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PubMed2005

Cognitive and adaptive outcome in low-grade pediatric cerebellar astrocytomas: evidence of diminished cognitive and adaptive functioning in National Collaborative Research Studies (CCG 9891/POG 9130).

PURPOSE: Clinicians often assume that children with posterior fossa tumors are at minimal risk for cognitive or adaptive deficits if they do not undergo cranial irradiation. However, small case series have called that assumption into question, and have also suggested that nonirradiated cerebellar tumors can cause location-specific cognitive and adaptive impairment. This study (1) assessed whether resected but not irradiated pediatric cerebellar tumors are associated with cognitive and adaptive functioning deficits, and (2) examined the effect of tumor location and medical complications on cognitive and adaptive functioning. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of 103 children aged 3 to 18 years with low-grade cerebellar astrocytomas, who underwent only surgical treatment as part of Children's Cancer Group protocol 9891 or Pediatric Oncology Group protocol 9130. The sample was divided into three groups based on primary tumor location: vermis, left hemisphere, or right hemisphere. Data were collected prospectively on intelligence, academic achievement, adaptive skills, behavioral functioning, and pre-, peri-, and postsurgical medical complications. RESULTS: The sample as a whole displayed an elevated risk for cognitive and adaptive impairment that was not associated consistently with medical complications. Within this group of children with cerebellar tumors, tumor location had little effect on cognitive, adaptive, or medical outcome. CONCLUSION: We did not replicate previous findings of location-specific effects on cognitive or adaptive outcome. However, the elevated risk of deficits in this population runs contrary to clinical lore, and suggests that clinicians should attend to the functional outcomes of children who undergo only surgical treatment for cerebellar tumors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Correlations for the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales with Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test in a forensic sample.

People with an intellectual disability are over-represented in the criminal justice system in many western countries. Identifying accused persons with intellectual disability is important if they are to receive protections available under the law. Accurate diagnosis is also relevant for correctional administrators, probation and parole services, and community services. Diagnosis of intellectual disability must be made on the basis of both cognitive skills (intelligence) and adaptive behavior. In this study, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test assessed intelligence, and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales assessed adaptive behavior, through self-report. Tests were administered to 150 offenders, ranging in age from 13 to 53 years, in Australian prisons, juvenile detention centers, legal aid offices, and probation services. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients calculated among all subtests and between total scores were significant. ROC curve analyses demonstrated that performance on each effectively predicted a standard score of less than 70 on the other one.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Disease and family contributors to adaptation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Research in the areas of pediatric rheumatology and pediatric chronic illness has emphasized comprehensive models of adaptation involving risk and resistance factors. This study examined adaptation, within this framework, among a large sample of children with chronic illness and children without chronic illness. METHODS: A comprehensive battery of adaptation measures was administered to a sample of 107 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 114 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and 88 healthy controls. RESULTS: Medical diagnosis was associated with mothers' depression and a composite measure of parental (mother and father) distress and passive coping. Children's emotional and behavioral functioning was not related to medical diagnosis, but mothers' depression and parental distress were associated with child behavior problems. CONCLUSION: Because parental distress was associated with child functioning, interventions to ameliorate parental distress may have beneficial effects on the children's behavior and on parents' reactions to their children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Toward a general model of health-related quality of life.

A health-related quality of life (HRQOL) model that fitted data collected in previous studies from two separate samples--patients with chronic physical illness and patients with chronic mental illness--was adapted and tested on a representative sample drawn from the normal population. This model, which implied that both physical and mental health influenced number of friendships, personal growth, and job satisfaction, fitted the data very well. However, an alternative model reversing the directions of the pathways so that friendships, personal growth, and job satisfaction affected physical health and mental health, with the latter two having a mutual effect on each other, fitted the data even better. This suggests that, although a medical model of HRQOL may be more important when it comes to alleviating illness, a psychosocial model of HRQOL may be more important when it comes to maintaining health and preventing illness. Moreover, the fact that essentially the same five-factor structural model fits three distinct populations, healthy and unhealthy, suggests that there may be a general model of quality of life applicable to all populations. The implications of these findings for clinical theory, policy, and practice are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Amplification of oak DNA from ancient and modern wood.

