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PubMed1978

The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis of monopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness.

All patients suffering from affective psychoses (ICD 296) who were admitted to the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zurich between 1959 and 1963 were studied in a follow-up investigation until 1975. Of 254 affective psychoses, 95 were bipolar patients (37.4%) and 159 were monopolar (62.6%). The sample of bipolar patients was complemented with all patients who had been admitted in the period 1959--1963 because of manic or mixed manic-depressive syndromes. This paper describes the change of diagnosis in the two diagnostic groups. In 10% (N = 20) of monopolar depression cases there was a change of diagnosis to bipolar affective illness. An analysis shows that the diagnosis of patients with three or more depressive episodes (unipolar depressives) was especially prone to change. A mathematical correction of some diagnostic errors leads to the conclusion that the ratio of unipolar depression to bipolar illness may be about 1:1. A major source of diagnostic error lies in the change of affective to schizo-affective illness. Up to now, no clinical criterion exists that would exclude this error, which was found in 6% (n=12) of the monopolar but also in 7.5% (n = 3) of the bipolar index patients. It is recommended that studies of affective disorders should be based on truly representative samples of the illness, including patients with one or two episodes, and that the term 'unipolar depression' be used synonymously with the term 'monopolar depression,' originally created by Kleist (1947) and Leonhard (1957).

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1992

The distinction between affect and cognition in the quality of life of cancer patients--sensitivity and stability.

The distinction between affect and cognition has been put forward to clarify the lack of differences found in studies describing quality of life under deteriorated circumstances, such as serious illness. In the study reported here, cancer patients under treatment (n = 201) were compared with a random sample from the normal population (n = 200). As hypothesized, the affective component of life quality turned out to be more severely impaired than the cognitive component. Besides, it was investigated which factors contribute to the affective and the cognitive component of the quality of life of cancer patients under treatment. In cancer patients affect proved more strongly related to the physical domain. Cognition on the other hand was more strongly related to coping resources, especially personality characteristics like the level of self-esteem. It is concluded that an affective measure of quality of life is more sensitive to change in patients. The stability of life quality is attributed to the rather strong relation the affective and the cognitive component both have to coping resources.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Seasonal changes in affective state in samples of Asian and white women.

Seasonality of the affective state has been reported to vary in direct proportion to latitude in temperate regions. The frequency of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and the severity of the symptoms associated with it have been reported to be greater in higher than in lower latitudes. In addition, recent research has suggested a genetic loading for SAD. Most of the research on the seasonality of affect has been done in high latitude areas, seasonal mood cycles have been infrequently investigated in tropical areas, and no study has so far measured and compared seasonal changes in affect and behaviour in indigenous and populations non-indigenous to high latitudes. To rule out the biases associated with retrospective designs, a prospective longitudinal study was designed to investigate seasonal mood variations in indigenous white and non-indigenous Asian populations. Since previous research has indicated the excessive vulnerability of women to winter depression, it was decided to measure seasonality of the affective state only in women. To examine the relative effects of genetic predispositions and physical environment, the Asian group was further divided into "Asian" and "Asian-British". The former group comprised women who were living in England but who had been born and had spent considerably more time in their country of origin, while the latter group consisted of women who were born in England and who had lived there all their lives. The three groups of 25 women each were matched for age and socio-economic status, and were interviewed every month for 1 year using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), a Behavioural Change Inventory (BCI), the Ladder Scale of General Well-being (LSW) and a Monthly Stress Inventory (MSI). One retrospective scale was administered at the end of the study year to compare the extent of seasonal change in affect with that on the HAD-depression subscale. The results showed that seasonal depression peaked in winter in all three groups, with the incidence of winter depression being highest in the Asian group. Seasonal changes on several dimensions of behaviour were in the direction of winter depression for all three groups. States other than depression (anxiety and general well-being) did not show any seasonal variation. Hours of daylight was found to be the best predictor of seasonal variation in mood among environmental and psychosocial variables. There was no evidence to support a genetic hypothesis for SAD.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Affective sharing in the context of joint attention interactions of normal, autistic, and mentally retarded children.

