Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “diet pattern”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Socio-cultural determinants of meal size and frequency.

Total energy intake and the frequency and size of meals are profoundly influenced by the socio-cultural context in which it occurs. Simply eating with one other person increases the average amount ingested in meals by 44% and with more people present the average meal size grows even larger. The impact of social facilitation of energy intake on the individual appears to result from genetic effects both on the individuals' sensitivity to the presence of other people and also on the number of other people an individual tends to eat with. Culture markedly affects the choice of foods in the diet and the pattern of meals over the day. However, many of the social, psychological and physical variables that influence intake are similar across cultures.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1995

Growth related traits in body weight selected lines and their crosses reared under different nutritional regimens.

1. Four populations--two that had undergone 37 generations of selection for high (HH) and low (LL) body weight, and reciprocal crosses between them (HL and LH) were fed two diets differing in protein and energy. Diet A, under which selection had been made, contained 200 g protein and 11.23 MJ/kg. Diet E contained 240 g protein and 13.16 MJ/kg. 2. Body weight and feed efficiency were measured weekly from hatch to 56 d of age at which time oesophagus, abdominal fat pad, heart, liver and lungs were removed and weighed. At 35 d of age chicks were inoculated with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and antibody titre was measured 6 d later. 3. Chicks fed diet E were heavier than those fed diet A. HH chicks were heavier than LL chicks with HL and LH chicks intermediate to the parental lines. LH chicks were heavier than HL ones reflecting large maternal effects. 4. Food efficiencies among stocks and diets were consistent with those for body weight, with HH > LH > HL > LL and E > A. Relative differences between diets were similar across ages and heterosis for food efficiency was about 15%. 5. Relative to body weight, oesophagus and liver weights were heavier in chickens fed diet A than fed diet E. The pattern reversed for abdominal fat pad. 6. Antibody to SRBC antigen was greater in the crosses than in line HH and in cross HL than line LL, with heterosis of 70%.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Diabetes care in minority groups. Overcoming barriers to meet these patients' special needs.

Physicians play a critical role in reaching diabetic patients in minority groups. These patients need professional help to modify their diets and exercise patterns, to follow drug regimens and blood-testing programs, to comply with treatment over the long term, and to pay for treatment. Closing the gap between the treatment levels afforded different groups of Americans is an enormous challenge, but it is one that is critical to the health of our population.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1993

Genetic information and health insurance. Report of the Task Force on Genetic Information and Insurance. NIH/DOE Working Group on Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Human Genome Research.

One of the ironies in the current health care coverage crisis is that developing more accurate biomedical information could make things worse rather than better. In the current American health care system, information about an individual's risk of disease plays a crucial role for many people in determining access to health care coverage. This link between the likelihood of needing health care and the ability to obtain coverage for that care has the unfortunate result that those most in need may have the greatest difficulty finding affordable health care coverage. New advances in human genetics are transforming medicine by making available increasing amounts of such information about risk. Biomedical science and the delivery of health care are being reshaped by advances in our understanding of human genetics. New insights into health and disease, new diagnostic and prognostic tests and the possibility of new therapies reflect significant investments by the public and by private business and are no longer limited to the uncommon disorders traditionally labeled as "genetic diseases." Among the first products of genetic research is information useful in predicting the likelihood that an individual will develop particular diseases, opening the door both to preventive strategies that we would welcome, such as changes in diet and exercise patterns, and to the unwelcome possibility of genetic discrimination. Injecting information about genetic risks into the current health care system could result in ever more refined risk rating by insurers and ever greater difficulty in finding affordable health care coverage for large numbers of people. At a minimum, people could be discouraged from obtaining genetic information that might be useful in disease prevention and early treatment or for case planning and management because that same information could jeopardize their access to health care coverage in general, or to treatment for a condition excluded from coverage because it was "pre-existing." Under other circumstances people might be compelled to provide genetic information as a condition of obtaining affordable health care coverage. Genetic risk information carries an additional, wider burden because information about an individual's genetic health risks may also be information about the risks of children, parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives. One suggested approach--providing special protection for genetic information--is unlikely to succeed. This special protection has been suggested because of the relevance of genetic information to family members and its implications for reproductive choices, potential discrimination and stigmatization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada.

