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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Effects of adrenalectomy and subsequent corticosterone replacement on rat sleep state and EEG power spectra.

Individual effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids on sleep have been difficult to discern due to the feedback effects each hormone exerts on the other. In addition, it is not known whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones alter sleep homeostasis or circadian influences on sleep propensity. We therefore analyzed sleep architecture and electroencephalographic (EEG) power in freely moving rats before and after removal of corticosterone (thus elevating endogenous CRH) by surgical adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy reduced the amplitude of the diurnal rhythms of maximal and average sleep bout lengths (P < 0.004). After adrenalectomy, power from 1 to 4 Hz decreased (P < 0.042), whereas power from 9 to 12 Hz increased in the power spectra of the EEG recording (P = 0.001). Administration of physiological corticosterone replacement reversed some of these effects. Supraphysiological corticosterone replacement in adrenalectomized rats reduced the amount of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep in the 24-h cycle (P = 0.001). During each endocrine condition, rats were sleep deprived for 6 h. Endocrine status did not alter the subsequent homeostatic response to sleep deprivation. Thus ADX and supraphysiological corticosteroid replacement each altered sleep architecture without a demonstrable effect on sleep homeostasis.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2003

Effect of adrenalectomy on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been distinguished based on morphological appearance, i.e., parvocellular and magnocellular neurons. The parvocellular neurons play a key role in regulating the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is activated, e.g., after stress exposure. These neurons receive humoral negative feedback via the adrenal hormone corticosterone but also neuronal inhibitory input, either directly or transsynaptically relayed via GABAergic interneurons. In the present study we examined to what extent the neuronal GABAergic input is influenced by the humoral signal. To this end, miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded in parvo- and magnocellular neurons of adrenalectomized rats, which lack corticosterone, and in sham-operated controls. Under visual control neurons in coronal slices containing the paraventricular nucleus were designated as putative parvocellular or magnocellular neurons: the former were located in the medial part of the nucleus and displayed a small fusiform soma; the latter were mostly located in the lateral part and were recognized by their large round soma. Compared with putative magnocellular neurons, parvocellular neurons generally exhibited a lower membrane capacitance, lower mIPSC frequency, and smaller mIPSC amplitude. Following adrenalectomy, the mIPSC frequency was significantly enhanced in parvo- but not magnocellular neurons. Other properties of the cells were not affected. In a second series of experiments we examined whether the increase in mIPSC frequency was due to the absence of corticosterone or caused by other effects related to adrenalectomy. The data support the former explanation since implantation of a corticosterone releasing pellet after adrenalectomy fully prevented the change in mIPSC frequency. We conclude that, in the absence of humoral negative feedback, local GABAergic input of parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus is enhanced. This may provide a compensatory mechanism necessary for maintaining controllable network activity.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1998

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Comparison of the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approach.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of transperitoneal (TP) and retroperitoneal (RP) laparoscopic adrenalectomy was compared. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients (male: 13; female: 16) with benign adrenal tumor were evaluated in this study. Seventeen were treated with the TP, and 12 with the RP approach. RESULTS: Convalescence for the TP group took longer than that for the RP group and postoperative pain was stronger for the TP than the RP group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, the amount of blood loss was larger for the TP than the RP group. When the cases were divided according to site of disease, the operating time for the right side was 351 min for the TP group and 347 min for the RP group, while that for the left side was 528 min for the TP group and 267 min for the RP group. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, we recently prefer the RP approach for left adrenalectomy, but consider either approach suitable for the right side. The reason for this preference is that shortening the operating time is most important, also in the case of laparoscopic adrenalectomy because of the resulting reduced blood loss and the patients' early convalescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Influence of carbon dioxide on respiratory function during posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in prone position.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influences of CO(2) insufflation on changes in blood gas analysis and end tidal CO(2) tension (PetCO(2)) during posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in the prone position. METHODS: Arterial blood gas analysis and measurements of PetCO(2) were carried out during CO(2) insufflation in 16 patients who underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in the prone position (PRA group). The results were compared to 10 patients who underwent open posterior adrenalectomy (OPA group). Ventilation was artificially controlled during the study period in all cases. RESULTS: Arterial pH, PaCO(2), PetCO(2) and PaO(2) were not significantly different between the PRA and OPA groups. However, the PaCO(2)-PetCO(2) gradient in the PRA group was significantly higher than that in the OPA group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Transperitoneal absorption of CO(2) occurs in patients undergoing retroperitoneoscopy in the prone position. The alveolo-arterial CO(2) gradient may be the only parameter which indicates the absorption of CO(2) during PRA.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The responses of rat liver glucocorticoid receptors and genes for tyrosine aminotransferase, alpha-2-macroglobulin and gamma-fibrinogen to adrenalectomy-, dexamethasone- and inflammation-induced changes in the levels of glucocorticoids and proinflammatory cytokines.

