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PubMed2004

Chinese children's effortful control and dispositional anger/frustration: relations to parenting styles and children's social functioning.

Relations among authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, children's effortful control and dispositional anger/frustration, and children's social functioning were examined for 425 first and second graders (7-10 years old) in Beijing, China. Parents reported on parenting styles; parents and teachers rated children's effortful control, anger/frustration, externalizing problems, and socially appropriate behaviors: and peers rated aggression and leadership/sociability. High effortful control and low dispositional anger/frustration uniquely predicted Chinese children's high social functioning, and the relation of anger/frustration to social functioning was moderated by effortful control. Authoritarian parenting was associated with children's low effortful control and high dispositional anger/frustration, which (especially effortful control) mediated the negative relation between authoritarian parenting and children's social functioning. Effortful control weakly mediated the positive relation of authoritative parenting to social functioning.

Anger↗
PubMed1996

The role of adolescent peer affiliations in the continuity between childhood behavioral adjustment and juvenile offending.

This research reports on a structural equation model analysis of the relationships between childhood behavioral adjustment, adolescent peer affiliations, and adolescent offending using data gathered during the course of a 16-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand children. The model developed contained parameters that estimated (a) the continuities between early behavior and later offending, (b) the associations between early behavior and adolescent peer affiliations, and (c) the potentially reciprocal relationship between adolescent peer affiliations and adolescent offending behaviors. This analysis suggested that, when due allowance was made for reporting error, there was evidence of relatively strong continuity (r = .50) between early behavior and later offending. The model estimates suggested that these continuities arose from both direct continuities in behavior over time and from the effects of adolescent peer affiliations in reinforcing and sustaining earlier behavioral tendencies. The implications of the analysis for the understanding of the role of adolescent peer affiliations in behavioral continuities and discontinuities are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The human cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Committee Web site: submission criteria, procedures, and objectives.

Interindividual variability in xenobiotic metabolism and drug response is extensive. Genetic factors are predicted to account for 15-30% of this variability in general, but for certain drugs the genetic factor is the major determinant for outcome of drug therapy. Of particular importance for drug metabolism, drug response, and adverse drug reactions are the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, many of which are polymorphic. An essential basis for research and applications regarding interindividual variability in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity by polymorphic CYPs is to have a common nomenclature for genetic variants and a system that allows researchers to be rapidly updated within the field. Since 1999 this has been achieved by the operation of the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Committee Web site (www.imm.ki.se/CYPalleles/), where novel allelic variants are published after peer review. Currently, this Web site covers the nomenclature for polymorphic alleles of 22 CYP isoforms including more than 200 functionally different variants. Each CYP has its own Web page, which lists the alleles with their nucleotide changes, their functional consequences, and links to publications where the allele has been identified and characterized. The CYP allele Web site offers a rapid on-line publication of new alleles, provides an overview of peer-reviewed data, and serves as a form of quality control on research on new alleles.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Teaching preschool age autistic children to make spontaneous initiations to peers using priming.

Children with autism rarely initiate social interactions with their peers. Currently available interventions have not increased autistic children' spontaneous initiations in natural settings without extensive teacher involvement. A "priming" strategy consisting of a low demand, high reinforcement session prior to the regular school activity was used to increase the spontaneous social initiations of 2 preschool age autistic boys to typically developing peers in a regular preschool classroom. Peers were also trained to independently respond to initiations. Implications for developing practical ways to improve autistic children's social functioning in regular school settings are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1990

Biomedical information, peer review, and conflict of interest as they influence public health.

The peer review process serves a vital role in the publication of biomedical information. When properly functioning, review should focus exclusively on questions of scientific validity and should avoid becoming enmeshed in questions such as "authorization" and "data ownership." We present a case in which the dissenting views of a coinvestigator were suppressed because the principal investigator and grantee institution informed a medical journal that the coinvestigator was not "authorized" to use the data generated by a publicly funded grant and because the editor of a scholarly journal refused to review the dissenting manuscript and to submit that dissent to external reviewers for peer review. The current peer review system, as shown by this case, is unable to embrace dissent within the peer review process and to use dissent to serve scientific truth and the public interest.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2000

Psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia: a review of the past 20 years.

