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PubMed1990

Information-processing differences and laterality of students from different colleges and disciplines.

1023 college students were assessed for hemispheric brain dominance using the paper-and-pencil test, the Human Information Processing Survey. Analysis of scores of students majoring in Advertising, Interior Design, Music, Journalism, Art, Oral Communication, and Architecture suggested a preference for right-brain hemispheric processing, while scores of students majoring in Accounting, Management, Finance, Computer Science, Mathematics, Nursing, Funeral Service, Criminal Justice, and Elementary Education suggested a preference for left-hemispheric strategies for processing information. The differential effects of hemispheric processing in an educational system emphasizing the left-hemispheric activities of structured logic and sequential processing suggests repression of the intellectual development of those students who may be genetically favorable to right-hemispheric processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Redundant leading and following zeros in comparative numerical judgment.

The objective was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how people make numerical comparative judgments when digits are contained in numbers with redundant leading or following zeros, e.g., 00080 and 800.000. These sequences of numbers often appear on computer display terminals (VDT) as line numbers, but surprisingly little research has been done on this. The experiment manipulated three aspects of numerical stimuli: (1) redundant leading zeros, (2) redundant following zeros, and (3) length of string of digits. The subjects were to push one of the two button-switches to respond whether two stimulus numbers shown on the computer screen were equal or unequal. The target stimuli contained several forms of redundant zeros, and each performance was assessed by response RT of the subjects. Analysis indicated five significant findings: (1) Redundant leading zeros hindered performance, (2) The effect of redundant following zeros depended on the stimulus type, (3) Over-all, longer digits took more processing time, (4) The RTs for the second-block trials were significantly faster than the first, and (5) Task performance was facilitated when the redundant zero representations were identical in both stimuli of a pair. Nonlexicographic processing seems to occur when feature identification can be used for numerical identification, that is, when the format is consistent. The research has implications for those in computer science to provide numerical formats which make comparative judgments as easy as possible.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Contributions of thinking styles to vocational purpose beyond self-rated abilities.

The present study predicted vocational purpose from thinking styles, a construct at the interface of intelligence and personality. 233 students majoring in history and computer science from a large research-oriented university in the People's Republic of China completed the Thinking Styles Inventory and the Iowa Vocational Purpose Inventory. The participants also rated their own analytical, creative, and practical abilities. In general, results indicated that thinking styles contributed to vocational purpose beyond self-rated abilities. Specifically, the more creativity-generating and complex thinking styles tended to contribute positively to vocational purpose, whereas the more conforming and simplistic thinking styles tended to contribute negatively to vocational purpose. This article points to the need theoretically for integrating the construct of thinking style into the definition of differential psychology. Practical data argue for a collaborative working relationship between teachers and vocational counselors in institutions of higher education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Data quality and quality control of a population-based cancer registry. Experience in Finland.

Cancer registries should pay great attention to the quality of their data, both in terms of completeness (all cancer patients in the population are registered) and accuracy (data on individual cancer patients must be correct). In addition to technical measures in the data processing, different types of checks and comparisons should be routine practice. Active research policy and ambitious, research-oriented staff with competence in medicine, biostatistics and computer science are essential in terms of maintaining good data quality.

Finland↗
PubMed1990

Clinical oncology and chemical thermodynamics.

The development of oncolytic agents for cancer chemotherapy is often based on chance discovery and intensive structure modification. A mechanistic understanding of the essential biochemistry of many anticancer drugs remains elusive because of the biological complexity of drug-drug and drug-target interactions. The potential of computational science to analyze and quantify these interactions may provide a rational basis for drug modification and clinical trial design.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2001

Exploring relationships in gene expressions: a partial least squares approach.

Microarray technology has revolutionized the way gene functions are monitored. Analysis of microarray data is a fast growing research area that interfaces various disciplines such as biology, biochemistry, computer science, and statistics. While various clustering and classification techniques have been successfully employed to group genes based on the similarity of their expression patterns, much is yet to be learned about the interrelationship of the expression levels among various genes. We approach this problem with a statistical technique called partial least squares that is capable of modeling a large number of variables each with relatively few observations. This property of the partial least squares methodology appears to be attractive for application to microarray data sets where the simultaneous expression levels of many genes are collected each at a few time points (or individuals). We use it to analyze publicly available microarray data on sporulation of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We investigate a number of representative genes, one from each temporal group (based on the time of first induction) of positively expressed genes and show that in each case most of the variability was explained by only two partial regression terms based on all remaining genes. Moreover, the predicted expression levels of the representative genes from partial least squares fit very well on the average with the true expression levels over time. Finally, we compare the biological functions of the genes with largest coefficients with those of the predicted genes. In many cases, the genes are involved in similar or related biological functions including negative relationships. We show that this method can identify established gene relationships; we argue that it can be an exploratory tool for identifying potential gene relationships requiring further biological investigation.

