Large deletion detected with the Big Blue transgenic mouse mutagenesis assay.
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Animals↗
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Going flat out. The Clintons launch a last big road show for health reform but show hints of their readiness to cut a deal.
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Costs and Cost Analysis↗
Grandmothering and the evolution of homo erectus.
Despite recent, compelling challenge, the evolution of Homo erectus is still commonly attributed to big game hunting and/or scavenging and family provisioning by men. Here we use a version of the "grandmother" hypothesis to develop an alternative scenario, that climate-driven adjustments in female foraging and food sharing practices, possibly involving tubers, favored significant changes in ancestral life history, morphology, and ecology leading to the appearance, spread and persistence of H. erectus. Available paleoclimatic, environmental, fossil and archaeological data are consistent with this proposition; avenues for further critical research are readily identified. This argument has important implications for widely-held ideas about the recent evolution of long human lifespans, the prevalence of male philopatry among ancestral hominids, and the catalytic role of big game hunting and scavenging in early human evolution.
Animals↗
Clinical implications of antimicrobial resistance: how big is the problem?
This presentation addresses the question of the size of the antimicrobial resistance problem by examining the monitoring of antimicrobial use and resistance. It focuses on the main sources of information, possible pitfalls of the data and the susceptibility of the main pathogens responsible for bacteraemias in England and Wales. It addresses some of the difficulties in establishing the link between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial prescribing and concludes with some thoughts on necessary developments.
Agriculture↗
Organ and cell allometry in Hawaiian Drosophila: how to make a big fly.
The importance of body size in predicting many aspects of an animal's biology has become well established in recent years. However, little is known about how body size evolves at the cellular level. Some published data suggest that it is cell number and not cell size that accompanies changes in organ and body size across taxa. We examined organ and cell allometry in the wing, eye and basitarsus of adult Hawaiian Drosophila, ranging in body length from 0.2 mm to 0.8 mm. Linear measurements of all three structures exhibit a positive allometry with body length. Exponents of the allometric equation were 0.96, 0.55 and 1.50 for wing, eye and basitarsus, respectively. Surface markers were used to quantify cell size of each organ. The allometric exponents for cell size as a function of organ size were 0.53, 0.68 and 0.33 for wing, eye and basitarsus, respectively. In contrast to reports in the literature on other systems, our results for Hawaiian Drosophila indicate that cell size may contribute between one third and two thirds to evolutionary changes in organ and body size.
Animals↗
No small change: payment trends call for big preparations for 2006.
Payment trends that hospitals will need to respond to in 2006 are related to five areas of concern: The need to audit commercial insurers' payment for accuracy. The need for contract modeling and data-driven organization. The shift of volume risk from payers to hospitals. The shift of cost risk from payers to hospitals. The rise of consumer-directed health plans and related pay-for-performance and tiered pricing initiatives.
Financial Management, Hospital↗
Peptic ulcer disease and neuroticism in the United States adult population.
BACKGROUND: The goal of the current study was to determine the association between personality factors and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) among adults in the general population. METHOD: Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS), a representative household survey of the adult population (ages 25-74; n = 3,032) of the United States. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between the big five personality factors and PUD, adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric and physical comorbidity. RESULTS: Neuroticism was associated with significantly increased odds of PUD [OR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.4)], which persisted after controlling for differences in sociodemographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, perception of poor health, comorbid mental disorders and physical illnesses. This relationship was specific to neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with and extend previous clinical and epidemiologic data by providing evidence of an independent association between neuroticism and PUD among adults in the general population. Future work investigating the relationship between neuroticism and the development of PUD in prospective data, including objective measures of physical and mental health status, may contribute to our understanding of this association.
Adult↗
Genetics, genomics, and drug discovery.
Genetics and genomics are altering the drug discovery process and changing the practice of medicine. Genetic mapping and positional cloning will lead to the identification of disease susceptibility alleles of different genes and this will be further enabled by the publication of the DNA sequence of the human genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms discovered by comparative sequencing and other methods will also speed up positional cloning and allow pharmacogenetics to proceed in a more comprehensive way than heretofore. Gene expression arrays coupled with studies in model organisms will help to define the function of all genes and determine how the products interact-the next big step. High throughput protein structure determination will also provide large-scale descriptions of protein function but with more biochemical clarity. In all of these studies data integration remains the biggest challenge.