BACKGROUND: International and interethnic differences in prostate cancer incidence suggest an environmental, potentially modifiable etiology for the disease. PURPOSE: We conducted a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer among blacks (very high risk), whites (high risk), and Asian-Americans (low risk) in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Hawaii, Vancouver, and Toronto. Our aim was to evaluate the roles of diet, physical activity patterns, body size, and migration characteristics on risk in these ethnic groups and to assess how much of the interethnic differences in risk might be attributed to interethnic differences in such lifestyle characteristics. METHODS: We used a common protocol and questionnaire to administer personal interviews to 1655 black, white, Chinese-American, and Japanese-American case patients diagnosed during 1987-1991 with histologically confirmed prostate carcinoma and to 1645 population-based control subjects matched to case patients by age, ethnicity, and region of residence. Sera collected from 1127 control subjects were analyzed for levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to permit comparison of case patients with control subjects lacking serological evidence of prostate disease. Odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression. We estimated the proportion of prostate cancer attributable to certain risk factors and the proportion of interethnic risk differences attributable to interethnic differences in risk-factor prevalence. RESULTS: A positive statistically significant association of prostate cancer risk and total fat intake was found for all ethnic groups combined. This association was attributable to energy from saturated fats; after adjusting for saturated fat, risk was associated only weakly with monounsaturated fat and was unrelated to protein, carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fat, and total food energy. Saturated fat intake was associated with higher risks for Asian-Americans than for blacks and whites. In all ethnic groups combined, the risk tended to be higher when only case patients with advanced disease were compared with control subjects with normal PSA levels. Among foreign-born Asian-Americans, risk increased independently with years of residence in North America and with saturated fat intake. Crude estimates suggest that differences in saturated fat intake account for about 10% of black-white differences and about 15% of white-Asian-American differences in prostate cancer incidence. Risk was not consistently associated with intake of any micronutrients, body mass, or physical activity patterns. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a causal role in prostate cancer for saturated fat intake but suggest that other factors are largely responsible for interethnic differences in risk.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1983

Systolic blood pressure and long-term practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: effects of TM on systolic blood pressure.

Systolic blood pressure was measured in 112 subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi programs. The subjects were between the ages of 35 and 64 years. A significant difference was found between the systolic blood pressures of subjects (matched for sex, race, and general educational background) practicing the TM and TM-Sidhi programs and norms for the general population. This difference was independent of diet and exercise patterns but related to length of time meditating. A significant difference was also found between short-term (under 5 years) and long-term (over 5 years) participants of the TM program, covarying for age. No previous reports exist concerning the long-term effects of the TM program on blood pressure. Despite methodological problems associated with cross sectional data, the findings suggest the beneficial effects of the long-term practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs on systolic blood pressure. Even if self-selection plays a role, the characteristics of an easily identifiable group already showing traits beneficial to the general population deserves further study.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Functional versatility supports coral reef biodiversity.

We explore the role of specialization in supporting species coexistence in high-diversity ecosystems. Using a novel ordination-based method to quantify specialist and generalist feeding structures and diets we examined the relationship between morphology and diet in 120 wrasses and parrotfishes from the Great Barrier Reef. We find that wrasses, despite their morphological diversity, exhibit weak links between morphology and diet and that specialist morphologies do not necessarily equate to specialized diets. The dominant pattern shows extensive overlap in morphology (functional morphospace occupation) among trophic groups; fish with a given morphology may have a number of feeding modes. Such trophic versatility may lay the foundation for both the origins and maintenance of high biodiversity on coral reefs.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

Methods used to manage urinary incontinence by older adults in the community.

This paper addresses the ways that noninstitutionalized older adults deal with involuntary urine loss. The data come from a 1983-1984 sample survey of Washtenaw County, Michigan residents aged 60 and over. Five hundred twelve self-reported incontinent respondents are included in the analyses. About a quarter of the incontinent respondents had discussed their condition with a doctor in the previous year, while 66% used one or more methods to control urine loss. Respondents preferred using absorbent products (47% of those who used some method) and locating a toilet upon reaching a destination (42%). Fewer respondents manipulated their voiding patterns (29%) or diet and fluid intake (17%), or did pelvic muscle exercises (10%). Only 7% were taking medication for their incontinence. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the choice of actions. Predictors were taken from theoretical models of health service utilization and health behavior, and included predisposing characteristics, health beliefs, enabling factors, and illness variables. Illness variables, particularly severity and type of incontinence, were the best predictors of consultation with a doctor and use of any urine control method. The predictors were less useful for understanding the choice of a specific method.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1971

Suppression of food intake with intragastric loading: relation to natural feeding cycle.

Rats were infused through chronically implanted intragastric tubes with 100 percent of their normal total daily food intake. The infusion was given either continuously over 24 hours or divided into discrete meals programed to simulate the rats' natural eating pattern. The same diet was also available for consumption by mouth. In neither case did the animals completely stop eating. During slow infusions excessive consumption ranged from 30 to 50 percent. During simulated meal infusion of the same total quantity of diet, they compensated far better, overeating by only 2 to 18 percent. Periodic filling of the stomach between scheduled meals was no more effective than a continuous slow infusion. Therefore, factors related to the natural feeding cycle make a significant contribution to the effectiveness of food in maintaining satiety and controlling food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Some characteristics and antibiotic resistance of anaerobic bacteria from the ceca and colons of pigs fed chlortetracycline-containing and unmedicated diets.