Disturbances in the development of joint attention behaviors and the ability to share affect with others are two important components of the social deficits of young autistic children. We examined the association of shared positive affect during two different communicative contexts, joint attention and requesting. The pattern for the normal children was one of frequent positive affect displayed toward the adult during joint attention situations. Compared to the normal children, the autistic children failed to display high levels of positive affect during joint attention whereas the mentally retarded children displayed high levels of positive affect during requesting as well as joint attention situations. These results lend support to the hypothesis that the joint attention deficits in autistic children also are associated with a disturbance in affective sharing.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Anticipation of affective image modulates visual evoked magnetic fields (VEF).

We investigated the interaction between anticipation of positive and negative affective images and visual evoked magnetic fields (VEF). Participants (n = 13) were presented emotionally positive or negative images under different anticipatory conditions, and their subsequent brain responses were recorded by magnetoencephalography (MEG). In the Affective Cue conditions, the cue stimulus indicated the emotional valence of the image, which followed 2 s later. In the Null Cue conditions, the cue stimulus did not include any information about the valence of the image. In the No Cue conditions, the affective image was suddenly presented, without a cue stimulus. The VEF amplitude for the negative image in the Affective Cue condition was smaller than that of the positive image in the Affective Cue condition and that of the negative image in the Null Cue condition. This result suggests that anticipation of the valence of affective images modulates the processes of the visual cortex.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluative decision latencies mediated by induced affective states.

Recent priming studies (e.g. Hermans, De Houwer & Eelen, 1994, Cognition and Emotion, 8, 515-533) have demonstrated that response latencies to target stimuli are mediated by the affective relation between prime and target. The time needed to evaluate or pronounce targets is facilitated if preceded by similarly valenced primes, but is inhibited for trials on which prime and target have an opposite affective valence. These data suggest that information stored in memory is associatively linked with similarly evaluated information, through association with some general representation of goodness or badness. To investigate whether affective priming is merely one type of conventional semantic priming, or whether it is mediated by affective responses, the affective context provided by the primes was replaced in this study by the induction of an emotional state using a Musical Mood Induction procedure (Depression/Elation). Subjects had to evaluate target pictures as quickly as possible. The data revealed a significant Mood Change (More Depressed/Less Depressed/No Change) x Target Valence (Positive/Negative) interaction, indicating that emotional states can mediate evaluate response latencies to affectively valenced target stimuli. The results are interpreted in the context of a biphasic emotion theory, and are related to previous research on mood congruency effects on perceptual responses.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Patterns of affectivity in the transition to adolescence.

The present paper reports the findings of a factor analytic investigation of adolescent affect in a cross-sectional sample of 483 male and female fifth through ninth graders. Following the ESM method, adolescents carried electronic pagers and self-report booklets for one week. Students were paged seven times daily and completed self-report forms after each signal describing their moods and feelings. Principal components analysis yielded two internally consistent factors which were virtually identical to the positive and negative affect dimensions described in the literature on adult emotion. Contrary to findings reported in the developmental literature, arousal did not emerge as a dimension of adolescent affect. Further, the bipolar structure obtained for the entire sample, positive and negative affect, consistently emerged in separate analyses of adolescent gender and school groups. MANOVA analysis of estimated positive and negative affect scores indicated that while the underlying dimensions of adolescent affect were comparable to those observed for adults, variation along those dimensions may have been related to the social transitions (e.g., schooling) which punctuate adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Correlation of nocturnal penile tumescence and daytime affect intensity in depressed men.