Drug Design↗
The big cities health inventory, 1997.
This manuscript reports on the publication of a unique document, The Big Cities Health Inventory, 1997: The Health of Urban U.S.A., which was released in July 1997 by the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH). The report presents data on 20 important health indicators such as AIDS, cancers, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, homicide, heart disease, infant mortality and low birthweight. Indicators of morbidity are gathered from participating local health departments and indicators of mortality and maternal and child health are obtained from vital records files provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The data are displayed and analyzed in two sections. The first consists of a series of tables presenting overall rates, gender and race/ethnicity-specific rates and city rankings according to these measures. These rankings provide meaningful comparisons between and within cities for specific demographic characteristics. The second component presents sample analyses which illustrate the possible uses of this information. The report represents an important tool for health professionals, researchers, policy makers and community advocates dedicated to promoting healthier cities. Such array of city-level data, to our knowledge not available from any other source, could indeed begin to lead to public health interventions that will impact the well-being of residents of large urban areas.
Cause of Death↗
Direct-to-consumer drug advertising: you get what you pay for.
Between 1997 and 2001 spending on direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertising more than doubled. Opinions differ as to whether and to what extent DTC advertising benefits the doctor-patient relationship. Some analysts argue that the current regulatory regime is sufficient, others advocate a stricter enforcement, and still others promote an outright ban. An alternative may be to use the purchasing power of the federal government to require the inclusion of comparative quality data, thus creating a basis for more informed consumer choice. This approach could create incentives for the pharmaceutical industry to adjust spending on DTC advertising while avoiding "big government" interference with commercial free speech.
Advertising↗
Interethnic variability in human drug responses.
The scientific study of interethnic differences in responses to drugs has been extant for 80 years. Many of these differences have been described at the phenotypic level, and some have been explained by genetic factors. However, it is frequently difficult to disentangle accurately the hereditary and environmental influences in phenotypic comparisons. This is where the recent developments in knowledge of the genes responsible for drug receptors are starting to make a big impact. The beta 2 adrenoceptor is described; it has three genetic polymorphisms. The different genotypes influence responses to agonists such as albuterol (Salbutamol). New gene frequency data including those for Saudi Arabians, Indians, and Africans are shown. The expanding body of knowledge about genetic (and interethnic) variability in drug receptors is likely to be important in clinical medicine.
Ethnicity↗
Genetic and behavioral components of the cryptic species boundary between Laupala cerasina and L. kohalensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).
Cryptic species are often hypothesized on the basis of differences in courtship signals. These signal differences suggest that mate recognition systems, which include both courtship signals and responses to those signals, have diverged between genetically isolated populations. Cryptic species are therefore thought to represent distinct genetic units, the boundaries of which are maintained by premating incompatibilities, specifically by receiver preferences for conspecific signals. Laupala cerasina and L. kohalensis are sympatric species of swordtail crickets endemic to the big island of Hawaii, that are distinguishable by differences in male courtship song. We first tested whether groupings hypothesized by acoustic similarity reflect genetic groupings, using AFLP data to estimate genetic relationships. Second, we tested whether genetic boundaries are maintained by female preferences for conspecific song characteristics. Phonotaxis trials were used to determine the extent of female preferences for conspecific male song. Results generally support both hypotheses, but suggest the presence of porous species boundaries.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
[An analytical study on 40 cases of otolaryngol melanoma].
OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathological features of otolaryngol melanoma and to elucidate its diagnosis. METHOD: The clinical data were reviewed retrospectively and immunohistochemical stains were performed in 40 cases of melanoma. RESULT: The course of the disease was aggressive. Three histological types were found: big epithelioid cell type (25 cases), small lymphoid cell type (12 cases) and spindle cell type (3 cases). The tumor cells were positive for VIM, S-100, HMB45. CONCLUSION: Otolaryngol melanoma is a rare tumor. It can be differentiated from other head and neck tumors based on the histopathologic features and immunohistochemical finds. Histological type of the tumor is important for clinical therapy and prognostic evaluation.
Adult↗
[Prevalence of ischemic heart disease and various ECG changes according to the results of a population study].
A study of a random representative sample has furnished data on the prevalence of ischemic heart disease, its varieties and various ECG changes among an open Novosibirsk population of 40- to 59-year-old males. The results are compared to data obtained in other cities and regions of the USSR. It is demonstrated that the prevalence of ischemic heart disease is virtually similar in Novosibirsk and other big cities and differs basically from the situation observed in a small town.