Morphology and end product patterns were used to group 112 bacterial isolates from the ceca and colons of pigs fed unmedicated and chlortetracycline-containing diets. Most of the isolates (68%) were resistant to chlortetracycline (greater than 4 micrograms/ml). Chlortetracycline resistance was associated with all groups of anaerobic and facultative bacteria.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

Effect of the linoleic acid concentration of mother's diet on adenyl cyclase activity of fetal and neonatal rat brown adipose tissue.

An adenyl cyclase activity was measurable in the brown adipose tissue of fetal rat, and could be stimulated in vitro by noradrenaline during the last 3 days of fetal life. The stimulating effect of noradrenaline was maximal at birth and decreased during the first days of extrauterine life. Ingestion by mother of a high lipid diet modified the developmental pattern of fetal adenyl cyclase. The linoleic acid content of mother's diet had no effect on the noradrenaline- or fluoride-stimulated specific activities except on the day 22 of gestation. Relative noradrenaline-stimulated activity, expressed as a fraction of the maximal activity, was significantly increased in fetuses and 1-day-old newborns from mothers fed a high linoleic acid diet, but no effect was observed in suckling newborns.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1996

Potency of naloxone's anorectic effect in rats is dependent on diet preference.

Modulation of feeding behavior by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and opioids is well established, but the possibility that these neural influences provoke specific appetites, NPY for carbohydrate and opioids for fat, has also been considered. In other studies, intake of standard chow after NPY stimulation can be blocked by naloxone, indicating an interaction between these systems in the regulation of feeding. The present experiments examined the nature of NPY-opioid interactions in diet selection. Rats were administered NPY and naloxone concurrently, then chose between high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. Subcutaneous administration of naloxone (0.01-0.3 mg/kg) potently reduced intake of the preferred diet, but not the nonpreferred diet. A similar pattern of selection was seen in a separate experiment where the same doses of naloxone were administered after 24-h food deprivation. These data support the idea that the opioid system mediates the "rewarding" aspects of feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Why be diurnal? Or, why not be cathemeral?

As a behavioural strategy, cathemerality is thought to confer considerable advantages by allowing animals to extend activity flexibly into either the diurnal or nocturnal phase in response to the prevailing ecological conditions. Factors such as temperature, access to food sources and minimising the risk of predation are all thought to be important in promoting cathemerality, although previous studies have produced inconsistent results. This paper adopts a different approach by first asking whether an obligate diurnal species, the chacma baboon (Papio hamadryas ursinus), exhibits seasonal variation in behavioural flexibility in response to annual cycles of day length. While short day lengths are an important constraint on the activity of the baboons at De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa, long summer days permit considerable flexibility in thermoregulatory response, diet selection and patterns of habitat choice. Given that baboons adapt flexibly in response to a relaxation of time constraints, the question thus arises as to why diurnal and nocturnal primates do not adopt cathemeral activity patterns when time is constrained? For baboons, the costs of predation appear to prohibit exploitation of the nocturnal phase and it is likely that such constraints are true of most primates. It thus follows that Madagascar's predatory environment must in some way permit or select for a cathemeral lifestyle. The importance of the predation by fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) on the evolution of cathemerality is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The role of lifestyle modification in dysmetabolic syndrome management.

Lifestyle modification should be the primary therapeutic intervention in individuals with the dysmetabolic syndrome, given the fact that obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity are primary underlying risk factors for its development. Most individuals with the dysmetabolic syndrome need to lose weight through dietary changes and increases in physical activity. Modest weight losses may significantly improve all aspects of the syndrome. Because individuals differ in their lifestyles, tailoring interventions to meet the specific needs of each person will maximize the chances of success. Assessment of the individual with the dysmetabolic syndrome involves quantification of obesity, diets and dietary patterns, physical activity, emotional problems, and motivation. To help individuals make lifestyle changes, a number of behavior modification strategies have shown good efficacy. These strategies include a tailored problem-solving intervention, involving goal-setting, self-monitoring, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, stress management, relapse prevention, social support, and contracting. The frequency of self-monitoring is an especially important strategy for continued success. Research studies have clearly demonstrated the power of lifestyle modification for long-term behavioral change. Lifestyle modification appears effective in delaying or preventing the development of the dysmetabolic syndrome.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1997

Experimental field study of spatial memory and learning in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus).

