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PubMed1982

[How many times has your child had an accident?].

Anamnestic data on frequency, type and place of accidents of children attending the nursery school, the 4th and 8th grade education. Evaluation of a questionnaire to the parents. According to an analysis of 21,560 parental questionnaires which includes information on accidents of their children, 31% of the children attending the nursery school (5 years), 48% of those of the 4th (10 years) and 61% of those of the 8th (14 and 15 years) grade education had suffered an accident once or several times, girls significantly less often than boys. The most frequent types of accidents were open injuries and fractures. Accidents among younger children happened mostly at home, those of the older more frequently at school and at sport. No relationship was found between the rate of accidents and eyesight.

Accidents↗
PubMed1999

What constitutes evidence in HIV/AIDS education?

It is clear that many sources of evidence have contributed to our grasp of what does and does not work in HIV/AIDS education. Despite this, there has recently been a distinct move to narrow the evidence of success in this field to experimental and comparative work, with randomized controlled trials positioned as the 'gold standard'. Here we take up the question of what constitutes evidence in HIV/AIDS education. We explore the social and historical factors which 'privilege' certain kinds of evidence above others and question whether there exists but one way of understanding what works best in HIV/AIDS education. We draw expressly upon earlier insights and experience in educational evaluation per se and put a case that evidence gleaned through a range of research methods is more useful than exclusive reliance on experimental and comparative work.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1988

Preclinical training in bronchoscopic diagnosis of cancer.

This study evaluated educational effectiveness of preclinical training of residents in diagnostic bronchoscopic techniques which used videotaped programs. Sixty-five residents in eleven medical centers were randomized. Experimental subjects viewed five videotaped programs dealing with bronchoscopic anatomy and pathology. Following their tenth clinical experience in bronchoscopic diagnosis, performance of both experimental and control subjects was objectively evaluated using a Visual Discrimination Test (VDT) that contained six videotaped sequences in suspected cancer patients. Clinical performance was subjectively evaluated by teachers who used a list of Minimum Competency Requirements (MCRs). Experimental subjects provided a significantly greater number of correct answers in the VDT and achieved higher scores for the MCRs that were specifically related to recognition of bronchoscopic anatomy and pathology. This study demonstrated that preclinical training using videotaped programs could improve visual perception and discrimination skills of residents in their bronchoscopic examination of patients with suspected cases of cancer.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using metacognition to promote certification success: the Testing Health Promotion Plan.

Metacognition, the process of knowing one's personal learning behaviors, is a powerful force in the educational repertoire of nursing staff development faculty who seek to promote optimal learning outcomes for practicing nurses. Metacognition also supports major goals of educational evaluation which include improvements in learning, instruction, and performance. In this article, metacognition is scrutinized from the perspectives of learning theory and memory processing. Implications for promoting successful certification results are presented.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perception of Canadian training programs by Saudi resident trainees.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine how Saudi medical trainees in Canada perceive their training programs with regards to educational, ethnic and socio-cultural issues, and if different factors such as the chosen field of training, place or level of training make any difference to this perception. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All Saudi residents in training programs in Canada in the 1996/1997 academic year were surveyed using a written anonymous self-administered questionnaire, evaluating educational, ethnic and socio-cultural aspects of various training programs. RESULTS: The response rate was 72.5% (185/255). Most of the respondents were in the fourth year of training. Overall, the level of stress was rated as tolerable in 154 (83%), and 179 respondents (96.8%) described the educational aspects of their program positively. Furthermore, 154 (83%) of the respondents agreed that they were treated fairly in the distribution of job functions with regards to Canadian residents, and 133 (72%) did not face any major difficulty in practicing their religion. The sites of training, type of specialty and the level of training made significant impact on the perceived educational, social, religious and administrative aspects of training. CONCLUSION: The majority of Saudi medical trainees in Canada perceived the educational aspects of their training as a positive experience. Major problems faced were mainly related to administrative matters and to some extent, social adjustment. Issues that affect the training process need to be tackled by the concerned authorities to ensure the success of the training programs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

A crossover trial evaluating an educational-behavioural joint protection programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Joint protection (JP) is a self-management technique widely taught to people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). JP education aims to enable people with RA to reduce pain, inflammation, joint stress and reduce risks of deformity through using assistive devices and alternative movement patterns of affected joints to perform everyday activities. Previous studies evaluating JP education methods common in the UK have identified JP adherence is poor. A group education programme was developed using the Health Belief Model and Self-efficacy Theory. Strategies used to maximise JP adherence included goal-setting, contracting, modelling, homework programmes, motor learning theory, recall enhancing methods and mental practice. A crossover trial (n = 35) was conducted. Adherence with JP was measured using an objective observational test (the Joint Protection Behaviour Assessment). Significant improvements in use of JP were recorded at 12 and 24 weeks post-education (P < 0.01). No significant changes in measures of pain, functional disability, grip strength, self-efficacy or helplessness occurred post-education, although this may have been due to the small sample size recruited. In conclusion, JP adherence can be facilitated through the use of educational-behavioural strategies, suggesting this approach should be more widely adopted in clinical practice.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Instructions in learning skills: an integrated approach.