Although depressed patients have been shown to have diminished nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), there remains considerable variability of NPT in depression. We hypothesized that affective experience during the day accounts for some of this variability. Forty-five depressed men had assessments of affect intensity and affect balance, NPT, and daytime sexual function, both before and after treatment with Beck's cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Forty-three normal control subjects were studied for comparison. Daytime affect intensity in depressed men, but not in control subjects, correlated significantly and positively with measures of NPT duration and rigidity both before and after treatment, regardless of the adequacy of daytime sexual function. When the effect of daytime affect on REM activity was controlled, the observed correlations became nonsignificant at pretreatment, but remained significant at posttreatment. Neuropharmacologically mediated changes in arousal responsivity associated with depression may underlie the observed relation between daytime affect intensity, rapid eye movement activity, and NPT.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary evidence that daily changes in frontal alpha asymmetry correlate with changes in affect in therapy sessions.

Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry was recorded from five depressed outpatients during early EEG biofeedback sessions. Mood was assessed prior to and after each session, and affect change scores were also derived by subtracting pre-session from post-session scores. Alpha magnitude was obtained via Fast Fourier Transforms. All scores (EEG alpha asymmetry and affect) were converted to deviation scores by subtracting each patient's daily score from that patient's mean across all available sessions for that patient. Pearson correlations were then computed between asymmetry and affect scores using the deviation scores combined over patients. There was little evidence of correlation between day-to-day asymmetry score and any single affect score. Strong correlations were obtained, however, between asymmetry score and affect change score and, in particular, between asymmetry score and change in positive affect.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Opioid peptides within the midbrain periaqueductal gray suppress affective defense behavior in the cat.

The effects of the methionine-enkephalin analog [D-Ala2-Met5]-enkephalinamide (DAME) upon the threshold for affective defense behavior were determined following microinjections placed into midbrain periaqueductal gray sites from which this response was elicited. Affective defense behavior was elicited by electrical stimulation through a cannula electrode situated in the dorsal aspect of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Dose-response curves characterizing the effects of DAME upon affective defense behavior were determined utilizing the following doses: 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 microgram in 0.5 microliter saline, pH = 7.4 or vehicle control (saline). Response thresholds were tested 10-30, 30-60, 60-90, 120-150, 180-210, 1440-1470 and 2880-2910 min postinjection. The results obtained indicated that injections of DAME at a dose of 1.0 microgram/0.5 microliter produced significant, long duration elevations in affective defense thresholds, lasting up to 1440-1470 min postinjection. Lower doses of DAME (0.25 and 0.5 microgram/0.5 microliter) also resulted in significant increases in affective defense thresholds, but these effects were of shorter durations (60-90 and 120-150 min) postinjection, respectively. The suppressive effects of DAME were blocked when animals were pretreated with naloxone (10 micrograms/0.5 microliter) microinjected into the same midbrain periaqueductal gray site into which 0.25 microgram DAME was injected and affective defense behavior was elicited.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Clinical evaluation of the affective domain.

The purpose of this article is to discuss issues contingent to clinical evaluation of the affective domain in nursing education. Review of current and classic literature reveals that various mechanisms proclaimed as useful in evaluating the affective domain have inherent strengths and limitations. A framework for analysis of affective behaviours is suggested. The concept of learning in the affective domain is extensively addressed and provides the basis for understanding the process of evaluating this domain. A brief discussion of the controversial issues surrounding concepts of 'evaluation' versus 'grading' precedes the analysis of objectives characteristic of a clinical evaluation tool currently being used in a school of nursing in Manitoba. Results of the analysis reveal that affective objectives may be suitable for grading purposes. Data such as this is significant for consideration by nurse educators when developing clinical evaluation tools to measure objectives specific to the affective domain.

Affect↗
PubMed1987

Hemispheric asymmetry and emotion: lateralized parietal processing of affect and cognition.

