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PubMed2002

Engineering properties of water/wastewater-treatment sludge modified by hydrated lime, fly ash and loess.

The purpose of this research was to present engineering properties of modified sludge from water/wastewater treatment by modifiers such as hydrated lime, loess, and fly ash. The proper mixing ratio was determined to hold the pH of the modified sludge above 12.0 for 2 h. Laboratory tests carried out in this research included particle analysis, compaction and CBR, SEM and X-ray diffraction, unconfined compression test, permeability test, and TCLP test. The main role of lime was to sterilize microorganisms in the sludge. The unconfined strength of the modified sludge by fly ash and loess satisfied the criteria for construction materials, which was above 100 kPa. The permeability of all the mixtures was around 1.0 x 10(-7) cm/s. Extraction tests for hazardous components in modified sludge revealed below the regulated criteria, especially for cadmium, copper, and lead. The present study suggested that the use of lime, fly ash, and loess be an another alternative to modify or stabilize water/wastewater treatment sludge as construction materials in civil engineering.

Calcium Compounds↗
PubMed2003

The adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution on modified peat-resin particle.

Modified peat was prepared by mixing thoroughly raw peat with sulfuric acid, and modified peat-resin particle was obtained, by mixing modified peat with solutions of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and formaldehyde. In this paper, the adsorption of Basic Magenta and Basic Brilliant Green onto modified peat-resin particle is examined. The adsorption isotherm showed that the adsorption of basic dyes on modified peat-resin particle deviated from the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to fit the experimental data. By comparing the standard deviation, it was found that the intraparticle diffusion model could be used to well describe the adsorption of two basic dyes on modified peat-resin particle. According to the change of intraparticle diffusion parameter, the adsorption processes could be divided into different stages. The kinetics experiment also indicated that initial dye concentrations, particle dose and particle size could affect the adsorption processes of basic dyes.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2002

The sedimentation capabilities of hexadecyltrimethylammonium-modified montmorillonites.

Natural montmorillonite was modified with a quaternary ammonium compound, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA). The sedimentation capabilities of unmodified and modified montmorillonites were then investigated. The sedimentation velocity of modified montmorillonites increased if the amounts of adsorbed HDTMA were from 0.3 to 1.0 times the cation exchange capacitity (CEC). It also emerged that the sedimentation capability of modified montmorillonites was improved and that the variously CEC-modified montmorillonites had similar sedimentation capabilities after they had sorbed organic matter from oily wastewater. Thus, modified montmorillonites (especially 0.5 CEC treatment) had good sedimentation capabilities for sorbing organic substance and can act as carriers in wastewater biotreatment.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

In vitro toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of resin-modified glass ionomers.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare the rate of abrasive wear and change in surface roughness of resin-modified and conventional acid-base glass ionomers when subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion. METHODS: Two resin-modified and two conventional glass ionomers were used. Samples of a high-copper amalgam and a hybrid resin composite were used as reference materials. Specimens of each material were prepared and subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion using 20,000 strokes of brushing. The amount of vertical loss of material was determined by profilometry (Surfcom-4A, Tokyo-Seimitsu, Tokyo, Japan). The surface characteristics after abrasion were evaluated on secondary electron images by SEM, and the surface hardness (KHN) was also measured for all materials. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05), followed by a multiple comparisons test using LSD (Least-significant difference) at a level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The abrasion resistance of resin-modified glass-ionomers was statistically lower for the amalgam and the resin composite reference materials. Statistically lower abrasion resistance and surface hardness were observed for the resin-modified glass ionomers than for their conventional acid-base counterparts when two forms of products from the same manufacturer were compared. SEM observations made after abrasion testing showed a significantly rougher surface for all glass ionomer materials than for the amalgam and the resin composite. SIGNIFICANCE: When comparisons were made between products from the same manufacturers, it was found that in vitro resistance to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of the resin-modified glass ionomers is inferior to that of the conventional acid-base glass ionomers. The lower abrasion resistance found in the resin-modified products appears to be related to their lower surface hardness.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed2002

Poly(D,L-lactic acid) surfaces modified by silk fibroin: effects on the culture of osteoblast in vitro.

