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PubMed1996

Respiratory infection and iatrogenic diarrhea in Honduras and El Salvador during the 1991-1992 season.

The etiology of acute respiratory tract infection and its association with diarrhea was analyzed in 135 hospitalized children less than three years of age with mainly respiratory symptoms in two pediatric hospitals in Honduras and El Salvador. Etiologic diagnoses were performed on nasopharyngeal samples by tissue culture and immunofluorescence, including a search for the presence of respiratory virus-specific immunoglobulin A antibodies. Fecal samples were subjected to electron microscopy and tissue culture. The majority (83%) of the children (65% boys and 35% girls) were less than 12 months old and 45% were less than four months old. In 63 (47%) patients, at least one viral infection of the respiratory tract was identified. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or the respective IgA antibodies were found in 43 (32%) patients., influenza A and B viruses in 29 (21%) patients, adenovirus in four patients, and enterovirus in two patients. Twenty (15%) patients had two or more viral agents. An association between RSV cases and environmental temperature was established. In 124 fecal samples, we identified four cases with astrovirus, seven with nonpolio enterovirus, and eight with adenovirus, but only three cases with rotavirus. Diarrhea was present in 55 (45%) of the patients. There was a statistically significant association between diarrhea and cases with RSV. This was shown to be associated with antibiotic treatment.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1981

Fecal 13C analysis for the detection and quantitation of intestinal malabsorption. Limits of detection and application to disorders of intestinal cholylglycine metabolism.

The use of 14CO2 breath tests and fecal analyses for the detection and quantitation of intestinal malabsorption has been extensively documented in adult subjects. The use of stable isotopes has extended the range of breath test applications to include pediatric and obstetric subjects. Here we report a fecal 13C analysis that can be used in conjunction with 13CO2 breath tests. Twenty-four-hour fecal samples were collected before and after the administration of a labeled substrate. The samples were homogenized and combusted to CO2, and the 13C abundance was determined by high-precision, differential isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The isotopic variation between successive 24 hr fecal samples was 0.6 0/00 (0.0006 atom percent). This variation limited the sensitivity of the fecal analysis to 13 mumol of 13C label per mold of fecal carbon. Simultaneous cholyglycine 13CO2 breath tests and fecal assays were performed in five children. One child with bacterial overgrowth had an abnormal breath test and a normal fecal test. Of three children with ileal dysfunction, only one had an abnormal breath test, whereas the fecal test was abnormal in all three, Both the breath test and fecal test were abnormal for a child who had undergone an ileal resection. Both tests were normal for a child with ulcerative colitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Enumeration, isolation, and identification of bifidobacteria from infant feces.

Thirty-three fully breast-fed infants aged between 1 and 12 weeks were screened for bifidobacteria in feces. Bifidobacteria counts in most fecal samples determined both by TPY agar and FISH procedure ranged from 10(8) to 10(11) CFU/g. Three infants did not contain any bifidobacteria in their fecal samples. One child was delivered by caesarean section and the other two by normal vaginal delivery. All bifidobacteria-free infants possessed Gram-positive regular rods as a major group of their fecal flora. These bacteria were identified as clostridia using genus-specific FISH probe. In bifidobacteria-positive samples, B. longum (57.9% of the samples) was the most frequently found species, followed by B. adolescentis (31.6%), B. bifidum (21.0%), B. breve (10.5%), B. pseudocatenulatum (5.3%), and B. dentium (5.3%).

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMed1978

Naturally infected dog droppings from public parks and playgrounds as a possible source of infections with Salmonellae and helminths.