The responses of liver glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and genes coding for a glucocorticoid-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and two acute-phase proteins (APP) [alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) and gamma-fibrinogen (Fb)] to changes in glucocorticoid (GC) and proinflammatory (AP) cytokine contents have been examined in rats after single or combined treatments with turpentine oil, dexamethasone (Dex) and adrenalectomy. Activation of two APP genes in turpentine-induced inflammation was accompanied by an increase in the level of GR mRNA and a preferential translocation of GR-GC complexes to the nucleoplasm, while the expression of TAT remained unaltered. Dex alone caused a decrease in the levels of GR and Fb mRNAs, activation of TAT and alpha2-M genes, a decrease in the affinity of hormone binding sites and redistribution of translocated GR-Dex complexes within the nuclei. Inflammation potentiated the effect which Dex alone exerted on the GR content and the number of GR binding sites but counteracted its influence on the affinity of GR binding sites and nuclear distribution of GR-Dex complexes. Adrenalectomy promoted a fall in TAT mRNA, no changes in the GR and Fb mRNA, a decrease in the affinity of GR hormone binding sites and redistribution of GR-hormone complexes within the nuclei. The AP cytokines released in response to inflammation exerted a counteracting effect on the adrenalectomy-induced changes in the affinity of hormone binding sites and nuclear distribution of GR-hormone complexes. They potentiated a fall of TAT mRNA but promoted full expression of the Fb gene. These results argue strongly for the influence of AP cytokines on the functional state of the GR and GC signaling pathways.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2002

Cortical-sparing laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA.

We describe the case of a patient affected by multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA with a new diagnosis of an asymptomatic right pheochromocytoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy with adrenal sparing. The removal of the tumor was successful with preservation of about one third of the adrenal gland. At the time of the last follow-up, the patient is well with partial hypoadrenalism without replacement therapy. The limitations to cortical-sparing adrenalectomy imposed by traditional open surgery (small tumor with peripheral location) can be reconsidered using the laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic cortical-sparing adrenalectomy should become the gold standard for treatment of bilateral pheochromocytoma. The advantages of this technique are its efficacy and its reduced invasiveness with a low rate of complications either during the operation or in the postoperative period. Moreover, the preservation of a portion of the adrenal cortex may prevent the need for a life-long steroid replacement therapy.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2003

c-FOS expression in the forebrain after mating in the female rat is altered by adrenalectomy.

In rats of both sexes, mating stimulates neuronal activity in forebrain areas that are also activated by stress. Hypothalamic cells in the arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei synthesize hormones or peptides whose levels are altered by adrenalectomy. In this experiment, we examined whether the mating-induced expression of c-FOS in the forebrain is altered by adrenalectomy (Adx) in female rats. Ovariectomized females were adrenalectomized (Adx) or sham-operated (Sham), hormone-primed and mated 2 weeks after surgery. They received 15 intromissions (15I), 5 intromissions (5I) or 15 mounts without intromission (MO) from a male or were taken directly from their home cage (HC). Two hours after mating, rats were perfused with paraformaldehyde and their brains were collected and stained immunocytochemically for FOS protein. FOS-immunoreactive (FOS-IR) cells in the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD), bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), medial preoptic area (mPOA), ARC and PVN were counted bilaterally. In Sham animals, intromissions produced significant increases in FOS above HC levels. In Adx animals, mating increased FOS activity in all areas. However, responses to 5I and 15I differed between Sham and Adx groups. In all areas, Shams showed either the highest FOS response following 15I or levels which were equivalent after 5I and 15I. In Adx animals, the greatest number of FOS-positive cells occurred after 5I, with the 15I group showing significant suppression of FOS below 5I levels in the VMH, mPOA, ARC and PVN. These results demonstrate that the adrenal modulates FOS responses to mating in the female rat and suggest that adrenal secretory products normally may decrease sensitivity to low levels of mating stimulation. These effects may be due to increased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or beta-endorphin in the hypothalamus after adrenalectomy.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2003