The objective of this study was to modify the surface of poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) with different molecular weight of silk fibroins, and assess the effects of the modified surfaces on the functions of rat osteoblasts cultured in vitro. The properties of the modified PDLLA surface and the control one were investigated by contact angle and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The former indicated the variation of hydrophilicity and the latter suggested that the modified PDLLA film using silk fibroin is enriched with nitrogen atoms. The biocompatibility of the PDLLA film may be altered and in turn affects the seeded cell functions. Therefore, attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts seeded on the modified PDLLA films and the control one were examined. Cell morphologies on these films were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. In addition, differentiated cell function was assessed by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. These results suggest that the silk fibroin-modified PDLLA surface can improve the interaction between osteoblasts and the PDLLA films.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Effect on cell kill of addition of multidrug resistance modifiers cyclosporin A and PSC 833 to cytotoxic agents in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp), may cause remission failure and relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by extruding cytotoxic agents such as anthracyclines from leukaemic cells thus allowing them to survive. Cell line data suggest that reversal of MDR is possible using modifying drugs such as cyclosporin A (CSA) and its analogue PSC 833. We have investigated the effects on cell kill of the addition of CSA and PSC 833 to daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitozantrone, etoposide and cytarabine in 52 fresh cell samples from AML patients using an MTT assay. Pgp status was determined by using monoclonal antibodies JSB-1 and MRK-16 and by assessment of rhodamine efflux. Although overall each cytotoxic-modifier combination produced significant improvements in cell kill compared to cytotoxic alone (P values ranged from P < 0.001 to P = 0.017), modifiers also produced significant cytotoxicity in their own right, and no consistent difference was seen between responses in Pgp-positive and negative groups. Up to one in three Pgp-positive samples failed to show any improvement in cell kill with the addition of CSA or PSC 833, possibly owing to co-expression of alternative resistance mechanisms not affected by the MDR modifiers. The best responses were seen when PSC 833 was added to idarubicin, with 7 out of 22 Pgp-positive cases (32%) showing five-fold improvements in cell kill or better compared to idarubicin alone. Comparison of equimolar concentrations of the two modifiers in the Pgp positive group failed to show a significant difference in cell kill, though PSC 833 was markedly superior to CSA in a minority of highly responsive samples which demonstrated clear evidence of MDR reversal. Our in vitro data suggest that MDR modifiers such as CSA and PSC 833 could play an important role in the therapy of AML and indicate the need for prospective randomised trials to assess their clinical efficacy.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1998

Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide and temperature on the growth of Lactobacillus sake in modified atmospheres.

Carbon dioxide is known to be the active gas in modified atmosphere packaging. However, only the dissolved part of the CO2 will be active in the inhibition of microorganisms. When the effect of a modified atmosphere on the growth of microorganisms is modeled, the amount of dissolved CO2 should be the parameter to evaluate the effect of CO2 in modified atmospheres. Lactobacillus sake was isolated from cooked ham, identified and was chosen as a representative organism for the spoilage of modified atmosphere packed cooked meat products. In a first step a suitable liquid simulation medium for cooked meat products was selected. The growth rate of L. sake was significantly higher in modified MRS than in cooked ham, while no significant difference was observed between the growth parameters of L. sake in modified BHI and in cooked ham. Careful evaluation of the applied simulation medium was shown to be essential before application to the development of predictive models for nutrient demanding microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria. In a second step, the influence of dissolved CO2 and the storage temperature on the growth parameters of L. sake was modeled. Temperature was shown to have a major effect on the growth rate and lag phase of L. sake. Carbon dioxide negatively influenced the growth rate of L. sake. A negative, linear relationship was observed between the growth rate and the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide was shown, however, to have no significant effect on the lag phase of L. sake. A significant interaction term between temperature and dissolved CO2 on the growth rate of L. sake was established.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1998

Concentration of carbon dioxide in the water-phase as a parameter to model the effect of a modified atmosphere on microorganisms.