Pharmacotherapy can improve some of the symptoms of schizophrenia but has limited effect on the social impairments that characterize the disorder and limit functioning and quality of life. Through computerized literature searches and bibliographies of published reports we identified peer reviewed studies of group, family, and individual therapy with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients. We identified 70 studies: 26 on group therapy, 18 on family therapy, and 11 on individual therapy. Additionally, treatment models were compared in 4 studies and combined in 11 others. Controls were included in 61 and all studies included medication. Benefits in symptoms as well as social and vocational functioning were associated with psychosocial treatments. Family therapy demonstrated the most promising findings and traditional social skills treatment yielded the least robust results. Adjunctive psychosocial treatments augment the benefits of pharmacotherapy and enhance functioning in psychotic disorders. Although these positive results have led to increased enthusiasm about psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia, questions remain about comparative benefits of specific treatment methods and additional benefits of multiple treatments.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness of peer recovery support services for substance use disorders: A systematic review of healthcare utilization, behavioral health, and engagement outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Peer recovery support services (PRS) delivered by individuals with lived experience of substance use, are increasingly incorporated into substance use disorder (SUD) care systems to improve care engagement, reduce acute care use, and support recovery. However, existing systematic reviews have focused on substance use outcomes, with limited attention to healthcare utilization, psychosocial functioning, and outcomes across settings, and populations. METHODS: This systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023469279), synthesized peer-reviewed studies from 2003 to 2026 evaluating PRS for individuals with alcohol or drug-related SUD. Using MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, the review included 53 studies primarily conducted in high-income countries that reported quantitative outcomes across substance use, healthcare utilization, behavioral health, and treatment engagement. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2, ROBINS-I, and ROBINS-E tools. RESULTS: Overall, evidence was most favorable for selected treatment-linkage and engagement outcomes, whereas findings for substance use, emergency department use, hospitalization, overdose, and mortality were inconsistent. Uncontrolled longitudinal studies frequently reported improvements in depression and anxiety, but no randomized trials evaluated these outcomes, limiting causal inference. Exploratory cross-study patterns suggested that sustained navigation, practical assistance, and repeated peer contact were more often present in programs reporting favorable outcomes; however, these components were not independently evaluated. Substantial heterogeneity, frequent multicomponent interventions, high risk of bias in many nonrandomized studies, and limited long-term and economic data constrain conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the promise of PRS while underscoring the need for more rigorous comparative studies, cost-effectiveness data, and further research in low- and middle-income countries.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Heterotopic ossification in Guillain-Barré syndrome: incidence and effects on functional outcome with long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To define the incidence, effects on functional abilities, and possible causation of heterotopic ossification (HO) in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) patients admitted for inpatient rehabilitation. DESIGN: Long-term prospective study on neurologic and functional outcome of GBS patients admitted for rehabilitation. SETTING: Rehabilitation department, inpatient and outpatient, within a university-affiliated medical center. PARTICIPANTS: All GBS patients admitted for rehabilitation and followed for a minimum of 3 years. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of HO, factors that may be etiologically significant, and effects on functionality. Data included: medical interventions, Disability Grading Scale, need for assisted ventilation, electrodiagnostic findings, autonomic function, standard neuro-musculo-skeletal evaluation, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Four (6%) of 65 patients had HO, 24 of whom required mechanical ventilation. All had decreased range of motion in the involved hips that affected mobility. CONCLUSIONS: Even though it has been rarely reported, HO does occur in GBS and affects functional outcome.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

[The effects of early manual instruction on the oral language development of two deaf children].

The speech and language training for deaf children at our clinic is performed using a multisensory method, which consists of reception and expression training for sign language and fingerspelling as well as auditory training, lip reading, and written language training (the Kanazawa Method). We have already reported that acquisition of written language is not dependent on oral language, and that written language is easier to learn than oral language for deaf children. In the present investigation, we analyzed the acquisition of comprehensible and expressive vocabulary in sign language and fingerspelling. The subjects were two children congenitally deaf at levels higher than 105dB. Recorded language samples by the age of 48 months were analyzed. Acquisition of sign language was found to be significantly easier than acquisition of oral language. The development of expressive noun words, function words, and Wh-question words in sign language at the early period was almost equivalent to that of hearing peers, and then the sign language appeared transfer to the oral language. These results suggest that early presentation of sign language with written and oral language is effective in the acquisition of communicative attitudes, function words and interrogative sentences which are most difficult for the hearing-impaired. It was shown that early presentation of sign language with written and oral language serves to promote acquisition of oral language.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Peer rejection and aggression and early starter models of conduct disorder.

Peer rejection and aggression in the early school years were examined for their relevance to early starting conduct problems. The sample of 657 boys and girls from 4 geographical locations was followed from 1st through 4th grades. Peer rejection in 1st grade added incrementally to the prediction of early starting conduct problems in 3rd and 4th grades, over and above the effects of aggression. Peer rejection and aggression in 1st grade were also associated with the impulsive and emotionally reactive behaviors found in older samples. Being rejected by peers subsequent to 1st grade marginally added to the prediction of early starting conduct problems in 3rd and 4th grades, controlling for 1st grade ADHD symptoms and aggression. Furthermore, peer rejection partially mediated the predictive relation between early ADHD symptoms and subsequent conduct problems. These results support the hypothesis that the experience of peer rejection in the early school years adds to the risk for early starting conduct problems.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Multisystemic Therapy for social, emotional, and behavioral problems in youth aged 10-17.

