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PubMed2000

Bioserogroups of Campylobacter species isolated from sheep in Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Sheep Campylobacter isolates from Kaduna State were characterized into their species and bioserogrouped. A total of 1100 samples were collected from Kaduna abattoir and National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika. The samples were from 250 gallbladder, 250 intestinal contents, 100 fetal stomach contents all from Kaduna abattoir while 250 rectal swabs and 250 vaginal swabs were from the NAPRI Small Ruminant Programme. Of a total of 1100 samples, 39 (3.54%) yielded Campylobacter organisms. The highest isolation rate (6.8%) was from samples of intestinal contents followed by those from gall bladders (4.0%). Samples from the vaginal and fetuses had the lowest isolation rates (2.80%) and (0%), respectively. Of the 39 Campylobacter isolates from all the sources, (79%) were characterized as C. fetus subsp jejuni, C. coli (13%) and C. laridis (8.0%). while C. coli and C. laridis were isolated from gall bladder and intestinal contents only. Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni biotype 1 accounted for 40.3% of the total isolates. C. laridis biotypes I and II were also isolated and accounted for 5% and 3% of the isolates, respectively. 5% of the isolates were not typeable. The serogroups 4 (13%), 36 (10%), 9 (10%), 84 (8%), 29 (5%) and 20 (8%) were the commonest serogroups identified in sheep at two locations surveyed. The isolation of Campylobacter organisms from rectum, vagina, gallbladder, and intestinal contents is a clear indication that sheep serves as a reservoir of this organisms in Nigeria. Similarities between documented human Campylobacter isolates in Nigeria and those in the present study raised the possibility of cross-transmission between sheep and man. It is concluded that biotyping and serotyping can be used for epidemiological study of campylobacteriosis due to Campylobacter jejuni in sheep in Kaduna State of Nigeria.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Polymerase chain reaction for laboratory diagnosis of orf virus infections.

BACKGROUND: The orf virus of sheep and goats is one of several zoonotic parapoxviruses. In the ovine/caprine host it causes contagious ecthyma (contagious pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth), but in humans it normally causes solitary or clustered orf lesions, typically on hands, arms or face. In addition to disease in the animals, the virus can be quite a nuisance as an occupational hazard in farmers and butchers. Clinical diagnosis is often possible, but laboratory diagnosis is sometimes necessary. For virus isolation, primary ovine or bovine cells, not routinely present, are needed. Serological methods exist, but electron microscopy is the most commonly used method. OBJECTIVES: To develop a reliable method for the laboratory diagnosis of orf zoonoses, without virus culture and without access to an electron microscope. STUDY DESIGN: A suitable primer pair was designed for orf polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the Oligo software and sequence information from GenBank. Orf positive controls and specimens were kindly provided by several public health centers. Molluscum contagiosum specimens were provided by a dermatologist. HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV positive swab specimens came from our routine diagnostic service. Asymptomatic skin specimens were obtained from sheep heads from the abattoir, and swab specimens from the heads of asymptomatic sheep. Selected amplified orf PCR positive specimens were sequenced to ensure the authenticity of the PCR products. Orf positive specimens were sent to another laboratory for electron microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A robust PCR was developed, with very small inter-run variation. All specificity demands were met, and the sensitivity seems to be good or excellent. All negative specificity controls from cell cultures and non-orf viruses were negative. Twenty-two (95.7%) of 23 scab or swab specimens with suspected orf etiology were orf PCR positive. Five of eight skin specimens from sheep heads from the abattoir were positive, and all 11 swab specimens from asymptomatic sheep were negative. Electron microscopy demonstrated orf-like particles in orf-PCR positive specimens. This PCR seems to be suitable as a diagnostic test for orf in humans, but asymptomatic virus shedding in sheep or goats may complicate veterinary applications of the assay.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Libya.