Adult↗
[The state of dentition and health maintenance in workers 35-44 years of age from selected industrial plants].
The study involved 347 workers (232 men and 115 women) aged 35-44 from four big industrial plants in the area of Szczecin. Selected dental health indices and questionnaires filled by the workers have been analysed. The results were compared with the data obtained from the International Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems in relation to Oral Health Status (so called "general population"). The study demonstrated differences in the DMF and M data between the test and the general populations. No differences in D and F numbers have been shown. Thus, the index of caries treatment requirements was similar in both populations. The awareness of caries treatment need was lower in the industrial than in the general population. The percentage of workers in demand of dentures was higher in the industrial than in the general population. The questionnaire study demonstrated that the test group more frequently applied--within last year--for dental care. Also, the availability of dental dispensaries was evaluated better by the workers as compared to controls.
Adult↗
[Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor in a newborn].
The tumor consists of two types of cells: small with abundant processes cells capable of dividing and probably being neuroblasts, and the big melanocytes forming bands and glandular-like structures. Tumor cells (mainly melanocytes) express pancytokeratins, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin and melanin antigen. These data are the additional indication that melanotic neuroectodermal tumor is the derivative of the neural crest.
Antigens, Neoplasm↗
Development of a United States-Mexico Emissions Inventory for the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study.
The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study was commissioned to investigate the sources of haze at Big Bend National Park in southwest Texas. The modeling domain of the BRAVO Study includes most of the continental United States and Mexico. The BRAVO emissions inventory was constructed from the 1999 National Emission Inventory for the United States, modified to include finer-resolution data for Texas and 13 U.S. states in close proximity. The first regional-scale Mexican emissions inventory designed for air-quality modeling applications was developed for 10 northern Mexican states, the Tula Industrial Park in the state of Hidalgo, and the Popocatépetl volcano in the state of Puebla. Emissions data were compiled from numerous sources, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission (now Texas Commission on Environmental Quality), the Eastern Research Group, the Minerals Management Service, the Instituto Nacional de Ecología, and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Geografía y Informática. The inventory includes emissions for CO, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia, particulate matter (PM) < 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter, and PM < 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter. Wind-blown dust and biomass burning were not included in the inventory, although high concentrations of dust and organic PM attributed to biomass burning have been observed at Big Bend National Park. The SMOKE modeling system was used to generate gridded emissions fields for use with the Regional Modeling System for Aerosols and Deposition (REMSAD) and the Community Multiscale Air Quality model modified with the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization and Dissolution (CMAQ-MADRID). The compilation of the inventory, supporting model input data, and issues encountered during the development of the inventory are documented. A comparison of the BRAVO emissions inventory for Mexico with other emerging Mexican emission inventories illustrates their uncertainty.
Aerosols↗
[Model for an epidemiological study of the health status of a population of health workers].
The authors describe a model of retrospective research on the state of health in a sample of the staff in a big hospital. The sample was composed of selected sub-groups taken from professional categories notoriously exposed to risk at work. The aim was to help define a model in simple ad versatile epidemiologic research and by applying it to a sample population of health operators, to verify the extent, the prevalence and incidence, the evolution in pathologies in order to make comparisons with the normal population, thus making it easier, for future research, to study casual phenomena and correlate between them. General criteria of retrospective "control case" have been adopted and the anamnestic data gather in has been done by filling in the "health book of individual risk", together with special questionnaires for this investigation. The originality of this work consists in its having abandoned the concept of pre-determine the nature and size of the test sample. In fact, considering the large number of variables, they should have made use of much bigger dimensions than the ones of the population examined with the elaborated original model. Which mean it is possible to obtain significant and reliable results by operating on a reduced but statistically valid sample, chosen with random method and whose entity has been determined with support from others experience in different sector. Therefore it is reasonable to consider the described model as a simple, agile and economic instrument adaptable to other cases, although still to be perfected. In particular it underlines the possibility of testing the state of health of categories at risk before stating complicated analysis (and organi) or big populations, thus improving instruments ad organization. To accomplish a continuous system of data in a short time thus verifying the stages of development and application of more complex projects of epidemiologic research aimed at entire populations. To obtain useful information wherever it's not possible to conduct complete and rapid research on workers' health in an on going way.
Epidemiologic Methods↗