The effect of modified atmosphere packaging can mainly be attributed to the bacteriostatic action of CO2. The dissolved CO2 in the water-phase of a food product is strongly dependent on several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters and will determine the effectiveness of a modified atmosphere packaging configuration. The effect of pH, gas/product ratio, initial %CO2 in the gas-phase, lard content and storage temperature on the amount of dissolved CO2 was screened in a preliminary experiment. The initial CO2-concentration in the gas-phase and the gas/product ratio turned out to be the two major factors determining the amount of dissolved CO2. The initial pH also determined significantly the final CO2-concentration in the broth. Temperature and lard content were shown to have only a minor effect on the amount of dissolved CO2 compared to the above mentioned parameters. This demonstrates the importance of the packaging configuration in the effectiveness of a modified atmosphere. In a second step, a model was constructed to predict the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in modified BHI-broth as a function of the gas/product ratio, the initial CO2-concentration and the temperature by means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A second equation was also derived based on Henry's law and was shown to be a powerful tool in the quantification of the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters on the CO2-solubility in food products. The possibility of the use of the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the water-phase as a determinative factor for the inhibitory effect of modified atmospheres was examined on Pseudomonas fluorescens. Growth curves at 7 degrees C of P. fluorescens in different packaging configurations (initial %CO2 and gas/product ratio) resulting in equal amounts of dissolved CO2 were compared. P. fluorescens was shown to be similarly inhibited by equal amounts of dissolved CO2-concentrations, independent of the packaging configuration. This demonstrates the potential of the application of the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the water-phase as a parameter to characterise a modified atmosphere and its inhibition of certain microorganisms.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2003

Sorption behaviors of aromatic anions on loess soil modified with cationic surfactant.

Modification of soils with hydrophobic cationic surfactants is an effective approach for enhancing the sorptive capabilities of soil in the vadose zone for the purpose of retaining organic contaminants prior to cleanup. The objective of this study was to examine the sorptive behavior of the cationic surfactant-modified loess soil for aromatic anions in the aqueous phase in an attempt to define the sorptive mechanisms. Some dominant factors governing the sorption, such as ionic strength and divalent heavy metal cation, were investigated. The sorption isotherms of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and benzoic acid (BA) in the modified soil samples were obtained using the batch equilibration method. Under the laboratory conditions, the modified loess soil utilized in this study was prepared by replacing the cations of loess soil with a cationic surfactant-hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide. The acidic aromatic compounds, DNP and BA existing as aromatic anions in the natural mixture of loess soil and aqueous phase, were selected as indicator compounds to measured the sorption behaviors of aromatic anions on the HDTMA-modified loess soil. The results confirmed that the sorptive capabilities of aromatic anions in loess soil were greatly enhanced by modification with HDTMA. The increase of ionic strength and the addition of divalent heavy metal cation Zn(2+) significantly increased the sorption of aromatic anions on the HDTMA-modified loess soil. In binary solute systems, the sorbed amounts either of DNP or BA on the HDTMA-modified loess soil were reduced if two compounds existed simultaneously in the soil. This results indicated that competitive adsorption between the two aromatic anions occurred in soil matrix.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed2001