BACKGROUND: Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive, home-based intervention for families of youth with social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Masters-level therapists engage family members in identifying and changing individual, family, and environmental factors thought to contribute to problem behavior. Intervention may include efforts to improve communication, parenting skills, peer relations, school performance, and social networks. Most MST trials were conducted by program developers in the USA; results of one independent trial are available and others are in progress. OBJECTIVES: To provide unbiased estimates of the impacts of MST on restrictive out-of-home living placements, crime and delinquency, and other behavioral and psychosocial outcomes for youth and families. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches were made of bibliographic databases including the Cochrane Library, C2-SPECTR, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Sociological Abstracts) as well as government and professional websites, from 1985 to January 2003. Reference lists of articles were examined, and experts were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies where youth (age 10-17) with social, emotional, and/or behavioral problems were randomised to licensed MST programs or other conditions (usual services or alternative treatments). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed 266 titles and abstracts; 95 full-text reports were retrieved, and 35 unique studies were identified. Two reviewers independently read all study reports for inclusion. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data from these studies.Significant heterogeneity among studies was identified (assessed using Chi-square and I(2)), hence random effects models were used to pool data across studies. Odds ratios were used in analyses of dichotomous outcomes; standardised mean differences were used with continuous outcomes. Adjustments were made for small sample sizes (using Hedges g). Pooled estimates were weighted with inverse variance methods, and 95% confidence intervals were used. MAIN RESULTS: Pooled results show no significant effects of MST on the likelihood or duration of restrictive out-of-home placements, proportion of youth who were arrested or convicted, or numbers of arrests/convictions within one-year post-intervention. There were no significant differences on drug tests or self-reported drug use at a 6-month follow-up. In analyses of post-treatment data for program completers, there were no significant between-group differences on self-reported delinquency, peer relations, youth behavior problems, youth psychiatric symptoms, parent psychiatric symptoms, or family functioning. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is little evidence of the superiority of MST over other interventions with youth. There is also no evidence that MST has harmful effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and etiology of acquired anemia in Medieval York, England.

This paper presents three distinct models for the development of acquired anemia: iron-deficiency anemia produced by the inadequate intake and/or absorption of iron, the anemia of chronic disease (ACD) caused by the body's natural iron-withholding defense against microbial invaders, and megaloblastic anemia caused by insufficient intake and/or absorption of vitamin B(12) or folic acid. These etiological models are used to interpret the distribution and etiology of anemia among adult individuals interred at the Medieval Gilbertine Priory of St. Andrew, Fishergate, York (n = 147). This bioarchaeological analysis uncovered not only a strong relationship between decreasing status and increasing prevalence of anemia for both men and women, but also identified clear sex-based differences at this site. Within the high-status group, blood and iron loss as a result of rampant parasitism likely produced an environment ripe for the development of iron-deficiency anemia, while the parasitic consumption of vitamin B(12) may have caused occasional cases of megaloblastic anemia. As status decreases, the interpretation of anemia becomes more complex, with megaloblastic anemia and ACD emerging as viable, potentially heavy contributors to the anemia experiences of low-status people at St. Andrew's. Apart from status effects, women (especially young women) are disproportionately affected by anemia when compared to men within their own status group and, on average, are also more likely to have experienced anemia than their male peers from other status groups. This suggests that high iron-demand reproductive functions helped to make iron-deficiency anemia a chronic condition in many women's lives irrespective of their status affiliation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

OpenRIMS: an open architecture radiology informatics management system.

The benefits of an integrated picture archiving and communication system/radiology information system (PACS/RIS) archive built with open source tools and methods are 2-fold. Open source permits an inexpensive development model where interfaces can be updated as needed, and the code is peer reviewed by many eyes (analogous to the scientific model). Integration of PACS/RIS functionality reduces the risk of inconsistent data by reducing interfaces among databases that contain largely redundant information. Also, wide adoption would promote standard data mining tools--reducing user needs to learn multiple methods to perform the same task. A model has been constructed capable of accepting HL7 orders, performing examination and resource scheduling, providing digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) worklist information to modalities, archiving studies, and supporting DICOM query/retrieve from third party viewing software. The multitiered architecture uses a single database communicating via an ODBC bridge to a Linux server with HL7, DICOM, and HTTP connections. Human interaction is supported via a web browser, whereas automated informatics services communicate over the HL7 and DICOM links. The system is still under development, but the primary database schema is complete as well as key pieces of the web user interface. Additional work is needed on the DICOM/HL7 interface broker and completion of the base DICOM service classes.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1998

Historical clues to the diagnosis of the dysfunctional child and other psychiatric disorders in children.