Gene Expression Profiling↗
PubMed2006

Pocket-sized psychology studies: exploring daily diary software for palm pilots.

Daily dairies, also known as experience sampling methods (ESM) or everyday experience methods, are a common methodology utilized to provide insight into momentary psychological processes. Traditionally, such studies often have utilized paper-and-pencil surveys administered several times each day over a span of several days or weeks. However, advances in technology now allow these studies to be conducted using palmtop computers (i.e., personal digital assistants; PDAs). Three software packages for running these studies on the Palm operating system were explored and compared on a number of features Specifically, ESP (Experience Sampling Program, by Feldman Barrett & Barrett, 2001), iESP Version 3.2 (Intel Experience Sampling Program, by Intel Research Seattle & the University of Washington Computer Science and Engineering Department), and PMAT Version 2.0 (Purdue Momentary Assessment Tool, by the Military Family Research Institute at Purdue University) were examined, with their key features compared. These advances in software for running diary studies include a number of features that provide researchers with methods and information previously unavailable in diary studies and may expand the range of possibilities in diary study designs.

Documentation↗
PubMed2002

A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications.

Eye-tracking applications are surveyed in a breadth-first manner, reporting on work from the following domains: neuroscience, psychology, industrial engineering and human factors, marketing/advertising, and computer science. Following a review of traditionally diagnostic uses, emphasis is placed on interactive applications, differentiating between selective and gaze-contingent approaches.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

On the essential integration of nursing and informatics.

This paper asserts that nursing knowledge is fundamentally inseparable from the strategies and structures that represent it. Nursing informatics comprises a new disciplinary focus that results from a blend of nursing and informatics. The technologies of informatics, communications, computer science, decision science, human information processing, and knowledge engineering, provide critical care nurses with the support necessary for contemporary nursing practice. Informatics technologies enable nurses to communicate, process knowledge in new and more efficient ways, and better understand the nature of nursing thinking.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Patient satisfaction-subjective quality assessment by patients and success factor for clinics].

In the field of measuring patient satisfaction (in other words, the quality perceived subjectively by hospital patients) there is still a great need for more knowledge. Therefore, the Institute of Medical Computer Science and Biometry of the University of Rostock carried out a questioning of 497 patients at the Hospital for Internal Medicine of the University Rostock to measure the patient satisfaction with the hospital. In addition, an employee questioning was performed in order to gain further information. In addition to univariate and bivariate analyses a special focus was set on the analysis of the hospitals' competitive situation, to take into account the importance of patient satisfaction as strategic success factor within the competitive situation. A competition analysis and a Key-Issue Analysis were performed. Finally, focus is on the problems of external hospital comparison and a comparison of trends of patient satisfaction at hospitals in Hamburg and Rostock was made.

Germany↗
PubMed1993

Achieving empowerment through information.

Despite the problems we encountered, which are not uncommon with the development and implementation of any data system, we are confident that our success in achieving our goals is due to the following: establishing a reliable information database connecting several related departments; interfacing with registration and billing systems to avoid duplication of data and chance for error; appointing a qualified Systems Manager devoted to the project; developing superusers to include intensive training in the operating system (UNIX), parameters of the information system, and the report writer. We achieved what we set out to accomplish: the development of a reliable database and reports on which to base a variety of hospital decisions; improved hospital utilization; reliable clinical data for reimbursement, quality management, and credentialing; enhanced communication and collaboration among departments; and an increased profile of the departments and staff. Data quality specialists, Utilization Management and Quality Management coordinators, and the Medical Staff Credentialing Supervisor and their managers are relied upon by physicians and administrators to provide timely information. The staff are recognized for their knowledge and expertise in their department-specific information. The most significant reward is the potential for innovation. Users are no longer restricted to narrow information corridors. UNIX programming encourages creativity without demanding a degree in computer science. The capability to reach and use diverse hospital database information is no longer a dream.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical pathways: a roadway for providers.

The steady growth of managed care, combined with advances in both medical and computer science, has begun to transform the way health care providers treat patients. The evolution and rapidly expanding use of clinical pathways has become an important component of the modern health care system.

Critical Pathways↗
PubMed1988

A clinical tool for nursing.

The background of this software tool stretches back nearly 20 years to original systems techniques developed within an area of computer science called artificial intelligence. Research reflects efforts to capture the reasoning processes of healthcare experts.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1999

Experience with an electronic health record for a homeless population.

A computerized electronic medical record (EMR) system using client-server architecture was designed and implemented by the Laboratory of Computer Science for use by the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) to meet the unique medical record needs of the homeless. For the past three years, this EMR has been used to assist providers in the delivery of health care to the homeless population of Boston. As the BHCHP has grown and technology improved, it is important to review what features of the EMR work, and to investigate what improvements can be made for the better delivery of care to the homeless, especially as we approach the next century.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quo vadis telemedicine?].