Is frequency of drinking an indicator of problem drinking? A psychometric analysis of a modified version of the alcohol use disorders identification test in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: To study the psychometric properties of a modified Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in the multilingual context of Switzerland. METHODS: Data were obtained from the most extensive health survey to date in Switzerland, with a response rate of 69%. Seven core items of AUDIT were used. The first two items of AUDIT (frequency of drinking, quantity of drinking) were not used in their original form, but reconstructed from a quantity-frequency instrument (QF) measuring alcohol consumption, and categorized according to the AUDIT. The third AUDIT item (frequency of binge drinking) was similarly not used in its original form, but 8+ drinks instead of 6+ drinks was used. All 10 items of the modified AUDIT were completed by 10321 subjects - 6677 in the German-speaking region and 3644 in the Latin-language (French, Italian) regions. The dimensionality of the modified AUDIT was modelled by confirmatory factor analysis. The contribution of each item to the total modified AUDIT score was investigated by the prevalence of positively screened subjects when items were deleted, and factor loadings of the unidimensional model. RESULTS: In Switzerland the modified AUDIT fitted neither a unidimensional nor the hypothesized tri-dimensional model. Consumption items, especially frequency of drinking, showed almost no correlation with items measuring alcohol-related problems, but the latent constructs 'harmful drinking' and 'alcohol dependence' were highly correlated, indicating a shared underlying factor. Frequency of drinking was the item that most influenced whether an individual screened positively or not. Except for the correlation of frequency and binge drinking, results were almost identical for both linguistic regions. CONCLUSIONS: The current form of the modified AUDIT may have to be changed for screening in Switzerland, as the study raised questions about the suitability of the frequency-of-drinking item as an indicator of a screening device for alcohol-related problems in this country.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

High-resolution mapping of the sodium channel modifier Scnm1 on mouse chromosome 3 and identification of a 1.3-kb recombination hot spot.

Variation between inbred strains of mice can be used to identify modifier genes affecting the susceptibility to inherited disease. The medJ allele of the sodium channel Scn8a contains a splice site mutation that results in sodium channel deficiency. The severity of the neurological disorder is determined by the modifier locus Scnm1. The wild-type allele of the modifier results in correct splicing of 10% of Scn8amedJ pre-mRNA and a dystonic phenotype. The susceptible allele of the modifier in strain C57BL/6J results in 5% correctly spliced transcripts and a lethal phenotype. A mapping cross with C3H using 26 new markers and 2304 affected F2 animals localized the modifier gene to a 950-kb interval on mouse chromosome 3. Fine mapping of recombination breakpoints revealed a recombination hot spot of 1.3 kb. The ratio of genetic to physical distance in the hot spot is 85 cM/Mb, two orders of magnitude higher than the mouse genome average of 0.5 cM/Mb. The role of the modifier in other disorders in human and mouse can be tested with linked markers described here.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Toxicity and efficacy of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (modified ICE) as a salvage chemotherapy in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The combination of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (modified ICE), was evaluated for its toxicity and activity in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twenty patients, 14-69 years of age, with relapsed (19 cases) or refractory (one case) aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with modified ICE therapy, consisting of ifosfamide 6 g/m2 (1.2 g/m2 day 1-5), carboplatin 400 mg/m2 (day 1) and etoposide 500 mg/m2 (100 mg/m2 day 1-5). The regimen was repeated at approximately 28-day intervals. All patients had undergone a doxorubicin-containing regimen before modified ICE therapy. Median total dose of previously received doxorubicin was 406 mg/m2 (range: 200-825 mg/m2). The median interval from diagnosis to modified ICE therapy was 9.4 months (range: 3.6-121 months). Two patients achieved CR and five achieved PR out of 16 patients with measurable lesions (response rate 43.8%; 95% confidence interval 19.0-68.6%). Median overall survival was 227 days (range: 41-552 days) from the start of modified ICE therapy. Myelosuppression was the most serious toxicity, namely 16 patients (80%) and 11 patients (55%) showed grade 4 neutropenia and grade 4 thrombocytopenia after the first course, respectively. Modified ICE therapy might be an active regimen with acceptable toxicity as a salvage chemotherapy in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Modulation of RNase H activity by modified DNA probes: major groove vs minor groove effects.