Adrenalectomy: defining its role in the surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: With the recent widespread use of modern imaging techniques, the frequency of small low-stage renal cell carcinomas (RCC) has grown considerably, giving rise to more conservative surgical approaches. We evaluated the characteristics of adrenal involvement and the accuracy of computerized tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of RCC, defining the real need for adrenalectomy during surgical treatment. METHODS: The medical records of 201 patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and ipsilateral adrenalectomy for localized or advanced RCC, from 1996 to 2002, were analyzed, retrospectively. We considered 76 with stage T1-2 disease and 125 with T3-4N0-1M0-1 disease. In all cases a blinded review of the preoperative abdominal CT was performed. Histopathology records of the surgical specimens were examined to determine the accuracy of the CT in identifying adrenal involvement by RCC. RESULTS: The overall incidence of adrenal metastasis was 4.4%. The mean renal tumor size in patients with adrenal involvement was 7.8 cm. The tumor stage correlated with a probability of adrenal spread (p < 0.05), with T1-2 tumors accounting for 1.3% of cases only. The adrenal gland was diagnosed as abnormal on preoperative CT in 21 patients (10.4%). CT scan demonstrated 88.8% sensitivity, 92.1% specificity, 99.4% negative predictive value and 34.7% positive predictive value for adrenal involvement by RCC. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal involvement is not likely in patients with localized early stage RCC and adrenalectomy can be omitted in such cases, particularly when CT is negative. However, in selected patients with large high-risk tumors, radical nephrectomy, including removal of the ipsilateral adrenal gland, should be performed.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1976

Responses of plasma "estradiol" and plasma LH to ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus adrenalectomy, and estrogen injection at various ages.

Plasma LH and "estradiol" were measured by radioimmunoassay in female rats 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 80 days of age, and the changes in these hormone levels 24 h after ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus adrenalectomy, and estrogen injection were determined. Plasma "estradiol" was high at 5 days of age; it increased further to a peak at 15 days of age, and declined thereafter to the low levels seen in adult rats. At each age, plasma "estradiol" declined about 50% 24 h after ovariectomy, whereas it fell to undetectable levels 24 h after ovariectomy plus adrenalectomy at 20 and 80 days of age. Plasma LH did not increase 24 h following ovariectomy at 5 days of age, but it did at all ages thereafter. The peak increase occurred 24 h after ovariectomy at 15 days of age, and the increment was progressively smaller at older ages. Ovariectomy plus adrenalectomy did not cause a significantly greater increase in plasma LH than ovariectomy alone. Injection of estradiol caused a decrease in plasms LH at all ages except in the animals ovariectomized at 5 days of age. The greatest decrease was seen in animals ovariectomized at 15 days of age, with a progressively smaller negative feedback response as age increased. In addition to providing systematic data on changes in the negative feedback effect of estradiol at various ages, the results indicate that, especially in immature animals, there is a circulating substance which cross-reacts with antibodies to estradiol but which does not appear to be a biologically-active estrogen. It does not come from the ovaries and disappears from the circulation if the adrenals as well as the ovaries are removed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1980

Effects of adrenalectomy on the incorporation of 3H-cytidine in neurophysin and vasopressin-containing neurons of the rat hypothalamus.

Using radioautography and immunocytochemistry, we investigated differences in 3H-cytidine incorporation into RNA in vasopressin or neurophysin-positive neurons in the rat hypothalamus following adrenalectomy. Control animals and those that had been bilaterally adrenalectomized for 2 weeks received 0.3 mCi 3H-cytidine subcutaneously and were decapitated 1 h following injection. Brains were prepared for combined radioautography and immunocytochemistry. Incorporation was estimated by counting silver grains over immunoreactive neurons. The neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) showed a consistent and significant increase in the amount of incorporation of label 2 weeks after bilateral adrenalectomy. There was no change in incorporation in neurons of either the supraoptic or suprachiasmatic nuclei. These findings suggest that the vasopressin PVN neurons, some of which project to the zona externa of the median eminence, are activated under conditions of adrenalectomy.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1980

Adrenal regeneration. Time course, effect of hypothalamic hemi-islands and response to unilateral adrenalectomy.