In two periods (spring/summer and autumn/winter) investigations for salmonellae and helminths were made with 300 naturally infected dog droppings each. In the first period 10.33% of the collected fecal samples had been infected with salmonellae of 10 different serovars. Eggs of Taxascaris leonina were found in 3.33%, eggs of Toxocara canis in 4.33%, taeniid eggs in 1.67% and Ancylostomatides in 3.33% of examined droppings. The investigations in the autumn/winter period showed 9% fecal samples infected with salmonellae of 11 different serovars. 5% fecal specimens contained eggs of T. canis, 2% eggs of T. leonina, 0.33% eggs of Taenia spp. and Ancylostomatidae made up to 2%.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates from human, poultry and pigs in Korea.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. Since 1989, a rapid increase in the incidence of enterococcal bacteremia and endocarditis by VRE has been reported. The use of avoparcin in animal husbandry is reportedly associated with the appearance of VRE. In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was established to detect and differentiate resistant types of enterococci, which specifically amplify the four van genes that encode vancomycin resistance elements. Using this method, we investigated the incidence rates and types of VRE from two types of farms: those that had used avoparcin and those that had not used avoparcin. A total of 1091 animal fecal samples were collected from 70 pig farms and 32 poultry farms. A total of 425 enterococci were isolated from the fecal samples. Among the 425 isolates, six showed a pattern of high-level vancomycin resistance (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, MIC: 64-256 microg/ml). Out of six high-level VRE, three were isolated from poultry farms that had used avoparcin and three were not. The six high-level VRE harbored the vanA gene. Sixty-seven of 425 isolates that showed a pattern of low-level vancomycin resistance (MIC: 4-8 microg/ml) were associated with the presence of vanC-1 or vanC-2/3 gene. We also performed a repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) method to compare the genetic relatedness between the high-level VRE of six animal isolates and 31 human isolates. None of the animal isolates had a similar rep-PCR pattern as the human isolates but similarities between human VRE isolates were observed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nested polymerase chain reaction for amplification of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene.

We developed a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction procedure for the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene. Amplification and genotyping were successful in 95.2% of 1,680 fecal samples, 77.6% by the unnested and 17.6% by the nested COWP procedure. The COWP gene was amplified from 2,128 fecal samples: 71 from livestock animals and 2,057 from humans. This series included 706 cases from seven drinking water-associated outbreaks and 51 cases from five swimming pool-associated outbreaks, as well as 1,300 sporadic cases.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum.

To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2006

Growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the presence of hexadecylpyridinium chloride, natamycin, and vancomycin.

A design-of-experiments approach was used to examine the effect of hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPC), alone or in combination with the antibiotics vancomycin and natamycin, on the growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). At concentrations above 74.4 microg/ml, HPC had a highly significant detrimental effect on the growth of MAP, whereas natamycin at 10.8 and 21.6 microg/ml and vancomycin at 5.2 and 10.4 microg/ml did not have such an effect. Titration of the amount of HPC tolerated by MAP indicated that growth can occur in the presence of 24.8 microg/ml or lower. Processing of bovine fecal specimens indicated that reducing the concentration of HPC from 32.22 to 1.07 mg/ml during decontamination may improve detection when cultures are grown on solid medium but not when cultures are grown in liquid medium. Further investigation into optimizing HPC concentration during processing of fecal samples is warranted. Natamycin, in conjunction with vancomycin, may be useful for controlling fungal contamination during isolation of MAP from fecal samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in pigs.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization were compared for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Fifteen piglets experimentally infected with PEDV were used in the study. In addition, 94 diarrheic piglets submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology in Seoul National University for diagnosis of PEDV infection were used to compare the 3 methods. Antigen and nucleic acid of PEDV were detected in 15/15, 13/15, and 14/15 of the intestinal and fecal samples from the PEDV-inoculated pigs by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization, respectively. The virus was isolated from 15/15 of the jejunal samples from the PEDV-inoculated pigs. Neither PEDV antigen nor PEDV nucleic acid was detected in the intestinal and fecal samples from mock-infected control pigs. Of the 94 samples, 63 were positive for PEDV by all 3 techniques. Six samples were positive for PEDV by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Three samples were positive for PEDV by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. Seven samples were positive for PEDV by RT-PCR. Although RT-PCR identified the presence of PEDV more frequently than the other methods, when only formalin-fixed tissues are submitted, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization would be useful methods for the detection of PEDV antigen and nucleic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Preservation of Cryptosporidium oocystis in fecal specimens for parasitological examination].