We have previously prepared ribozyme mimics and chemical nucleases from modified DNA containing pendant bipyridine and terpyridine groups. The ability of these modified DNA probes to support RNase H cleavage of complementary RNA is described. DNA/RNA duplexes were formed using DNA probes designed to deliver metal complexes via either the major groove or the minor groove of the duplex. The duplexes were treated with Escherichia coli RNase H. Modifications in the major groove produced the same RNA cleavage pattern as unmodified DNA probes. However, minor groove substituents inhibited RNA cleavage over a four-base region. Comparison was made with a DNA probe containing a 2'-OMe modification. Our results support enzyme binding in the minor groove of a DNA/RNA duplex. We do not observe cleavage directly across from the modified nucleoside. The RNA cleavage efficiency effected by RNase H and a DNA probe decreases as follows: unmodified DNA > or = C-5 modified DNA >> c2'-modified DNA > C1'-modified DNA. Results with 28-mer RNA substrates roughly parallel those obtained with a 159-mer RNA target. The differences observed between low and high MW RNA substrates can be explained by a much higher enzyme-substrate binding constant for the high MW target.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Modified ultrafiltration improves global left ventricular systolic function after open-heart surgery in infants and children.

OBJECTIVES: Modified ultrafiltration increases blood pressure and cardiac index following open-heart surgery in children, but it is unclear if this is secondary to an improvement in global left ventricular function. A previous report has suggested that left ventricular systolic function as assessed in a single chord is improved by ultrafiltration (Davies MJ, Nguyen K, Gaynor JW, Elliott MJ. Modified ultrafiltration improves left ventricular systolic function in infants after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:361--370). The prominent vascular actions of modified ultrafiltration necessitate left ventricular assessment using load-independent indices of systolic and diastolic function. METHODS: In 22 consecutive infants and children undergoing open-heart surgery, left ventricular function was assessed following bypass and then 10 min later. Sixteen children (median weight 8.1 kg) underwent modified ultrafiltration during this period, the remainder (median weight 7.3 kg) were controls for spontaneous recovery without ultrafiltration. Real-time pressure-volume loops, with transient inferior caval vein snaring were generated from conductance and microtip pressure catheters inserted through the LV apex. From these, load-independent (slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume [Ees] and end-diastolic pressure-volume [Eed] relationships) and load-dependent (Pmax, maximum LV pressure; Ped, end-diastolic LV pressure; maximum [dP/dtmax] and minimum [dP/dtmax] time derivatives of LV pressure; tau, time constant of isovolumic relaxation) indices of left ventricular function were measured. RESULTS: Haemoconcentration was achieved in all modified ultrafiltration patients, median increase in haematocrit 34% (interquartile range 21%, 42%), final haematocrit 0.40 (0.35, 0.41). Ees increased 58% (9, 159, P = 0.005). The changes in Eed, Pmax, Ped, dP/dtmax, dP/dtmin, and tau were not significantly different from the control group. CONCLUSION: Modified ultrafiltration improves global left ventricular systolic function in infants and children following open-heart surgery.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of the test-retest reliability and construct validity of a modified WOMAC index in knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the test-retest reliability and the construct validity of a modified version of the French-Canadian version of the WOMAC index. METHODS: Open prospective study conducted in departments of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Orthopedic surgery of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Eighty-eight patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) fulfilling the revised criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were included. The French-Canadian version of the WOMAC index was completed twice at a 3-h interval. Impairment outcome measures, patients' perceived discomfort in walking and handicap were recorded. An item-by-item analysis was performed. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman method. Construct validity was investigated using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and a factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: Eight questions assessing function (section C) and the two questions assessing stiffness (section B) had insufficient psychometric properties and were excluded. Although test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was fair to good (0.82, 0.85, for the WOMAC section A, and modified section C, respectively), construct validity could not be demonstrated. Factor analysis of the modified form of the WOMAC extracted four factors, which differed from the a priori stratification. However, factor analysis of the modified section C extracted two factors explaining 68.4% of the variance, which could be clinically characterized. CONCLUSION: Despite its good test-retest reliability, the modified WOMAC index is not valid for assessing pain and disability induced by knee OA in a French population. Section A and modified section C could be used separately to assess, respectively, pain and function.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Modified facelift incision for parotidectomy.