Despite a large body of data on diet and ranging patterns in prosimians, monkeys and apes, little is known regarding the types of information that non-human primates use when making foraging decisions. In a series of controlled field experiments, we tested the ability of wild capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at La Suerte Biological Research Station in north-eastern Costa Rica to remember the spatial positions of 13 feeding platforms and use olfactory and visual cues to identify baited (real bananas) versus sham (plastic bananas) feeding sites. The results indicate that when 'place' was predictable, the capuchins learned the spatial locations of food and non-food sites rapidly (one-trial learning). In a second experiment, the positions of baited feeding sites were random. In the absence of other information, the capuchins used the presence of a local landmark cue (yellow block) placed at reward platforms to select feeding sites. In a final experiment, there was evidence that expectations regarding the amount of food available at a platform (2 bananas vs. 1/2 banana) had a significant influence on capuchin foraging decisions. Although the capuchins were sensitive to changes in experimental conditions, when they were given conflicting cues, spatial information was predominant over other information in selecting feeding sites.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total parenteral nutrition in the mouse: body composition and plasma chemistries.

Mice that were maintained in energy and nitrogen (N) balance by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 12 days were analyzed for changes in organ weight, carcass and liver N and fat, and plasma glucose, urea N, and total protein. The results are compared with two other groups: (1) PO, which consisted of mice that were given the TPN solution per os in amounts equivalent to the TPN group, and (2) AL, which consisted of mice allowed to consume a stock diet ad libitum. In comparison with group AL, the TPN-fed mice had normal liver, kidney, and lung weights but heavier spleens and hearts. Group PO had an increase in liver weight only. Hepatic lipid content declined in group TPN but increased markedly in PO-fed mice. The latter group also demonstrated a 35% increase in carcass fat whereas it was unchanged in the TPN group. No differences were found in plasma urea N and total protein among the groups but plasma glucose increased 2-fold in group PO. It appears that our technique of parenteral feeding in mice maintains fairly normal body composition and plasma chemistries. However, mice drinking the TPN solution (group PO) exhibited the greatest number of alterations. These results are discussed in relation to differences in route of feeding, diet composition, feeding pattern, and the possible influence of circadian rhythms. The dilemma of choosing appropriate control groups in TPN studies is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Characteristics of peroxisome proliferation: co-induction of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation-related enzymes with microsomal laurate hydroxylase.

The profile of the changes in the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation activity in rat liver was compared with that in microsomal omega-oxidation under various conditions such as a 2-week administration of phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and perfluorinated compounds, short and long-term administration of clofibrate and bezafibrate, high-fat diet feeding, starvation and diabetes. The results were summarized as follows: 1) when phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and perfluorinated compounds were administered, there was a significant correlation in the increase of the activities between peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and microsomal omega-oxidation. 2) On the long-term administration (79 weeks) of peroxisome proliferators the activities of the enzymes were significantly reduced, but the levels were still higher than the control level in a similar manner. 3) On high-fat diet feeding the patterns of the changes in the activities of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, carnitine acetyltransferase and microsomal omega-oxidation were similar to each other, differing from the changes in the activities of microsomal aminopyrin demethylase and mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase. 4) Under starved and diabetic conditions, co-induction of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and microsomal omega-oxidation was observed. From these results it is suggested that 1) the biosynthesis of these enzymes would be regulated on the gene expression of the nearby domain and 2) peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and microsomal omega-oxidation were co-operatively regulated in order to achieve fatty acid metabolism smoothly.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Hazardous effects of effluent from the chrome plating industry: 70 kDa heat shock protein expression as a marker of cellular damage in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ).

Hazardous effects of an effluent from the chrome plating industry were examined by exposing transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) to various concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 micro L/mL) of the effluent through diet. The emergence pattern of adult flies was affected, along with impaired reproductive performance at the higher dietary concentrations of the effluent. Interestingly, the effect of the effluent was more pronounced in male than in female flies. The effect of the effluent on development of adult flies was concurrent with the expression pattern of the heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70), both in larval tissues and in the reproductive organs of adult flies. We observed a dose- and time-dependent expression of hsp70 in third instar larvae exposed for different time intervals. Absence of hsp70 expression in larvae exposed to 0.1 micro L/mL of the effluent indicated that this is the highest nontoxic concentration for Drosophila. The stress gene assay in the reproductive organs of adult flies revealed hsp70 expression in the testis of male flies only. However, trypan blue dye exclusion tests in these tissues indicate tissue damage in the male accessory gland of adult flies, which was further confirmed by ultrastructural observations. In the present study we demonstrate the utility of transgenic Drosophila as an alternative animal model for evaluating hazardous effects of the effluent from the chrome plating industry and further reveal the cytoprotective role of hsp70 and its expression as an early marker in environmental risk assessment.

Animals↗