By using a simple and easily available device which contains a 10% buffered formaldehyde solution, fecal samples are rendered odorless and can be stored at room temperature with no biosafety hazards. Cryptosporidium oocysts contained in such fecal samples can be identified without difficulty by using the Kinyoun method. This system permits an adequate preservation of the material, which facilitates the execution of tasks related to assistance and epidemiology.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Critical tests and clinical trials on oxibendazole in horses with special reference to removal of Parascaris equorum.

The efficacy of oxibendazole given at dose level of 10 mg/kg of body weight was determined by 10 critical tests in foals and by 2 clinical trials in 20 foals (16 treated, 4 nontreated), with special interest in the drug activity against Parascaris equorum. The drug was uniformly efficacious (100%) against P equorum in the 10 critical-test foals, each having between 22 and 236 ascarids. Posttreatment reductions of ascarid egg counts in fecal samples were also 100% in suckling foals treated with oxibendazole given as a drench. Ascarid eggs did not reappear in fecal samples until the 8th week after foals were treated. A paste formulation of oxibendazole at 10 mg/kg also eliminated ascarid eggs from feces of 12 suckling foals. Strongyle EPG were markedly reduced by oxibendazole in the 10 critical-test foals and in 16 treated sucklings in the clinical trials. Egg and larval count data on foals in both the critical tests and the clinical trials also indicated oxibendazole was active against Strongyloides westeri. Untoward effects of treatment with oxibendazole were not observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The development of a simple fecal immunoreactive progestin assay to monitor reproductive function in swine.

The objectives of the study were to (a) develop a simple fecal progestin extraction and radioimmunoassay method to measure immunoreactive progestin in porcine feces and (b) to characterize fecal progestin profiles during the estrous cycle and postpartum. A simple extraction method was developed in trial 1 and the mean (+/- SD) progestin recovery of the method was 84.3 +/- 3.5%. Progesterone levels measured at five different spiked concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 ng/0.5 g feces) showed no systematic error. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.16 nmol/L of the extract. Trial 2 involved collecting fecal samples from six cycling sows every second or third day, beginning on the day of estrus (day 0) and continuing until day 22. The mean (+/- SD) fecal progestin concentrations of these sows determined by the above assay during days 0-5, days 6-10, days 11-15, and days 16-21 were 87.1 +/- 17.5, 262.6 +/- 102.1, 1188.2 +/- 454.1, and 897.3 +/- 274.1 x 10(-3) nmol/g feces, respectively. In trial 3, fecal samples from six postpartum sows were collected at weekly intervals beginning from day 7 after farrowing until day 50. The mean (+/- SD) fecal progestin concentrations were 111.0 +/- 61.1, 74.1 +/- 21.3, 66.5 +/- 26.1, 122.7 +/- 58.8 and 533.5 +/- 244.2 x 10(-3) nmol/g feces, during days 7-10, days 11-20, days 21-30, days 31-40, and days 41-50 postpartum, respectively. The results indicate that simple fecal progestin extraction and assay are feasible alternatives to the standard blood progesterone assays for monitoring reproductive function in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Epidemiological aspects of Visceral Larva Migrans in children living at São Remo Community, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.

In preparation for a study of risk factors for Visceral Larva Migrans of children living in São Remo Community, São Paulo (SP), Brazil, fecal samples were collected from 41 dogs younger than one year of age, 338 serum samples from children ages 1-15 years and 37 soil samples, during March-June 2001. Fecal and soil samples were examined for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs and serum samples were evaluated by ELISA for antibodies to Toxocara canis. Of the fecal, serum and soil samples tested, 39.0%, 26.9% and 29.7%, respectively, were positive, suggesting the possibility of the presence of Visceral Larva Migrans in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Clinical study of a new fecal occult blood test using a combination assay of hemoglobin and transferrin.