In an abattoir study, 514 camels, slaughtered for meat production in different areas of northern Libya were examined for the presence of cystic echinococcosis (CE). In addition, 367 sheep and 184 goats were examined. The overall prevalence of infection with CE was 48% in camels, 15.8% in sheep and 3.8% in goats. The infection rate, number and size of cysts were significantly higher in older camels. In six city abattoirs across northern Libya, i.e. Zawia, Tripoli, El-Khumes, Mesurata, Sirt and Benghazi, the prevalence rate of infection in camels ranged from 38.7% to 55.2%, in comparison with sheep and goat rates which were between 0% and 37.9% and 0% and 8.2%, respectively. In camels, the lungs were the most frequently infected organs (85.4%) with liver cysts occurring at a significantly lower rate (33%). In contrast, the liver was the predominant infected site with prevalence values of 86% and 100% in sheep and goats, respectively. More than 90% of camel hydatid cysts were fertile. The possible role of camels in the transmission of CE in Libya is discussed.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

The processing and characterization of animal-derived bone to yield materials with biomedical applications: part 1: modifiable porous implants from bovine condyle cancellous bone and characterization of bone materials as a function of processing.

A study on the development of a process to form materials suitable for biomedical xenograft implants from bovine cancellous bone is presented. Bone cubes cut from the condyle portion of bovine femurs sourced from abattoir waste were subjected to a defatting and subsequent deproteination procedure to produce shape-modifiable materials in which the biocompatible mineral calcium hydroxycarbonate apatite component was preserved in the original osseous architecture of the bovine bone. Optimum defatting was achieved by (1) thawing of the precut bone cubes in water, (2) pressure cooking at 15 psi in water, (3) soaking in 0.1 mol l(-1) NaOH followed by a thorough rinse under running water, (4) microwave heating of the bone cubes in water, (5) refluxing in methyl acetate and finally (6) removal of internal liquid from the cubes by shaking and then air drying. Subsequent deproteination of the defatted bone cubes was optimally achieved by (1) soaking in 5% sodium hypochlorite solution at ambient temperature using ultrasonication, (2) thorough rinsing of the cubes in water followed by drying. The final product is a defatted/deproteinated, bleached material that can be molded into various shapes for implant use in the body. The bone specimens were characterized by a suite of analytical techniques (i.e. infrared, 31P and 13C solid magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, atomic absorption (AA) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) in order to follow compositional changes during the various stages of processing. In general, bovine condyles proved to be the best source of xenograft materials with condyles from other animal species (i.e. deer, sheep and ostrich) being too small to constitute a utilizable source of cancellous bone. This study shows how value can be added to a hitherto underutilized abattoir by-product by using simple processing techniques.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Epithelial lymphocyte and macrophage distribution in the adult and fetal equine lung.

Leucocytes in the lung epithelium play an important role in the ability of an animal to respond appropriately to inhaled pathogens. The distribution of lymphoid and myeloid cells associated with the lung epithelium was examined immunohistochemically throughout the respiratory tract of four horses, comprising two adults from an abattoir, one pregnant mare, and her fetus (in the final stage of gestation). Cross and tangential cryosections were labelled with monoclonal antibodies against T-cell, B-cell, macrophage/dendritic myeloid cell, and major histocompatibility Class (MHC) II surface antigens. Cell numbers were determined by microscopy. In the three adult horses, epithelial CD3+ T-cell numbers decreased progressively from the upper to the lower respiratory tract, but in the fetus there were low numbers of T cells (at most, 10% of those seen in the adult airways) and little variation in different parts of the respiratory tract. MHC Class II was expressed on the airway epithelium of the two abattoir horses, but not that of the mare and her fetus. In these two animals occasional large, mostly irregularly-shaped, Class II-positive cells were seen. Very few epithelium-associated cells in any animal were labelled by anti-CD21 antibody, which identifies B cells, or anti-myeloid cell antibodies; an anti-rat macrophage antibody (ED2) was shown, for the first time, to identify mature equine alveolar macrophages. Despite the small number of animals, the results suggest that in normal adult horses the greatest numbers of epithelial T cells are found where there is greatest contact with airborne antigens, and that there is constitutive epithelial MHC Class II expression. The low level of MHC Class II expression in the fetus, together with the reduced numbers of T cells, was consistent with the suggestion that the fetal immune system requires exposure to airborne stimuli for full development. The low level of MHC Class II expression in the mare may have reflected the immunosuppression that accompanies pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Echinococcosis in the stray dogs of Tehran, Iran.