A polymorphic noncoding region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was successfully amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from various oak wood samples, including recent and more ancient (about 600-years-old) samples from different oak species. Adaptation of DNA isolation and amplification protocols was necessary to obtain this result. Polymorphisms useful to distinguish species or geographical origin of these samples could be scored through sequencing. These polymorphisms include one substitution and two microsatellite-type polymorphisms, due to a variable number of A/T repeats. Identical results were obtained independently in two separate laboratories.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Rapid identification of Clostridium botulinum and botulinal toxin in food.

Samples of green beans and mushrooms were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of Clostridium botulinum type A and incubated anaerobically at 37 degrees C. At various time intervals, the seeded food samples were tested for the presence of botulinal toxin and C. botulinum by an agar plating method and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C. botulinum type A that appeared as lipase-positive colonies on selective agar plates, and its elaborated toxin, were identified in all seeded food samples within 1 to 2 d. This procedure can be adapted for rapid screening of suspected food samples.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2002

Detection of encephalomyocarditis virus in clinical samples by immunomagnetic separation and one-step RT-PCR.

A method of immunomagnetic separation and one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed for the detection of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). EMCV was captured from sample on magnetic beads with homologous monoclonal antibody and then heat denatured. The heated beads were used directly in one-step RT-PCR reaction to amplify a 285-bp PCR fragment at the 3' end of the genomic region that encodes the viral polymerase. This method detected as little as 3.5 TCID(50) of EMCV from infected cell culture. It was shown with this method that the sensitivity of RT-PCR increased when applied for the detection of EMCV added to fecal extract. Using this protocol EMCV was detected from heart homogenate samples containing less than 100 TCID(50)/ml. The amplified product was sequenced to ensure specificity. The immunomagnetic-RT/PCR procedure described here should be useful for the rapid, specific and sensitive detection of EMCV in clinical samples. This technique is rapid, reliable and can be readily adapted to detect EMCV from other clinical samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The fate of early experience following developmental change: longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation in childhood.

2 strategies were used to investigate the continued impact of early experience and adaptation given subsequent experience and/or developmental change in a poverty sample (N = 190). Groups were defined whose adaptation was similar during the preschool years but consistently different earlier; then these 2 groups were compared in elementary school. In addition, a series of regression analyses was performed in which variance accounted for by near-in or contemporary predictors of adaptation in middle childhood was removed before adding earlier adaptation in subsequent steps. Children showing positive adaptation in the infant/toddler period showed greater rebound in the elementary school years, despite poor functioning in the preschool period. Regression analyses revealed some incremental power of early predictors with intermediate predictors removed. The results were interpreted as supporting Bowlby's thesis that adaptation is always a product of both developmental history and current circumstances. While this research cannot resolve such a complicated issue, it does point to the need for complex formulations to guide research on individual development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

An economic analysis of developmental detection methods.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the costs and benefits of various approaches to early detection of developmental disabilities. DESIGN: Cost-benefit analyses based on data from previously published studies of developmental screening tests. SETTING: General pediatric practices and day care centers. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 247 parents and their 0- to 6-year-old children-103 from day care centers and 144 from pediatric practices. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Licensed psychological examiners administered a screening test of parents' concerns about children's development and one or two direct screening tests: the Denver-II and/or the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test. For the day care sample, examiners also administered to each child measures of intelligence, adaptive behavior, and language. In the pediatric sample, children were administered additional assessments. At the same time, diagnostic measures were administered to a randomly selected subsample to make determinations about developmental status. Each screening method was evaluated for its short-term costs (administration, interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment) and long-term benefits (impact of early intervention on adult functioning as inferred from longitudinal studies by other researchers). RESULTS: When the long-term costs and benefits were considered, none of the approaches emerged as markedly superior to another. When viewing the short-term costs, the various screening approaches differed markedly. The use of parents' concerns was by far the least costly for physicians to administer and interpret. CONCLUSION: Physicians can incur tremendous expenses when attempting to detect children with developmental problems. Although the benefits of early detection and intervention are substantial, physicians are not well-compensated for providing a critical service to society. Health policymakers and third-party payers must reconsider their minimal investment in early detection by health care providers. Nevertheless, our findings have encouraging implications for practice, because the use of parents' concerns as a screening technique offers substantial savings over and above other methods.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Free triiodothyronine measured in dried blood spots from normal, low-birth-weight, and hypothyroid neonates.