The applicability of a new immunological fecal occult blood test in which hemoglobin (Hb) and transferrin (Tf) are simultaneously assayed was evaluated. The mean absorbance and standard deviation (510/630 nm) obtained by this test was 0.840 +/- 0.805 in 51 fecal samples from patients with colon cancer, 0.248 +/- 0.305 in 95 samples from patients with colon polyps, and 0.104 +/- 0.053 in 110 samples from control patients; these values differed significantly (P less than 0.005). Hb and Tf concentrations were separately determined in the same fecal samples, and qualitative evaluation was performed with a cutoff value of 5.1 micrograms/g feces for Hb and 0.4 micrograms/g feces for Tf. Hb or Tf was positive in 41 of the 51 samples in the colon cancer group, 33 of the 95 in the colon polyp group, and 3 of the 110 in the control group. Qualitative analysis of the values obtained by the combination assay of Hb and Tf with a cutoff value of 0.200 revealed positive rates of 41/51 in the colon cancer group, 33/95 in the colon polyp group, and 4/110 in the control group. These results suggest the usefulness of a combination assay of Hb and Tf as a fecal occult blood test.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Quantitation of tryptophan metabolites in rat feces by thin-layer chromatography.

Indole, skatole, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, tryptamine, and free tryptophan have been extracted from rat fecal samples and quantitated by thin-layer chromatography. Additional tryptophan metabolites have been recovered in yields of 87-97% from supplemented fecal samples. Detection limits for all the compounds studied were in the 0.1 mug/g feces range. Quantitation was possible in the mug/g range with an estimated accuracy of plus or minus 10%.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Diarrhea caused in gnotobiotic piglets by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis.

One- to four-day-old gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated orally with a reovirus-like agent obtained from human infants with acute gastroenteritis. Diarrhea developed in the piglets two to seven days after inoculation and was reproduced for five serial passages in one sequence and for three passages in another. Nineteen of 21 inoculated piglets developed diarrhea; reovirus-like particles were observed in intestinal contents and/or fecal samples from 17 animals with illness and from two inoculated piglets that did not develop diarrhea. One piglet, for which daily fecal samples were examined by electron microscopy, shed the largest number of virus particles at the onset of diarrhea. Immunofluorescent antibody responses to the reovirus-like agent were detected in sera from the seven inoculated animals that were tested.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR.

OBJECTIVE: The gut microbiota may contribute to the onset and maintenance of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this study, the microbiotas of patients suffering from IBS were compared with a control group devoid of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. METHODS: Fecal microbiota of patients (n = 27) fulfilling the Rome II criteria for IBS was compared with age- and gender-matched control subjects (n = 22). Fecal samples were obtained at 3 months intervals. Total bacterial DNA was analyzed by 20 quantitative real-time PCR assays covering approximately 300 bacterial species. RESULTS: Extensive individual variation was observed in the GI microbiota among both the IBS- and control groups. Sorting of the IBS patients according to the symptom subtypes (diarrhea, constipation, and alternating predominant type) revealed that lower amounts of Lactobacillus spp. were present in the samples of diarrhea predominant IBS patients whereas constipation predominant IBS patients carried increased amounts of Veillonella spp. Average results from three fecal samples suggested differences in the Clostridium coccoides subgroup and Bifidobacterium catenulatum group between IBS patients (n = 21) and controls (n = 15). Of the intestinal pathogens earlier associated with IBS, no indications of Helicobacter spp. or Clostridium difficile were found whereas one case of Campylobacter jejuni was identified by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: With these real-time PCR assays, quantitative alterations in the GI microbiota of IBS patients were found. Increasing microbial DNA sequence information will further allow designing of new real-time PCR assays for a more extensive analysis of intestinal microbes in IBS.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of Toxocara canis infection in household dogs.

The prevalence of Toxocara canis infection in household dogs was estimated by examining feces from 1,743 dogs aged between 1 month and 15 years old. Fecal samples from 75 (4.3%) of the 1,743 dogs were positive for the eggs of T. canis. The dogs with positive fecal samples ranged from 1 month to 5 years old in age. The infection rate in dogs aged 1 to 6 months old was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that in dogs aged 7 months to 2 years old or over 3 years old. Indoor dogs aged 1 to 6 months old showed a significantly (p < 0.01) lower prevalence than outdoor dogs of the same age group. With respect to the place of origin of the dogs, those originating from individual households (5.7%) showed (p < 0.05) a higher prevalence as compared to the animals purchased from pet shops/breeding kennels (3.5%). Considering the origin and the living conditions, the prevalence in indoor dogs originating from individual households was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in indoor dogs purchased from pet shops/breeding kennels.

Animals↗