Regeneration of rat adrenals was studied after bilateral enucleation to determine whether there is a neural component mediating this process as there is in compensatory adrenal growth after unilateral adrenalectomy. Regeneration was approximately 50% complete (based on criteria of wet weight and DNA content) by 10 days after enucleation; at this time circulating ACTH levels were twice as high in enucleates as in sham-operated controls, but corticosterone levels were normal. Regeneration was apparently complete at sometime between 3 and 6 weeks and circulating ACTH and corticosterone levels were normal at these times compared to controls. Unilateral adrenal enucleation resulted in compensatory growth of the opposite gland, not regeneration of the enucleated gland. Unilateral hypothalamic hemi-islands made with a Halász knife resulted in bilateral augmentation of adrenal regeneration at 10 days and 6 weeks. From these results we conclude that adrenal regeneration after bilateral enucleation occurs by different afferent and efferent mechanisms than compensatory adrenal growth after unilateral adrenalectomy. Additional studies were performed in rats 3 and 6 weeks after adrenal enucleation to test whether the adrenal medulla participates either in compensatory adrenal growth or in the augmented ACTH response to ether vapors observed in unilaterally adrenalectomized rats. Normal compensatory adrenal growth occurred 3 days after unilateral adrenalectomy in rats bilaterally enucleated 6 weeks earlier. Prior enucleation did not inhibit the increased ACTH response of unilaterally adrenalectomized rats to ether. Therefore, the adrenal medulla does not mediate compensatory adrenal growth or the augmented ACTH response of unilaterally adrenalectomized rats to ACTH-releasing stimuli.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1981

Adrenal steroid inhibition of the vasopressin-neurophysin neurosecretory system to the median eminence of the rat. Differential effects of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone administration after adrenalectomy.

Neurophysin and vasopressin-containing terminals in the zona externa of the median eminence (ZE) show a large increase in immunoreactive peptide following adrenalectomy which can be prevented by dexamethazone replacement therapy. The present study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a glucocorticoid (corticosterone; CS) and a mineralocorticoid (deoxycorticosterone: DOC) in exerting negative feedback on this system. Animals were adrenalectomized and implanted with various sized pellets of either steroid or cholesterol. The amount of neurophysin-immunoreactivity in the ZE 2 weeks after adrenalectomy was estimated on a zero to four rank scale independently by three observers. The data were analyzed by the X2 statistic. Low doses of CS (50 mg) reduced the amount of staining in comparison to cholesterol-replaced animals by approximately 50%. The ZE of animals receiving higher doses (100--200 mg) were identical to those of intact animals. DOC, however, at the 50 or 100 mg level produced only a slight inhibition of the response to adrenalectomy. Larger pellets (150--200 mg) did not result in a level of ZE staining as low as for intact animals. These findings suggest that the vasopressin neurosecretory system to the ZE is regulated by glucocorticoids.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1990

Effect of adrenalectomy and demedullation on the stress-induced impairment of long-term potentiation.

In these three experiments, we investigated the effect of adrenalectomy and adrenal demedullation on the stress-induced impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampal slice. In the first, adrenalectomy alone resulted in a significant reduction in LTP, while exposure to stress resulted in a further reduction. In the second, replacing corticosterone in adrenalectomized rats did not restore LTP. In the last experiment, demedullation resulted in a reduction in LTP similar to that induced by adrenalectomy, while exposure to stress did not result in a further reduction. In combination, these studies provide evidence that the adrenal medullary system modulates hippocampal plasticity and the stress-induced impairment of LTP.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1990

Proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA levels are increased in the anterior pituitary of the sheep fetus after adrenalectomy in late gestation.

We have investigated the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy at 116-119 days' gestation on the levels of the messenger (m) RNA for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the anterior pituitary of the fetal sheep and in the ovine placentome during late gestation (134-136 days' gestation). After fetal adrenalectomy there was a significant (p less than 0.001) and sustained increase in circulating ACTH concentrations in the adrenalectomised group (1,838 +/- 155 ng/l at 130-136 days) when compared with the intact control group (131 +/- 25 ng/l at 130-136 days). The mean levels of POMCmRNA relative to 18S RNA were also significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the adrenalectomised fetal sheep pituitaries (2.8 +/- 0.12; n = 4) than in the intact/control fetal sheep pituitaries (1.31 +/- 0.13; n = 4). In contrast to the findings in the anterior pituitary, POMCmRNA was not detected in RNA extracted from the placentomes of either the adrenalectomised or intact fetal sheep. There was also a significant arteriovenous difference in ACTH concentrations in the umbilical circulation in both adrenalectomised and intact fetal sheep at 134-136 days' gestation. This study demonstrates therefore that the fetal adrenals act to suppress POMCmRNA levels in late gestation and also that the increase in circulating ACTH after adrenalectomy originates from the pituitary and not the placentome.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1992

Differential time course activation of the brain stem catecholaminergic groups following chronic adrenalectomy.