Echinococcus granulosus infections were detected in 29 (48%) of 60 stray dogs from Tehran. The adult worms, in a random sample, measured 3.0-7.7 mm in length. The mean, estimated age of the dogs investigated was 5 years, with no significant differences in the prevalences observed in the young, mature and old animals. Bad abattoirs and the frequent slaughter of animals in places other than abattoirs appear to be the main reasons for the high prevalence of canine echinococcosis in Tehran and elsewhere in Iran.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Future options for brucellosis surveillance in New Zealand beef herds.

It is probable that bovine brucellosis will be eradicated from New Zealand by 1990. However, continued surveillance for the disease will have to be maintained for a number of years. This paper examines alternative methods of surveillance in beef herds with a view to ensuring that the most cost effective method is used. The three surveillance methods examined are the present automated complement fixation test, abattoir surveillance, and a system based on a delayed hypersensitivity skin test using a purified Brucella protein antigen. It is concluded that despite the relatively low sensitivity of the skin test the probability of its identifying herds as infected is likely to be greater in practice than abattoir surveillance. The skin test is cheaper than the present complement fixation test.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Characterisation of waste solutions to determine optimised P recovery.

A number of waste solutions from processes operating in Western Australia (anaerobic digester supernatants, facultative lagoon treated piggery and abattoir waste effluents) were characterised chemically and by automated titration to determine acid-base characteristics. Titrations were over the pH range 2-12 or less. All waste solutions were excess molar ratios of NH3-N to PO4-P (5:1 up to 20:1). The amounts of acid or base reagent required for each waste solution type were in the sequence anaerobic digestor supernatant>>piggery effluent>abattoir effluent. The most efficient removal of N and P of the field samples considered is from piggery effluent. The results indicate conditions for optmising the removal of N and P by precipitation (predominantly struvite) as well as the way forward in determining the full scope of N and P waste streams for which recycling by precipitation (either magnesium or calcium based salts) may be feasible.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed1988

Markers of cell-mediated immunity after vaccination with an inactivated, whole-cell Q fever vaccine.

A clinical trial of Q fever vaccine in four South Australian abattoirs showed apparently complete protection against natural infection; however, only 50%-60% of vaccinees developed complement-fixing or immunofluorescent antibody after vaccination. Cell-mediated immunity to Coxiella burnetii antigens, as measured by an index of lymphoproliferative responses (LSI) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was therefore assessed. Eighty-five percent of 13 subjects with "low risk" of exposure to Q fever and with an initially negative LSI converted to a positive LSI after vaccination; conversion was noted nine to 13 days after vaccination, and positive values were obtained for at least 96 d. Only 35% of this group seroconverted. In a "high-risk" group (abattoir workers), higher rates of positive LSI (greater than 95%) and of antibody (50%-70%) were observed after vaccination; greater than 95% of vaccinees in this group, who had been vaccinated five years previously, had positive LSI values.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

Different treatment regimens to reduce microbial contamination of purified porcine islets of Langerhans.

BACKGROUND: Different treatment regimens for minimizing microbial contamination of purified porcine islets were analyzed. METHODS: Purified islets, prepared from abattoir-excised pancreata (n=26), were cultured in Hams F-12 with or without antibiotics after islet isolation. Aliquots of pancreas transport media were all contaminated with microbes (100%). Of those islets cultured with no antibiotics, 70% were contaminated, compared with 42% of the islets cultured in penicillin and streptomycin (P/S) (P>0.05). A further 20 consecutive pancreata were then randomized to saline washing (N=10) before islet isolation. Islets were then cultured in either Hams F-12 with P/S (groups C and E) or Hams F-12 with gentamicin, penicillin, and amphotericin B (G/P/A) (groups D and F). RESULTS: None of those purified islets prepared from washed pancreata and then undergoing culture in Hams F-12 with G/P/A (group F) were contaminated. This compared with 30% contamination when islets were cultured in P/S (group E). Neither antibiotic regimen compromised stimulated insulin release (P=0.13). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion pancreas washing in saline and culture in G/P/A was shown to eradicate detectable microbial contamination of purified porcine islets isolated from abattoir-excised pancreata.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ovine lentiviral infection (maedi/visna) in Morocco: a serologic and postmortem survey.

