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PubMed2004

Weight loss diets advertised in non-scientific publications.

Weight-loss diets advertised in mainstream non-scientific publications and targeting the adult female public were evaluated in relation to total energy value, macronutrients, calcium, iron, vitamins A and E, and cholesterol content, as well as the presence of information regarding the duration of diets, fluid intake, physical activity, and maintenance diets. Two publications were selected, considering periodicity, circulation, readership, and years in publication. The Virtual Nutri software was used to evaluate the nutrients of 112 diets. Micronutrient content was compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes. All diets were inadequate in at least one of the evaluated items. Less than 25.0% of the diets presented adequate macronutrient distribution. Calcium, iron, and vitamin E were also predominantly inadequate (85.7, 97.3, and 91.9%, respectively). Non-scientific publications should not be allowed to advertise weight-loss diets. In addition, their chemical composition is inadequate and they are not accompanied by important instructions for such therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Brand preference and advertising recall in adolescent smokers: some implications for health promotion.

A survey on brand preference and cigarette advertising recall in 1,195 school children was conducted in Sydney, Australia. Four of the 130 available brands accounted for the cigarettes smoked by 78.7 per cent of smokers. Smokers were nearly twice as likely to correctly identify edited cigarette advertisements and slogans than were non-smokers. Brand preference is considered an important descriptor of smoking profiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The frequency and nature of alcohol and tobacco advertising in televised sports, 1990 through 1992.

This study examines the frequency and nature of alcohol and tobacco advertising in a random sample of 166 televised sports events representing 443.7 hours of network programming broadcast from fall 1990 through summer 1992. More commercials appear for alcohol products than for any other beverage. Beer commercials predominate and include images at odds with recommendations from former Surgeon General Koop. The audience is also exposed to alcohol and tobacco advertising through the appearances of stadium signs, other on-site promotions, and verbal or visual brief product sponsorships. Moderation messages and public service announcements are rare.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Corporate speech and the Constitution: the deregulation of tobacco advertising.

In a series of recent cases, the Supreme Court has given businesses powerful new First Amendment rights to advertise hazardous products. Most recently, in Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly (121 SCt 2404 [2001]), the court invalidated Massachusetts regulations intended to reduce underage smoking. The future prospects for commercial speech regulation appear dim, but the reasoning in commercial speech cases is supported by only a plurality of the court. A different First Amendment theory should recognize the importance of population health and the low value of corporate speech. In particular, a future court should consider the low informational value of tobacco advertising, the availability of alternative channels of communication, the unlawful practice of targeting minors, and the magnitude of the social harms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Advertisements for medicines in leading medical journals in 18 countries: a 12-month survey of information content and standards.

The information content of 6,710 advertisements for medicines in medical journals was surveyed to provide a baseline for monitoring the effect of WHO's Ethical Criteria for Medicinal Drug Promotion. The advertisements (ads) appeared during 12 months (1987-1988) in 23 leading national medical journals in 18 countries. Local participants, mostly doctors or pharmacists, examined them. The presence or absence in each ad of important information was noted. In most ads the generic name appeared in smaller type than the brand name. Indications were mentioned more often than the negative effects of medicines. The ads gave less pharmacological than medical information. However, important warnings and precautions were missing in half, and side effects and contraindications in about 40 percent. Prices tended to be given only in countries where a social security system pays for the medicines. The information content of ads in the developing countries differed surprisingly little from that in the industrialized countries. Almost all the ads (96 percent) included one or more pictures; 58 percent of these were considered irrelevant. The authors believe it is a mistake to regard ads as trivial. If they are not considered seriously they will influence the use of medicines as they are intended to do, but read critically they can provide useful information.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

First- and third-person perceptions of images of older people in advertising: an inter-generational evaluation.

With the baby boomers increasing in age, the number of older Americans is projected to increase to 82 million by 2050, an increase of 225% from the year 2000. But despite their growing numbers, older individuals continue to face negative attitudes toward them, their way of thinking, and their abilities. These negative attitudes result from the assumption that older people have diminished physical and mental abilities, when in fact, today's older adults are more active and in better physical and mental health than those in any previous generation. This study examines the relationship between first- and third-person perceptions and positive and negative images by determining how older people and younger people perceive each other. More specifically, when older and younger individuals look at positive and negative images of older people in advertisements, what is their perception of the effects those images will have on the other generation? Our findings show that both first- and third-person effects exist and that their perceptions depend on whether the images in the advertisements are positive or negative. The results also indicate that young people rely on the stereotypes they hold of older people when making their perceptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The portrayal of older people in television advertisements: a cross-cultural content analysis of the United States and South Korea.