Free triiodothyronine (FT3) has rarely been studied in neonates, primarily because of obvious problems in obtaining serum samples from neonates for research purposes. We adapted an analog radioimmunoassay for measuring FT3 in dried blood samples and used it to assay 361 samples selected from those collected for the screening for neonatal hypothyroidism. The mean FT3 concentration in healthy neonates on the fourth postpartum day is 2.55 pmol per liter of whole blood (SD 0.78 pmol/L, n = 145), the same as in healthy adults. Low-birth-weight infants have a decreased concentration of FT3, and this decrease is much greater in premature neonates than in infants at low weight for gestational age. In six hypothyroid newborns, the FT3 concentration was normal or increased, clearly indicating that FT3 assay is not a diagnostic tool for hypothyroidism. FT3 was barely detectable in one case of congenital galactosemia.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Non-invasive method for sampling and extraction of mouse DNA for PCR.

We adapted a non-invasive, fast, reliable and inexpensive procedure for the sampling and extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for genetic testing of mice. The procedure is based on a simple DNA extraction procedure used in the forensic genetic testing of humans. It involves mouth swabbing of the inner cheek using a cotton stick, followed by alkaline lysis of the harvested buccal epithelial cells. This procedure allows for repeated sampling and genetic testing of the individual mouse, and it is faster, simpler and, in our hands, more reliable than the currently used routine procedures for the sampling and extraction of mouse DNA. Current procedures all involve biopsy of a piece of the tail, ear or toe, followed by lengthy procedures to release and isolate the DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of laboratory values obtained by phlebotomy versus saline lock devices.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of a peripheral saline lock device (SLD) as an alternative to a second venipuncture for obtaining selected blood samples. METHODS: This prospective study used a comparative design and was conducted in an urban emergency department (ED). Adult patients with an existing SLD in place who required serial phlebotomy were eligible for inclusion in the study. Each subject had blood samples obtained by venipuncture (control) with a Vacutainer adapter according to standard protocols. Within 5 minutes of obtaining the control samples, a sample was obtained from the patients' SLDs; a tourniquet was applied proximal to the intravenous line, a 5-mL waste portion was obtained, and a Vacutainer adapter was placed to draw specimens for testing. Each of the paired samples was analyzed for hematocrit, electrolytes, and cardiac enzymes. The Bland-Altman method was used to analyze the concordance between each pair of measurements. Paired t-tests for each of the eight laboratory tests were used to assess whether the values were statistically different from each other. The 95% limits of agreement around the mean differences were calculated. Differences between SLD aspirates and venipuncture aspirates also were compared with the federal regulatory standards that ensure reliable and accurate laboratory testing. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were eligible for the study; in 73 (90.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 81.5% to 95.6%) of the patients, the SLD could be aspirated for testing. The paired t-tests indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of the two methods of testing. Of the 584 paired values analyzed, 35 (6.0%; 95% CI = 4.3% to 8.2%) exceeded the Bland-Altman limits of agreement, and 43 (7.4%; 95% CI = 5.4% to 9.8%) fell outside the acceptable range determined by the federal regulation of clinical laboratories. Of those values that exceeded the acceptable Bland-Altman limits of agreement, none would have resulted in clinical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Aspirating blood via an SLD is an acceptable method of obtaining serial laboratory values in a group of stable, consenting adult ED patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved erythrocyte lysis assay in microtitre plates for sensitive detection and efficient measurement of haemolytic compounds from ichthyotoxic algae.

Haemolytic substances produced by ichthyotoxic algae often are unknown in molecular structure or specific mechanism of toxicity. Detection and quantification of such substances are dependent on bioassays, using markers that are sensitive for haemolytic impairment and generation of a recordable response. The erythrocyte lysis assay (ELA) represents an advantageous bioassay in this respect, because the lytic response can be measured photometrically by the amount of released haemoglobin. The aim of the present study was to establish an improved assay based on the ELA principle, for sensitive determination of haemolytic substances of microalgae and for high sample throughput. For this purpose we adapted the ELA to a 96-well microtitre plate format, which significantly reduced the sample volumes and allowed rapid processing of samples. Further improvement was achieved by measuring absorption of lysed erythrocytes at 414 nm, which significantly increased the sensitivity of the ELA compared to the measurements at 540 nm that are usually applied in this type of assay. Using carp (Cyprinus carpio) erythrocytes it was possible to detect haemolysis induced by 4 microg ml(-1) of saponin and as little as two haemolytic Alexandrium tamarense cells. It is suggested that this improved ELA in microtitre plates be used as a low-cost monitoring tool for detection and analysis of potential harmful algae. Furthermore, this ELA can be useful as a sensitive screening system for substances of pharmacological interest, e.g. selectively acting cytolytic antibiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

An optimized protocol for metabolome analysis in yeast using direct infusion electrospray mass spectrometry.