In an attempt to estimate the importance of maedi/visna virus infection in Moroccan sheep and to assess the relationship, if any, between seroreactivity and pulmonary lesions, an abattoir-based serologic survey was undertaken over a period of 2 years. A total of 1000 blood samples and related lungs were collected from sheep of different breeds and ages slaughtered at three major municipal abattoirs in Morocco (Casablanca, Kénitra and Rabat). The agar gel immunodiffusion test showed that the seropositivity for all samples was 24.8%. At post-mortem examination, 107 out of the 248 (43.1%) sheep scored seropositive had gross lesions of maedi; typical microscopic lesions were observed in 125 (50.4%) seropositive sheep, including the 107 with gross lesions. Of the 752 seronegative animals, only 13 (1.7%) sheep had macroscopic maedi-like lesions. Seventeen (2.2%) of these seronegative cases, including those with gross lesions, had histologic pulmonary changes consistent with maedi. No other maedi/visna-associated lesions were found during this study; however, coexisting secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia was frequently encountered. The association between serologic and pathologic findings is reported and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Isolation and characterisation of Bacteroides nodosus from foot lesions of cattle in Western Australia.

Thirty one isolates of Bacteroides nodosus were obtained from foot lesions observed on cattle at 3 abattoirs. All isolates were similar to the B. nodosus of ovine benign footrot (BFR) in their response to the degrading proteinase test. At one abattoir, where the interdigital lesions were examined in detail, 9 of 10 isolates were obtained from hyperkeratotic lesions with deep fissures. Traceback to 8 of the farms of origin which carried both sheep and cattle, revealed BFR in sheep on 4 farms. The significance of B. nodosus in interdigital lesions in cattle, and its possible pathogenicity, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pregnancy in a cow with uterus didelphys.

Uterus didelphys is a congenital defect of monotocous species. This short contribution describes the condition in a cow that had a pregnancy in the right horn and a corpus luteum on the ipsilateral ovary. This finding demonstrates that pregnancy can occur in a cow with uterus didelphys, although the fate of the pregnancy was obviously not known. The case was identified during routine collection of reproductive tracts in a New Zealand abattoir. It is believed to be the first report of uterus didelphys in a bovine abattoir specimen.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Epidemiological typing of Campylobacter isolates from meat processing plants by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, fatty acid profile typing, serotyping, and biotyping.

Campylobacter spp. are a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Foods of animal origin, particularly under-cooked poultry, are common sources of Campylobacter species associated with disease in humans. A collection of 110 Campylobacter jejuni and 31 C. coli human and environmental isolates from different Ontario, Canada, abattoirs were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, fatty acid profile typing, and biotyping. Previously collected serotyping data for the same isolates were also analyzed in this study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was found to be the most discriminatory of the typing methods, followed by serotyping, fatty acid profile typing, and biotyping. A wide variety of typing profiles were observed within the isolates, suggesting that several different Campylobacter sp. strains were present within the abattoirs.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Combined use of two genetic fingerprinting methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping, for characterization of Escherichia coli O157 isolates from food animals, retail meats, and cases of human disease.