The transition from school to university education and a medical school environment can be difficult even for the very best students. However, little appears to be done to assist students in making this transition and in developing study skills during the early stages of their training. This article outlines a scheme which has been called supplemental instruction. Although developed for medical students in the United States, it is particularly well suited to developing essential study skills in first-year medical students in the United Kingdom. The scheme has been successfully introduced into some degree and diploma subjects in this country, with improvement in course grades and lower attrition rates, but has yet to be introduced into medical education. Evaluation data for non-medical courses show that student participation in supplemental instruction significantly improves overall course marks and could be of significant value in the medical curriculum.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenteral nutrition utilization: evaluation of an educational protocol and consult service.

A two part study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational protocol and consult service on parenteral nutrition (PN) utilization. Forty-one patient admissions were evaluated retrospectively and nine prospectively. Average length of hospital stay and number of days on PN were decreased significantly (p less than .05). Frequency of adverse effects were also decreased significantly (p less than .05). A positive trend toward selection of patients for enteral rather than PN was evidenced. Utilization of already available manpower and financial resources by this modified approach should contribute toward reducing costs and hazards of PN therapy, particularly for smaller hospitals with both limited requirements and resources, as well as for teaching institutions.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol problems and depression in later life: development of two knowledge quizzes.

Effective measures of knowledge about mental health in later life are valuable in both needs assessments and educational program evaluations. Described is the development of two short, true/false quizzes, one on alcohol problems and one on depression and suicide in later life. These quizzes can be used to plan and evaluate community education programs on mental health problems in later life. Procedures for developing other knowledge assessments are presented.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of an educational tool to enhance outcomes for patients with head and neck cancer.

Patients with head and neck cancer often present with locally advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Treatment plans include aggressive radiation therapy, often with concurrent chemotherapy. This treatment causes significant toxicity resulting from normal tissue damage. Currently, no consensus or evidence-based practice guidelines exist regarding which type of oral care products are best to use. Nurses in one radiation oncology department initiated a performance improvement project to develop oral care guidelines and an educational-tool for patients.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2000

Interventions for encouraging sexual lifestyles and behaviours intended to prevent cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women world-wide. Prevention falls into two main categories - primary and secondary. Primary prevention is characterised by health promotion to promote lifestyles and behaviours minimising risk of cervical cancer. Interventions to promote the use of condoms for sexual intercourse (especially early intercourse amongst young women), sexual partner reduction, and negotiated safer sex strategies has been recommended as one approach to limit the spread of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), one of the major risk factors for cervical cancer. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of health education interventions to promote sexual risk reduction behaviours amongst women in order to reduce transmission of HPV. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searching of EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycLIT, Social Science Citation Index and the CCTR were undertaken using a highly sensitive search strategy. Hand-searching took place of selected journals and reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if they evaluated educational interventions targeting women only, and measured the impact on : either a behavioural outcome such as condom use for sexual intercourse, partner reduction, or abstinence; or a clinical outcome such as incidence of a sexually transmitted disease (STD). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed independently by two reviewers and any discrepancies were resolved between them. Ten per cent of the total number of studies were reviewed additionally by a third reviewer as a quality check and differences in judgement were resolved accordingly. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty trials met the inclusion criteria for the review. All of them had the primary aim of preventing HIV and other STDs rather than cervical cancer. Four core methodological qualities were present in 10 of the 30 studies and constitute the subset from which potentially reliable conclusions may be drawn. Each of the 10 studies showed a statistically significant positive effect on sexual risk reduction, typically with increased use of condoms for vaginal intercourse. This positive effect was generally sustained up to three months after intervention. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Educational interventions targeting socially and economically disadvantaged women in which information provision is complemented by sexual negotiation skill development can encourage at least short-term sexual risk reduction behaviour. This has the potential to reduce the transmission of HPV, thus possibly reduce the incidence of cervical carcinoma.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Improved sensory relearning after nerve repair induced by selective temporary anaesthesia - a new concept in hand rehabilitation.