The differential cerebral processing of affect and cognition may have important implications for a more general understanding of how these two complex sets of functions differ and how they interact. Building upon recent studies of hemispheric asymmetry in emotion, the present study focused on the differential parietal processing of emotional stimuli under affective and cognitive conditions. Subjects were exposed to neutral and emotional stimuli presented under cognitive and affective instructional sets. Bilateral electroencephalographic (EEG) data showed that the principal differentiation between affective and cognitive conditions occurred in the right hemisphere, whereas the highest overall level of activation during emotional stimulation was in the left hemisphere. It was also found that affective conditions produced higher of levels of both EEG and electrodermal activity than either cognitive or neutral conditions. Finally, significant patterns of gender differentiation suggested greater focal organization for affective arousal in females than males.

Affect↗
PubMed1981

Pain measurement: construct validity of the affective dimension of the McGill Pain Questionnaire with chronic benign pain patients.

The research reported here used a population of chronic benign pain patients and examined the relationship between scores in the affective dimension of the McGill Pain Questionnaire and independent measures of affect and infirmity The data indicated that patients who reported high affective dimensional scores were significantly more depressed and anxious and somatized more than patients who reported low effective scores. Similarly, these high affective patients reported significantly greater perceived infirmity secondary to their pain. These results suggest that the affective dimension score of the McGill Pain Questionnaire can serve as a useful index of the overall affective status of pain patients and given this interpretation the dimension has good construct validity.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Negative affect words prime beer consumption in young drinkers.

Negative affect is consistently associated with pathological aspects of alcohol use. Priming of motivation for alcohol by negative affect cues may contribute to this relationship. This study sought to determine whether: (a) exposure to negative affect words primes actual drinking behavior; (b) this effect is related to severity of alcohol problems; and (c) these effects are moderated by gender and anxiety sensitivity. Prime words (negative, positive, neutral) were administered using a synonym generation task. Primed drinking behavior was measured in a taste-test procedure, using placebo beer. Drinking scores were significantly greater in the negative affect condition than in the other two conditions, which did not differ from each other. Problem drinking severity directly predicted priming effects of negative affect words but was unrelated to drinking in the other two word prime conditions. Anxiety sensitivity was unrelated to drinking in any condition. Even unobtrusive exposure to negative affect cues can prime drinking behavior in young drinkers, and this effect is tied to the severity of alcohol problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Smoking motives in the prediction of affective vulnerability among young adult daily smokers.

The primary aim of this study was to examine whether smoking to reduce negative affect was uniquely related to a range of affective vulnerability factors (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, anxious arousal, and negative affectivity) among daily smokers. Participants were 276 young adult daily smokers (124 females; M(age)=25.12, SD=10.37). Partially consistent with prediction, the motivation to smoke to reduce negative affect was significantly related to anxiety sensitivity and negative affectivity, but not anxious arousal; the observed significant effects were above and beyond other theoretically relevant factors (e.g., smoking rate, years smoked, age, gender). In contrast to prediction, habitual smoking motives demonstrated significant incremental associations with anxiety sensitivity and anxious arousal symptoms. These results suggest that there are important associations between certain smoking motives and negative affective states and that such relations are not attributable to other smoking factors (e.g., smoking rate).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Neural mechanism for judging the appropriateness of facial affect.

Questions regarding the appropriateness of facial expressions in particular situations arise ubiquitously in everyday social interactions. To determine the appropriateness of facial affect, first of all, we should represent our own or the other's emotional state as induced by the social situation. Then, based on these representations, we should infer the possible affective response of the other person. In this study, we identified the brain mechanism mediating special types of social evaluative judgments of facial affect in which the internal reference is related to theory of mind (ToM) processing. Many previous ToM studies have used non-emotional stimuli, but, because so much valuable social information is conveyed through nonverbal emotional channels, this investigation used emotionally salient visual materials to tap ToM. Fourteen right-handed healthy subjects volunteered for our study. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activation during the judgmental task for the appropriateness of facial affects as opposed to gender matching tasks. We identified activation of a brain network, which includes both medial frontal cortex, left temporal pole, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left thalamus during the judgmental task for appropriateness of facial affect compared to the gender matching task. The results of this study suggest that the brain system involved in ToM plays a key role in judging the appropriateness of facial affect in an emotionally laden situation. In addition, our result supports that common neural substrates are involved in performing diverse kinds of ToM tasks irrespective of perceptual modalities and the emotional salience of test materials.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans.

