. Serum from one animal that had been made immune by repeated infection was transferred intravenously to A. marginale-susceptible calves (three non-splenectomised and two splenectomised) undergoing initial A. marginale infection at serum doses of 2-10 ml/kg. Neither the course nor the outcome of infection as indicated by the parasite levels attained or the level of anaemia induced was altered in the calves that received the immune serum relative to the course or outcome of infection in control calves (two non-splenectomised and two splenectomised) that received serum from an two splenectomised) that received serum from an A. marginale-naive donor animal. In a similar experiment, a pool of sera from four steers that had been vaccinated with sonically disrupted A. marginale initial bodies was transfused into two intact A. marginale-susceptible calves during the early stage of A. marginale infection at a dose of 10 ml/kg. No difference was observed in the course or outcome of infection in these calves relative to the course or outcome of infection in the two non-splenectomised calves that were transfused with non-immune serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anaplasma↗