INTRODUCTION: Telemedicine, i.e. the set of diagnostic, terapheutic or social medicine actions, done using electronic transmission methods, is thieving and shows an amazing and disquieting near future. Let us review the actual situation and analyze the future perspectives. DEVELOPMENT: It is now a reality in different scopes and centres such as Teleradiology, Telepathology, Teleophthalmology, and so, and terms like Telepresence or Robotic Surgery, are making its way. Meanwhile, by now, Internet doesn't support critical applications where the patient's life is at risk, the boom of telecommunications at planetary level is changing our habits and rhythms, ... our lifes. It's the immediate transmission of information without intermediaries being able of manipulate it, it's the universal, easy, free and immediate communication between persons. A media without government, without censure, hard to legislate, that implies the fading out of diverse social beings that are nowadays under constraints of time and space, and the fading in of new beings free of that sort of constraints. We are seeing the born and growing up of a new culture that will impose itself-it is already doing so-like it has happened before with the press, or vaccines. It is in our hands to cooperate in the positive development of these new technologies, of this new culture, and to protect it from irresponsible governments, from unscrupulous commercials, and from the people trying to convert it in new social barriers. But we have reasons to be optimist, one of them is the existence of a lot of intelligent, passionated, usually very young people, extremely experts in computer science and communications, that are working hard in these fields, knowing that the ones who have the control of communications will rulethe future world. CONCLUSIONS: It is important that telemedicine helps improving medical sciences, the patients, the doctor and the society and we can-we must-work to this end.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1999

Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): the relationship with activity measured by a portable accelerometer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) by comparing PASE scores with physical activity assessed by a portable accelerometer. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Correlational-mean activity level over a 3-day period was correlated with PASE scores. SETTING: Physical activity of participants was monitored over 3 days during normal daily activity. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty healthy adult volunteers, 67-80 years of age, participated in this study. MEASURES: Physical activity from 09:00 to 21:00 hours was assessed over 3 consecutive weekdays (Wednesday-Friday) using a Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CSA) portable accelerometer. Following completion of the 3-day monitoring period physical activity was assessed with the PASE. RESULTS: PASE scores were significantly correlated with average 3-day CSA readings (r = 0.49, p < 0.05) in the total sample and in those over age 70 years (r = 0.64, p < 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: These results add to the literature supporting the validity of the PASE as a measure of physical activity in older individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Chromosome abnormalities in ovarian adenocarcinoma: III. Using breakpoint data to infer and test mathematical models for oncogenesis.

Cancer geneticists seek to identify genetic changes in tumor cells and to relate the genetic changes to tumor development. Because single changes can disrupt the cell cycle and promote other genetic changes, it is extremely hard to distinguish cause from effect. In this article we illustrate how 7 techniques from statistics, theoretical computer science, and phylogenetics can be used to infer and test possible models of tumor progression from single genome-wide descriptions of aberrations in a large sample of tumors. Specifically, we propose 4 tree models for tumor progression inferred from the large ovarian cancer data set described in the first 2 articles in this series. The models are derived from 2 different methods to select the non-random genetic aberrations and 2 different methods to infer the trees, given a set of events. Various aspects of the tree models are tested and extended by 5 methods: overall tests of independence, likelihood ratio tests, principal components analysis, directed acyclic graph modeling, and Bayesian survival analysis. All our methods lead to strikingly consistent conclusions about chromosomal breakpoints in ovarian adenocarcinoma, including (1) the non-random breakpoints in ovarian adenocarcinoma do not occur independently; (2) breakpoints in regions 1p3 and 11p1 are important early events and distinguish a class of tumors associated with poor prognosis; and (3) breakpoints in 1p1, 3p1, and 1q2 distinguish a class of ovarian tumors, and the breaks at 1p1 and 3p1 are associated with poor prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

[Future of surgery].

Most current surgical techniques were developed in the 20th century, especially during the past 50 years. Open heart surgery, vascular surgery, neonatal surgery, organ transplantation and artificial organs, microsurgery, intravenous hyperalimentation, and, more recently, endoscopic surgery emerged during the past five decades. Many of the dreams of surgeons in the past have now been realized. These advances in surgery were made possible by the development of new technologies and instrumentation, but most importantly were initiated by the pioneering spirit of surgeons. This will continue on in the next century, since history shows that classical or conventional treatment modalities are constantly changing and being replaced by new ones based on new ideas and technologies. In this age of molecular biology, gene therapy, computer science, and the Internet, the pace of change in medicine and surgery will accelerate. Systems for training and communications, and even medical ethics, will inevitably change. We may not be able to predict precisely the future changes in surgery and surgeons, but we must be prepared for them and steer the future of surgery for the benefit of patients.

Forecasting↗