The position advanced in this paper is that the bedrock of emotional feelings is contained within the evolved emotional action apparatus of mammalian brains. This dual-aspect monism approach to brain-mind functions, which asserts that emotional feelings may reflect the neurodynamics of brain systems that generate instinctual emotional behaviors, saves us from various conceptual conundrums. In coarse form, primary process affective consciousness seems to be fundamentally an unconditional "gift of nature" rather than an acquired skill, even though those systems facilitate skill acquisition via various felt reinforcements. Affective consciousness, being a comparatively intrinsic function of the brain, shared homologously by all mammalian species, should be the easiest variant of consciousness to study in animals. This is not to deny that some secondary processes (e.g., awareness of feelings in the generation of behavioral choices) cannot be evaluated in animals with sufficiently clever behavioral learning procedures, as with place-preference procedures and the analysis of changes in learned behaviors after one has induced re-valuation of incentives. Rather, the claim is that a direct neuroscientific study of primary process emotional/affective states is best achieved through the study of the intrinsic ("instinctual"), albeit experientially refined, emotional action tendencies of other animals. In this view, core emotional feelings may reflect the neurodynamic attractor landscapes of a variety of extended trans-diencephalic, limbic emotional action systems-including SEEKING, FEAR, RAGE, LUST, CARE, PANIC, and PLAY. Through a study of these brain systems, the neural infrastructure of human and animal affective consciousness may be revealed. Emotional feelings are instantiated in large-scale neurodynamics that can be most effectively monitored via the ethological analysis of emotional action tendencies and the accompanying brain neurochemical/electrical changes. The intrinsic coherence of such emotional responses is demonstrated by the fact that they can be provoked by electrical and chemical stimulation of specific brain zones-effects that are affectively laden. For substantive progress in this emerging research arena, animal brain researchers need to discuss affective brain functions more openly. Secondary awareness processes, because of their more conditional, contextually situated nature, are more difficult to understand in any neuroscientific detail. In other words, the information-processing brain functions, critical for cognitive consciousness, are harder to study in other animals than the more homologous emotional/motivational affective state functions of the brain.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Affective modulation of the startle response in depression: influence of the severity of depression, anhedonia, and anxiety.

BACKGROUND: The amplitude of the startle reflex response is known to be influenced by the concomitant presentation of affect-toned material--if it is positive affect-toned, the reflex is inhibited, and if it is negative affect-toned, the reflex is augmented. Abundant evidence demonstrates the utility of the affect-startle paradigm as a significant tool for measuring both positive and negative emotions. We applied this paradigm to study emotional reactivity in depression, particularly in relation to symptoms of depression, anhedonia, and anxiety. METHODS: Depressed patients (22) and controls (22) were shown a series of film clips, consisting of two clips with positive valence, two with negative valence, and two with relatively neutral valence. The startle response was measured in reaction to the acoustic startle-eliciting stimuli presented three times binaurally during each clip. RESULTS: Highly depressed and anhedonic patients, relative to controls, showed a reduced mood (self-ratings) and a lack of startle modulation in response to affective film clips whereas patients relatively low on depression/anhedonia displayed a reduced mood only with pleasant clips and a normal pattern of affective startle modulation. Anhedonia and depression were highly positively correlated but neither correlated with anxiety. Anxious patients displayed larger reflexes across all clips and showed a reduced mood modulation with pleasant, but not unpleasant, clips. LIMITATIONS: The large majority of patients was medicated with antidepressants which may have influenced the results. CONCLUSIONS. Reactivity to pleasant stimuli is diminished in patients suffering from low levels of depression and/or anhedonia, but reactivity even to unpleasant stimuli seems compromised at high levels of depression and/or anhedonia. Anxiety is associated with hyperstartle responding.

Adult↗