The activity of the brain stem catecholaminergic (CA) cell groups of the ventrolateral (A1C1) and dorsomedial (A2C2) medulla that are known to contain primarily nonadrenergic neurones (A1 and A2) and a smaller proportion of adrenergic cells (C1 and C2) as well as the noradrenergic group locus ceruleus (LC) in the dorsal pons was determined at various times up to 16 days following surgical adrenalectomy. The activity of the CA cell groups was estimated by the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation in vivo that was assessed by measuring the 3.4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulated 20 min following administration of DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor NSD 1015. In the medullary nuclei noradrenaline content was found around 40- up to 70-fold the adrenaline content. This result was taken as evidence that the noradrenergic cells are likely to provide the main contribution to the tyrosine hydroxylation rate that we measured. Endogenous DOPA content represented between 2 and 10% of the noradrenaline content. NSD 1015 induced an accumulation of DOPA that was linear for at least 20 min and reached at this time more than 10-fold the endogenous level. While no modification of the in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation rate was observed in the LC, a significant increase was found in both medullary groups following adrenalectomy. In the A1C1 group it was detected 8 days after surgery and was then maintained with a maximum that represented up to a 60% increase over the basal value. In the A2C2 group the activation was slightly delayed and less marked. Increase in ACTH level occurred much earlier: it was about 70% of the maximal level already 4 days following adrenalectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1991

Sexually dependent changes in rat somatotropic cells following bilateral adrenalectomy.

In order to elucidate the existence of gender-related variations in both growth hormone (GH) release and the activity of somatotropic cells following bilateral adrenalectomy, a morphometric analysis was performed on GH-immunoreactive cells from adult male and female rats after bilateral adrenalectomy, correlating the findings with the serum levels of the hormone. The results obtained were compared to those found in untreated animals. Bilateral adrenalectomy was seen to induce a decrease in serum GH levels (p less than 0.01) in male rats; this was accompanied by a significant decrease in cellular area (p less than 0.01), cytoplasmic area (p less than 0.05) and nuclear area (p less than 0.01) and by a decrease in the cytoplasmic immunoreaction intensity of GH cells. By contrast, the above-mentioned changes did not appear in the female rats. These results suggest that the action of glucocorticoids on the synthesis and release of GH depends on the sex of the animal.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1985

Adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism: a long-term follow-up study.

The effect of unilateral adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism was analyzed in 38 patients with unilateral adenoma, 12 cases with idiopathic bilateral hyperplasia and 1 patient suffering from an aldosterone-producing carcinoma. Responses to surgery differed markedly. In all 38 adenoma cases plasma aldosterone dropped to normal levels and remained within normal range during a mean follow-up period of 75 +/- 12 months. 23 (61%) of these patients became normotensive without medication and thus could be classified as definitely cured. 34% (13 patients) improved (normotensive under medical treatment) and only 2 cases (5%) remained hypertensive despite sufficient medical treatment. In the hyperplasia group, however, the effect of adrenalectomy was disappointing. None of these subjects showed a long-lasting normalization of aldosterone secretion. A temporary remission for no more than 3-4 months was achieved in only 3 patients. In a fourth case with macronodular hyperplasia, primary aldosteronism relapsed after a 6-year period of normal blood pressure and aldosterone values. Therefore, 6 years after adrenalectomy no hyperplasia patient was definitely cured in contrast to 61% of the adenoma cases. The problems in the management of hypertension in adrenal hyperplasia are furthermore documented by a poorer blood pressure control despite antihypertensive medication and a high rate of vascular complications. During the follow-up, 3 of 12 hyperplasia patients experienced a cerebrovascular event and 1 a myocardial infarction.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1991

Immunoreactive delta sleep-inducing peptide in the rat hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland: effects of adrenalectomy.

Immunoreactive (IR) delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) was examined by immunocytochemistry in the rat pituitary and adrenal gland and found to be colocalized with IR thyroid-stimulating hormone in the pituitary and with noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla. IR-DSIP was also detectable in nerve fibers in the posterior pituitary. By radioimmunoassay, IR-DSIP was quantified in plasma and tissue extracts after uni- or bilateral adrenalectomy. Significantly elevated plasma levels of IR-DSIP were measured 5 days after bilateral adrenalectomy (p less than 0.001). IR-DSIP was increased (p less than 0.05) in pituitary extracts from bilaterally adrenalectomized rats after 5 days, but not after 14 or 28 days. Sham- and unoperated animals did not significantly differ in plasma or tissue concentration of IR-DSIP. High-performance liquid chromatography of C18 SEP-PAK purified hypothalamus extracts revealed a single peak of IR-DSIP material of lower hydrophobicity than synthetic DSIP. The elevated concentration of IR-DSIP in the rat pituitary and plasma after bilateral adrenalectomy is consistent with the previously suggested role of DSIP to influence the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Adrenal Glands↗