This article focuses on selected historical clues that can help the busy pediatrician identify children who are at risk for or already suffering from psychosocial dysfunction. Certain historical elements have been chosen because they reveal either common areas of childhood dysfunction or potentially dire outcomes. The major function realms of a child's life are covered, such as family, school, peer relationships, activities, and emotions, as well as related topics such as injury, poverty, substance abuse, and risk-taking behavior. Questions designed to elicit the relevant historical clues are suggested. Used as a set, these questions are intended to bring to light sufficient psychosocial history for pediatricians to identify most dysfunctional children.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Symptoms associated with menstruation.

Symptoms associated with menstruation during the teenage and young adult years may represent a spectrum of possibilities varying from a relatively benign deviation from normal to a serious life-threatening disease. Nevertheless, even for the young woman found to be without serious disease, menstrual problems have special meaning associated with the fear of being different from peers, concern about being less than complete or wholesome, and anxiety regarding future functioning as a normal woman. The physician must be aware of the adolescent's sensitivity in this area. Her apprehension should influence the manner in which the various abnormalities of menstruation are evaluated and managed. The physician must understand and appreciate the potential for profound emotional effects and psychological implications of menstrual conditions. The manner in which we care for the adolescent with menstrual symptoms will determine to a significant degree how successfully the patient will cope with abnormalities of menstruation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Music skills and the expressive interpretation of music in children with Williams-Beuren syndrome: pitch, rhythm, melodic imagery, phrasing, and musical affect.

This paper studied music in 14 children and adolescents with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a multi-system neurodevelopmental disorder, and 14 age-matched controls. Five aspects of music were tested. There were two tests of core music domains, pitch discrimination and rhythm discrimination. There were two tests of musical expressiveness, melodic imagery and phrasing. There was one test of musical interpretation, the ability to identify the emotional resonance of a musical excerpt. Music scores were analyzed by means of logistic regressions that modeled outcome (higher or lower music scores) as a function of group membership (WBS or Control) and cognitive age. Compared to age peers, children with WBS had similar levels of musical expressiveness, but were less able to discriminate pitch and rhythm, or to attach a semantic interpretation to emotion in music. Music skill did not vary with cognitive age. Musical strength in individuals with WBS involves not so much formal analytic skill in pitch and rhythm discrimination as a strong engagement with music as a means of expression, play, and, perhaps, improvisation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Pars plana vitrectomy for refractory diabetic macular edema.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the results of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for refractory diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: Review of the relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature identified using Medline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The anatomical and functional outcome of surgery. RESULTS: Vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling can be beneficial for the treatment of DME that is resistant to laser photocoagulation or sub-Tenon's steroid injection. Visual improvement has been reported in approximately 40-90% of patients, with approximately 85-100% experiencing either improvement or stabilization of vision. Retinal edema decreases or resolves in approximately 70-100% of patients. Complications range in severity with approximately 5-20% of patients developing peripheral retinal breaks, approximately 1-2% developing retinal detachment, approximately 2% developing macular hole, and approximately 10-60% developing cataract. Severe complications such as rubeosis iridis and the fibrinoid syndrome have also been reported. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy can be an effective treatment for diabetic macular edema refractory to laser therapy and/or sub-Tenon's capsule steroid injection.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1997

Clinical characteristics of psychiatrically referred adolescent outpatients with substance use disorder.

OBJECTIVE: There is increasing interest in the developmental relationship of psychopathology and substance use disorders (SUD) in youths. Because the bulk of literature is focused in inpatient or incarcerated youths, inferences and generalizations are limited in outpatient settings. The clinical characteristics of psychiatrically referred outpatients were studied to determine whether differences existed in the nature and severity of comorbid psychiatric disorders when substance abuse was involved. METHOD: All diagnoses were derived from structured psychiatric interviews completed on all youths on intake assessment. Adolescents with an identified SUD (n = 38) were compared with those without SUD (n = 321) on a number of variables including past and current psychopathology, cognitive and school functioning, and overall impairment. RESULTS: Eleven percent of referred outpatients (mean age = 15.9 +/- 1.3 years) met full criteria for a SUD by parental report. Controlling for age, adolescents with SUD had higher risk for mood and disruptive behavioral disorders compared with psychiatric controls. In the majority of cases, the onset of psychopathology preceded the onset of SUD by at least 1 year. The group with SUD also had lower overall functioning and more school dysfunction and psychiatric hospitalizations than their non-SUD peers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of adolescents with SUD in this sample, these data indicate that SUD is common in outpatient psychiatry referrals. Youths with SUD appear to be at increased risk for more psychopathology and dysfunction in a number of domains.

Adolescent↗