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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Increase in inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate levels of the fungiform papilla in response to saccharin and bitter substances in mice.

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) levels of the mouse fungiform papilla and nonsensory epithelial tissue in response to various taste stimuli were measured by use of a competitive protein binding assay. Stimulation of the tongue with 20 mM saccharin induced a significant increase in IP3 levels of the fungiform papillae without affecting those of the nonsensory epithelial tissue, whereas stimulations with 20 mM quinine and denatonium raised IP3 levels in not only the fungiform papilla but slightly also nonsensory epithelial tissue. No such increases in IP3 levels were observed to lower concentrations of saccharin, denatonium and quinine, and other basic taste stimuli, such as 0.5 M sucrose, 0.1 M NaCl and 10 mM HCl. Pretreatment of the tongue with pronase, a proteolytic enzyme which inhibits sweet responses, completely eliminated the increase in IP3 levels induced by saccharin, but not those induced by quinine or denatonium. These results suggest that an IP3 pathway in taste cells of the mouse fungiform taste bud is involved in the transduction not only for denatonium and quinine, but also for 20 mM saccharin. The increase of IP3 induced by saccharin, but not by denatonium and quinine, may occur through pronase-sensitive membrane components.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Iberis amara L. (bitter candytuft)--profile of a medicinal plant].

Iberis amara L (Brassicaceae) is wide-spread in Europe and grows preferably in grain fields, in warm, sunny and dry, mainly loamy and loessial soil which is high in calcium. The plants contain amines, cucurbitacines, flavonoglycosides, and mustard oil glycosides. A fixed combination of the whole, blooming, fresh plant with clear seed formation ( Iberis amara totalis) is used in a phytotherapeutical product (Iberogast). In pharmacological studies both in vitro (e.g., in guinea pig ileum) and in vivo (e.g., in Wistar rats) the fresh plant extract of Iberis amara (IF) exhibited a tonicising effect on the smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine. In the rat IF produced a dose-dependent antiulcerogenic effect (indomethacin-induced ulcer) comparable to that of cimetidine (reference substance). The stomach acid release and the leucotriene-concentration, increased by indomethacin, were reduced by IF, whereas the prostaglandin E2 content, reduced by indomethacin, was increased. In patients with irritable bowel syndrome as a subtypological symptom associated with diarrhea and in patients with alternating diarrhea and obstipation, clear differences were found between drug and placebo in a multicenter, prospective, double-blind, randomized parallel group comparison. Toxological studies conducted with various cell lines in vitro and in rats and mice have shown that the fresh plant extract of Iberis amara in therapeutical relevant doses has no cytotoxic and no acute toxic action. In mutagenicity investigations there were no indications of genotoxic or mutagenic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A bitter pill?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2007

A bitter pill: a discursive analysis of women's medicalized accounts of depression.

Taking a discourse analytic approach, this article explores how a biomedical understanding is drawn on and mobilized in women's accounts of their depressive experiences. Through talk of diagnosis, and by drawing comparisons between depression and physical illnesses, participants constructed depression as a medical condition with the effect of validating their pain and legitimizing their identities. However, participants' accounts also indicated an uneasy fit between the objective discipline of biomedicine and their subjective experiences of depression. Without tangible evidence to validate the 'reality' of their condition, speakers were on precarious ground for talking of themselves and their distress within a biomedical frame. The social construction of biomedicine and stigma for marginalized forms of distress are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Optimum heat treatment conditions for masking the bitterness of the clarithromycin wax matrix.

The effects of the contents of aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E (AMCE) in a wax matrix on the mechanism of polymorphic transformation of glyceryl monostearate (GM) were clarified by evaluating the enthalpy change defined as 1.51 (DeltaH(1)-DeltaH(2))/DeltaH(2), where DeltaH(1) and DeltaH(2) denote the enthalpies in the first and second thermal analyses, respectively. Using this value, K(1), the rate constant of transformation from alpha-form to beta'-form, and K(2), the rate constant of transformation from beta'-form to beta-form, could be obtained. As the ratio of AMCE increased, K(2) increased, but a minimum point existed for K(1). K(1) was always larger than K(2), but gradually approached K(2) as the ratio of AMCE increased. The optimum temperature for the transformation of GM was 50 degrees C, at which the enthalpy change was maximum. To prepare the wax matrix preparation of clarithromycin (CAM), we considered 40 degrees C the optimum treatment temperature for the transformation of GM in a CAM wax matrix compounded from CAM, GM and AMCE, since the matrices were mutually welded at above 45 degrees C during the spray congealing process. Although K(1) and K(2) were almost the same at 40 degrees C, the rate of transformation was accelerated by tumbling. By applying the tumbling that accelerated the transformation of GM in a CAM wax matrix, almost all of the alpha-form disappeared, and the release of CAM from the wax matrix diminished when the enthalpy change was more than 0.8.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative determination of bitter principles in specimens of Ganoderma lucidum using high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the evaluation of ganoderma products.

For quantitative determination of 19 triterpene constituents, including six ganoderma alcohols (1-6) and 13 ganoderma acids (7-19), in the products of Ganoderma lucidum, an analytical system was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with an ODS column. The mobile phase was a linear gradient of 1% AcOH/H(2)O-CH(3)CN and 2% AcOH/H(2)O-CH(3)CN, and the elution profile was monitored at 243 and 250 nm for ganoderma alcohols and acids, respectively. The relative standard deviations of this method were less than 2.35% and 2.18% (n=5) for intraday and interday assays, and the recoveries were 90.9-100.8% and 93.4-103.9% for constituents of alcohol and acid groups, respectively. This system was applied to a quantitative determination of the constituents in 10 different products of G. lucidum: six usual umbrella forms of the fruiting bodies, three antlered forms of the fruiting bodies and spores, and eight specimens from the same G. lucidum strain, which was parasitized on logs from different plants or different fungus beds. The analytical results indicated that the quantity and composition of these triterpenes differed appreciably among various specimens, but the relative ratio of the alcohols and acids was not significantly different when the same strain of G. lucidum was used.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