A cross-cultural content analysis of 2295 prime-time television ads--859 ads from the United States and 1436 ads from South Korea-was conducted to examine the differences in the portrayal of older people between U.S. and Korean ads. In two countries, the underrepresentation of older people in ads was found in terms of proportions of the actual population. The findings also showed that older people are more likely to play major roles in Korean television ads than in U.S. ads. In terms of the attributes of older people depicted in ads, differences between U.S. and Korean ads were also found. The results showed that Korean television ads are likely to more positively depict older people than American television ads are. These findings supported the basic assumption of cross-cultural advertising, in which the differences in cultural values between the two cultures are related to the differences in the contents of their advertisements. However, the problems of underrepresentation and stereotypes in the portrayal of older people were still identified both in Korean and U.S. prime-time television ads.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

Conflicts between commercial and scientific interests in pharmaceutical advertising for medical journals.

In 1992, researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, published a study on the scientific merit and validity of pharmaceutical advertisements in medical journals. Their results led them to conclude, provocatively, that many pharmaceutical advertisements contained deficiencies in areas in which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had established explicit standards of quality. This article provides a detailed account of third-party reactions to the study following its publication in the Annals of Internal Medicine, as well as the implications for those involved, including the authors, editors, and publisher. The increasingly diverging interests between medical journal editors and publishers are also discussed and highlighted by two recent cases of editors' departures from prominent general-interest medical journals.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in Portuguese lonely hearts advertisements.

Advertisements from "Lonely Hearts" columns in the major daily Portuguese newspaper (Jornal de Notícias) were used to test hypotheses about the mate preferences of men and women. A total of 484 advertisements were coded for demographic descriptors and offers of and appeals for attractiveness, financial security, sincerity, expressiveness, and instrumentality, e.g., intelligence and ambition. Some results supported social exchange and evolutionary predictions: men sought younger women and offered security; women sought older men with status and resources. However, other results challenged such predictions: attractiveness and expressiveness did not differ by sex.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Preliminary comparison of continuous versus noncontinuous programming and attitude toward and recall of advertisements.

Need for continuity of a television program was assessed with attitude toward and recall of advertisements. The program continuity was manipulated experimentally by presenting one music video program as Top 10 (continuous) or as Regular (discontinuous) format. General attitude toward commercials and the belief in advertisement-product realism were investigated through the commercials with continuous and discontinuous formats of the same program. Data were gathered from undergraduates (23 men and 68 women) whose mean age was 20.2 yr. (SD=2.5). Analyses indicated continuity was not related to their attitude towards embedded commercials but was associated with their recall. Implications were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of advertisement on women's attitudes toward mammography screening.

This project represents an effort to incorporate a feminist perspective into research on mammography screening. The purpose of this study was to assess women's attitudes toward four advertisements designed to encourage mammography screening. The goal was to create awareness about women's attitudes toward mammography advertisements in order to encourage the development of more effective and responsive motivational materials. The results indicated that each ad communicated different messages about the seriousness of breast cancer and the efficacy of mammography in detecting early breast cancer. Each ad also affected women differently regarding their feelings of control over breast cancer, their perceived loss of sex appeal resulting from a breast cancer diagnosis, and their general fear of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Israeli Christian, Druze, and Moslem adolescents' attitudes toward magazine alcohol advertisements.

This article summarizes the Christian, Druze, and Moslem part of an Israeli study which was carried out in 1988 in the framework of an international comparative project conducted simultaneously also in Australia and in the USA in order to compare the perception of a set of 64 magazine alcohol advertisements by youth from three nations and various cultural and religious groups within those nations. This study is a breakthrough in the Christian, Druze, and Moslem sectors, since it is the first project in the "alcohol domain" among high school students from those sectors. The article presents the results concerning Christian, Druze, and Moslem adolescents' attitudes toward magazine alcohol advertisements. The results have implications for prevention efforts among adolescents from those three religions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct-to-consumer advertising: physicians' views of its effects on quality of care and the doctor-patient relationship.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to determine physicians' views of the effects of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) on health service utilization, quality of care, and the doctor-patient relationship. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of US physicians to determine their perceptions of the effects of patients discussing information from DTCA on time efficiency; requests for specific interventions; health outcomes; and the doctor-patient relationship. RESULTS: Physicians reported that more than half (56%) of patients who discussed information from DTCA in a visit did so because they wanted a specific intervention, such as a test, change in medication, or specialist referral. The physician deemed 49% of these requests clinically inappropriate. Physicians filled 69% of requests they deemed clinically inappropriate; 39% of physicians perceived DTCA as damaging to the time efficiency of the visit, and 13% saw it as helpful. Thirty-three percent of physicians thought discussing DTCA had improved the doctor-patient relationship; 8% felt it had worsened it. The effect on the relationship was strongly associated with doing what the patient wanted. CONCLUSIONS: DTCA can have good and bad effects on quality of care, the doctor-patient relationship, and health service utilization. The benefits might be maximized, and the harms minimized, by increasing the accuracy of information in advertisements; enhancing physicians' communication and negotiation skills; and encouraging patients to respect physicians' clinical expertise.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct-to-consumer advertising: public perceptions of its effects on health behaviors, health care, and the doctor-patient relationship.