The outcome after nerve repair in adults is generally poor. We hypothesized that forearm deafferentation would enhance the sensory outcome by increasing the cortical hand representation. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to investigate the effects of cutaneous forearm anaesthesia combined with sensory re-education on the outcome after ulnar or median nerve repair. During a 2 week period, a local anaesthetic cream (EMLA (n = 7) or placebo (n=6) was applied repeatedly onto the flexor aspect of the forearm of the injured arm and combined with sensory re-education. Evaluation of sensory function was carried out at regular intervals and at 4 weeks after the last EMLA/placebo session. The EMLA group showed significant improvement compared to placebo in perception of touch/pressure, tactile gnosis and in the summarized outcome after 6 weeks. These results suggest that cutaneous forearm anaesthesia of the injured limb, in combination with sensory re-education, can enhance sensory recovery after nerve repair.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widely documented health benefits of breastfeeding, initiation rates remain relatively low in many high-income countries, particularly among women in lower income groups. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions which aim to encourage women to breastfeed in terms of changes in the number of women who start to breastfeed. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (30 May 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003) and the following databases from inception to October 2002: MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, Applied Social Sciences, PsychLIT, EMBASE, British Nursing Index, BIDS, EPI-centre. We also searched the following in October 2002 for 'grey literature: 'SIGLE, DHSS Data, and Dissertation Abstracts. We handsearched the Journal of Human Lactation, Health Promotion International and Health Education Quarterly from inception to October 1998. We scanned reference lists of all articles obtained. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, of any breastfeeding promotion intervention in any population group except women and infants with a specific health problem. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One review author independently extracted data and assessed trial quality for checking by a second author. We contacted investigators to obtain missing information. MAIN RESULTS: Seven trials involving 1388 women were included. Five trials involving 582 women on low incomes in the USA showed breastfeeding education had a significant effect on increasing initiation rates compared to routine care (relative risk (RR) 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25 to 1.88). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this review shows that the forms of breastfeeding education evaluated were effective at increasing breastfeeding initiation rates among women on low incomes in the USA.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of West Nile virus education campaign.

We evaluated the 2003 Kansas West Nile virus public education campaign. Awareness was widespread but compliance was low. Spanish-speaking persons were poorly informed. Relevant factors included population segment variability, campaign content, media choice, and materials delivery methods.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Developing evidence-based guidelines for management of alimentary mucositis: process and pitfalls.

INTRODUCTION: It is important yet difficult to maintain currency in clinical oncology practice. The emergence of new diagnostic technologies and new paradigms for cancer treatment combine to produce a rapidly changing clinical approach to patients aided by the increasing use of multidisciplinary care teams and development of evidence-based protocols. METHODS: Teams of experts review the literature in a given area and produce management guidelines and protocols for use by practicing clinicians. Traditionally within Hematology/Oncology, these guidelines have been directed to management of a given tumor type. However, in recent years, attention has increasingly turned to supportive oncology; for example, there are now management guidelines for conditions such as neutropenic fever [Hughes et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34(6):730-751, 2002], antiemetic (The Antiemetic Subcommittee of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer Annals of Oncology 17:20-28, 2006) and most recently, mucositis [Rubenstein et al. Cancer 100(9 Suppl):2026-2046, 2004]. It is critical that any guideline process should include education, evaluation, and timely update in its remit, because guidelines become highly compromised if their existence is not widely known, if they do not facilitate clinical practice, or if they are not reflective of contemporary medical literature. RESULTS: The Mucositis Study Group (MSG) of the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society for Oral Oncology was created in 1998 to specifically address the multiprofessional approach to clinical care, research, and education associated with mucosal injury in cancer patients. A specific outcome has been the development of evidence-based guidelines for the management of mucositis [Rubenstein et al. Cancer 100(9 Suppl):2026-2046, 2004; The Mucositis Study Group of MASCC/ISSO 2005]. The original guidelines [Rubenstein et al. Cancer 100(9 Suppl):2026-2046, 2004] and a companion paper discussing the science behind mucositis [Sonis et al. Cancer 100(9):1995-2025, 2004], were published in 2004. The MSG has recently updated the guidelines [The Mucositis Study Group of MASCC/ISSO 2005]. DISCUSSION: This paper discusses the process involved and the lessons learned that might help other groups planning to undertake a similar project.

Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic↗
PubMed2003

The Byrne Guide for Inclusionary Cultural Content.

This article describes the background for development of The Byrne Guide for Inclusionary Cultural Content, which may help nurse educators evaluate and create instructional materials that include diverse groups. Curricular implications of diversity, as well as six categories of instructional bias are included in the background of information that contributed to the development of this Guide.

Audiovisual Aids↗