The most commonly used incision for parotidectomies is the modified Blair incision. We have successfully used an alternative incision which allows good exposure, and leaves no neck scar. Between 1 March 1989 and 1 August 1991, 18 parotidectomies were performed using a modified facelift incision. Fifteen parotidectomies were done for similar indications during the same period using a modified Blair incision. The mean age in both groups of patients was 40.3 years. The pathology and incidence of complications was similar in the two groups. The difference in mean (+/- SD) time of surgery between the two groups was not statistically significant: 3.14 +/- 0.75 hours in patients with a modified facelift incision and 3.25 +/- 1.27 hours in patients with a modified Blair incision (p > 0.1). The modified facelift incision is an alternative approach to parotidectomy for selected patients. It provides adequate exposure, even for a total parotidectomy and mastoidectomy and it results in improved patient satisfaction without additional risk of complications.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed2006

Modified nasal cannula for simultaneous oxygen delivery and end-tidal CO2 monitoring during spontaneous breathing.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Supplemental oxygen is commonly given via nasal cannulae in spontaneously breathing patients. Our modified nasal cannula with a clamp between the nasal prongs can provide O2 via one nostril and CO2 can be sampled through the other one. We have studied whether this cannula can provide oxygenation similar to a standard cannula without affecting end-tidal CO2 monitoring. METHODS: Eighty-six patients were studied during spinal anaesthesia and sedation. In 15 patients, arterial blood was sampled while O2 was delivered at flow rates of 0, 2 and 4 L min(-1), with or without clamping between the prongs of our modified nasal cannula. In the remaining 71 patients, arterial O2 was measured while using our modified nasal cannula with the clamp applied. End-tidal CO2 was recorded on a capnograph and the correlation between end-tidal and arterial values with our modified nasal cannula was investigated. RESULTS: No end-tidal CO2 waveforms were found with oxygen flow greater than 2L min(-1) without clamping between the prongs. With clamping there was a significant correlation (r = 0.83) between arterial and end-tidal CO2. A Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.49 kPa with precision of +/-0.76 kPa. Arterial oxygenation was not affected by our modified nasal prongs with clamp as compared to the standard cannula. CONCLUSION: Our modified nasal cannula can provide continuous monitoring of end-tidal CO2 without affecting oxygen delivery in sedated, spontaneously breathing patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Solubility of triazine pesticides in pure and modified subcritical water.

Solubility measurements in pure and modified water serve as a basis for optimizing the subcritical water extraction of target analytes such as food contaminants. The solvent strength of the water is affected by both the system's temperature and the amount and type of cosolvent modifier that is added to the water, which causes a reduction in the dielectric constant of water. In the present work, the solubilities of the triazine pesticides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were measured in pure and modified water at temperatures ranging from 50 to 125 degrees C and at a pressure of 50 atm. The solubility data were obtained using a static solubility apparatus with on-line liquid chromatographic (LC) detection. By increasing the temperature of the water, the solubilities of the triazine pesticides increased approximately 3-fold in pure water for each 25 degrees C temperature increment. Cyanazine was 5 times more soluble than atrazine and an order of magnitude more soluble than simazine at 100 degrees C. The solubility of atrazine was also measured in ambient and hot water modified with ethanol and urea. At 100 degrees C, the solubility of atrazine is doubled when the water is modified with urea, and is increased over an order of magnitude when ethanol is used as modifier. The data, therefore, indicate that adding a cosolvent to water in addition to increasing the system temperature increases the solubilities of triazine pesticides in subcritical water. It was further determined that the solutes do not thermally degrade or hydrolyze at the temperatures reported in this study.

Atrazine↗