PURPOSE: To determine public perceptions of the effect of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription medications on health behaviors, health care utilization, the doctor-patient relationship, and the association between socioeconomic status and these effects. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of randomly selected, nationally representative sample of the US public using computer-assisted telephone interviewing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: numbers and proportions of respondents in the past 12 months who, as a result of DTCA, requested preventive care or scheduled a physician visit; were diagnosed with condition mentioned in advertisement; disclosed health concerns to a doctor; felt enhanced confidence or sense of control; perceived an effect on the doctor-patient relationship; requested a test, medication change, or specialist referral; or manifested serious dissatisfaction after a visit to a doctor. RESULTS: As a result of DTCA, 14% of respondents disclosed health concerns to a physician, 6% requested preventive care, 5% felt more in control during a physician visit; 5% made requests for a test, medication change, or specialist referral, and 3% received the requested intervention. One percent of patients reported negative outcomes, including worsened treatment, serious dissatisfaction with the visit, or that the physician acted challenged. Effects of DTCA were greater for respondents with low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: DTCA has positive and negative effects on health behaviors, health service utilization, and the doctor-patient relationship that are greatest on people of low socioeconomic status. The benefits of DTCA in terms of encouraging hard-to-reach sections of the population to seek preventive care must be balanced against increased health care costs caused by clinically inappropriate requests generated by DTCA.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

[Patent medicines and its advertising in Serbia during the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th century].

The emergence of patent medicines and so called "domestic medicines" could be traced trough different advertisements that appeared in Serbia during the second half of the 19th century. Most of those drugs were imported from abroad without any official control. The new patent medicines explosions, which began with the rising of domestic chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories for industrial compounding and selling medicines, rushed an urgent need to introduce some statutory provisions regulating the matter. Due to enormous advertising in the papers the patent medicines were very popular and widely spread.

Advertising↗
PubMed1986

Educational antibiotic advertising.

Antibiotic audits that were conducted within our hospital between 1978 and 1982 showed persisting patterns of inappropriate antibiotic use. A commercial advertising agency was commissioned to plan a campaign to change entrenched prescribing habits. Amoxycillin was chosen as the test drug because previous audits consistently had shown that its intravenous administration was prescribed more frequently than was that of benzylpenicillin in the treatment of primary pneumonia. In addition, amoxycillin given by mouth was prescribed six-hourly rather than eight-hourly in one-third of the patients who were surveyed. A three-month remedial campaign used direct mail (pads and pens), display stands and posters, all of which focused on the booklet Antibiotic guidelines. Educational material was placed wherever staff members congregated. At the end of the campaign, intravenously administered amoxycillin was used in only 8% of 50 patients with primary pneumonia and amoxycillin given by mouth was prescribed six-hourly in only 10% of 99 patients. These changed habits were sustained six months after the campaign but showed some fall-off 18 months after the campaign. The campaign costs of $10,000 were recouped within 12 months by savings on drug costs. It is concluded that educational advertising is an effective means of changing prescribing behaviour in a hospital.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consumers' attitudes and behavior toward prescription drug advertising.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how consumers' characteristics interact with direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) to influence 2 behaviors: information seeking and asking for prescription. METHOD: A secondary data analysis was conducted using a subset of 1,102 consumers who responded to a 1998 national survey conducted by Prevention magazine. RESULTS: Being afflicted with chronic conditions and having positive attitudes toward DTCA were associated with the consumers' willingness to talk with doctors about the advertised drugs. Consumers who asked for prescriptions tended to agree that DTCA made prescription drugs appear harmless and helped them make their own decision. CONCLUSION: DTCA appears to have an influence on consumers' behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Using mass transit public service advertising to market family planning.

To increase public awareness of family planning services in New Jersey, the Family Planning Program of the State Department of Health conducted an intermediary marketing campaign using free public service advertising on mass transit. In 1986, the year of the campaign, 237 calls were made to the advertised hotline, resulting in a like number of referrals to family planning service providers. Also, 2664 new patients examined in the state's family planning agencies in 1986 cited exposure to the media campaign as the reason for their visits. The results of the campaign and their implications for other public service agencies are discussed.

Advertising↗