Two genetic fingerprinting techniques, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping, were used to characterize 207 Escherichia coli O157 isolates from food animals, foods of animal origin, and cases of human disease (206 of the isolates were from the United Kingdom). In addition, 164 of these isolates were also phage typed. The isolates were divided into two general groups: (i) unrelated isolates not known to be epidemiologically linked (n = 154) and originating from food animals, foods and the environment, or humans and (ii) epidemiologically related isolates (n = 53) comprised of four related groups (RGs) originating either from one farm plus the abattoir where cattle from that farm were slaughtered or from one of three different English abattoirs. PFGE was conducted with the restriction endonuclease XbaI, while for ribotyping, two restriction endonucleases (PstI and SphI) were combined to digest genomic DNAs simultaneously. The 207 E. coli O157 isolates produced 97 PFGE profiles and 51 ribotypes. The two genetic fingerprinting methods had similar powers to discriminate the 154 epidemiologically unrelated E. coli O157 isolates in the study (Simpson's index of diversity [D] = 0.98 and 0.94 for PFGE typing and ribotyping, respectively). There was no correlation between the source of an isolate (healthy meat or milk animals, retail meats, or cases of human infection) and either particular PFGE or ribotype profiles or clusters. Combination of the results of both genetic fingerprinting methods produced 146 types, significantly more than when either of the two methods was used individually. Consequently, the superior discriminatory performance of the PFGE-ribotyping combination was proven in two ways: (i) by demonstrating that the majority of the E. coli O157 isolates with unrelated histories were indeed distinguishable types and (ii) by identifying some clonal groups among two of the four RGs of E. coli O157 isolates (comprising PFGE types different by just one or two bands), the relatedness of which would have remained unconfirmed otherwise.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Control of hydatid disease in Wales.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the success of the south Powys hydatid control programme by analysis of trends in cystic disease in humans and sheep and dog infestation. DESIGN: A review of hospital admissions for human hydatid disease in 1984-90, abattoir prevalence surveys of hydatid cysts in adult sheep, arecoline acetarsol and coproantigen surveys of prevalence of Echinococcus infestation in dogs. SETTING: All hospitals in England and Wales, three abattoirs, and dog populations in mid ands south east Wales. SUBJECTS: Residents of England and Wales admitted to hospital between 1984 and 1990 with a new diagnosis of human hydatid disease (International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ninth revision, code 122) acquired in the United Kingdom. RESULTS: The average annual incidence of human hydatid disease in Powys, mid-Wales, fell from 3.9x10(-5) in 1974-83 to 2.3x10(-5) in 1984-90. Age specific incidence rates in Wales declined over this period only in children, and no cases occurred in children (<15 years) in Powys. Two Welsh children who lived in Gwent and mid-Glamorgan were infected. Prevalence of hydatid cysts in old sheep from south Wales declined during the control period, but in 1993 prevalence of cysts was 13%. Prevalence of E granulosus infestation was zero in the control area in 1993, but it was 2.4% in Powys dogs outside the control area in 1989 and 9.2% in dogs in Gwent in 1991. CONCLUSIONS: Human hydatid disease has been successfully controlled in south Powys but cystic echinococcosis is still endemic in sheep in mid-Wales, and there is a focus of infection in humans, sheep, and dogs in the bordering areas of Gwent and mid-Glamorgan. There is considerable potential for an upsurge in human cases if control measures are relaxed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Gastric ulcers in finishing pigs: their prevalence and failure to influence growth rate.

In an abattoir survey the stomachs of 1242 pigs from 15 farms were examined. Ulceration of the pars oesophagea was present in 22.95 per cent with a range from 4.7 to 57.4 per cent. The ulcers were graded mild in 9.5 per cent and severe in 13.4 per cent of the stomachs. Bile staining and hyperkeratinisation of the pars were significantly more common in stomachs with ulcers than in those without (P < 0.001), although the difference between the hyperkeratinisation in cases with severe ulcers and cases without ulcers was not significant. The daily liveweight gains of 208 males and 150 females from two units with a high prevalence of ulcers were calculated from their weaning weights at about five weeks of age and their slaughter weights at around 90 kg. At the abattoir their stomachs were examined for the presence of ulcers of the pars. The daily liveweight gain of the males was significantly greater than that of the females (P < 0.001), but the presence of mild or severe ulcers had no influence on the rate of gain of the pigs from either unit. The prevalence of ulcers in the males and females was 57.2 and 49.3 per cent, respectively, but the difference was not significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in cattle, sheep and people in the east of Turkey.

Serum samples collected randomly from 416 cattle in 48 herds, and 411 sheep in 47 flocks, in eight different locations in the east of Turkey between June and December 1998, were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to determine the prevalence of Q fever. The age, sex, breed, tick control and abortion history of the animals were also recorded. In addition, 102 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy people who were at risk of contracting the disease, such as farmers, veterinarians, abattoir and laboratory workers, and veterinary students. Seropositivity was observed in 5-8 per cent (24/416) of the cattle in 17 (35-4 per cent) of the herds and in 10-5 per cent (43/411) of the sheep in 21 (44-7 per cent) of the flocks. Eight of the 102 people were seropositive, with the highest prevalence (12-0 per cent) in farmers and abattoir workers. All the seropositive farmers had seropositive animals. None of the laboratory workers or veterinary students was seropositive.

Animals↗