A method for the global analysis of yeast intracellular metabolites, based on electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS), has been developed. This has involved the optimization of methods for quenching metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and extracting the metabolites for analysis by positive-ion electrospray mass spectrometry. The influence of cultivation conditions, sampling, quenching and extraction conditions, concentration step, and storage have all been studied and adapted to allow direct infusion of samples into the mass spectrometer and the acquisition of metabolic profiles with simultaneous detection of more than 25 intracellular metabolites. The method, which can be applied to other micro-organisms and biological systems, may be used for comparative analysis and screening of metabolite profiles of yeast strains and mutants under controlled conditions in order to elucidate gene function via metabolomics. Examples of the application of this analytical strategy to specific yeast strains and single-ORF yeast deletion mutants generated through the EUROFAN programme are presented.

Buffers↗
PubMed2003

Adaptive defense use and resting blood pressure in a population-based sample.

OBJECTIVES: There is an accumulating body of research related to the psychosomatic study of blood pressure. One variable that has received attention is defense use. We examined the relation between defense use and blood pressure in men and women of different ages. METHODS: A random sample of 667 participants was selected from a population-based study. Resting blood pressure was obtained, and each participant was rated for defense use by a trained observer using Defense-Q. An Adaptive Defense Profile (ADP) score was calculated for each participant, and this score was related to blood pressure. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed a significant main effect for the ADP score for both diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Those persons with higher ADP scores had lower diastolic and systolic blood pressure. As well, a significant Age x Sex x ADP score interaction was found for diastolic blood pressure. Older women with a less ADP score had higher diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the continued investigation of defense use and blood pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A new possibility of wheat protein content determination.

The possibility of white-grained wheat protein content determination with Lowry method directly in sample is investigated. Method is adapted to the substratum and outfit which is used in laboratories for food analyses. Proposed procedure makes it possible to determine protein content in small weight of sample (cca 20 mg). Statistical analysis show that this simple, inexpensive, easily to perform photometric method can be used as a good substitution for Kjeldahl method.

Indicators and Reagents↗
PubMed1999

The xanthophyll cycle modulates the kinetics of nonphotochemical energy dissipation in isolated light-harvesting complexes, intact chloroplasts, and leaves of spinach

We analyzed the kinetics of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves, chloroplasts, and purified light-harvesting complexes. The characteristic biphasic pattern of fluorescence quenching in dark-adapted leaves, which was removed by preillumination, was evidence of light activation of qN, a process correlated with the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids. Chloroplasts isolated from dark-adapted and light-activated leaves confirmed the nature of light activation: faster and greater quenching at a subsaturating transthylakoid pH gradient. The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding complexes of photosystem II were isolated from dark-adapted and light-activated leaves. When isolated from light-activated leaves, these complexes showed an increase in the rate of quenching in vitro compared with samples prepared from dark-adapted leaves. In all cases, the quenching kinetics were fitted to a single component hyperbolic function. For leaves, chloroplasts, and light-harvesting complexes, the presence of zeaxanthin was associated with an increased rate constant for the induction of quenching. We discuss the significance of these observations in terms of the mechanism and control of qN.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Cellular immunofluorescence: quantification of low abundance proteins.

Aminofluorescein can be extracted with alkaline carbonate buffer (0.5% Na2CO3 in 0.1 M NaOH) from fixed cells stained in indirect immunofluorescence by fluorescein-conjugated antibody. Fluorescence is then quantified by spectrofluorometry. A standard curve obtained by dilution of known fluorochrome allows for subsequent spectrofluorometric analysis of the extracted aminofluorescein. A saturating quantity of primary antibody should be used to determine the level of staining associated with a cellular antigen. This simple method makes it possible to quantify samples used for immunofluorescence microscopy. It can be adapted for determining the DNA content in the same samples, allowing the quantity of antigen to be equated either to DNA content or to cells plated.

Annexins↗