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Results for “Voluntary Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The pros and cons of immunisation -- Paper two: the importance of immunisation.

Like other medicine, all vaccines have some side effects or complications; in general the incidence and severity of complications is lower than for pharmaceuticals. When considered on a population basis, the incidence of serious complications of vaccination is minute, when compared with the outcome of natural infection. Enlightened governments, which promote immunisation as a means of minimising the impact of infectious diseases in their communities, also accept the responsibility for any adverse events which can be demonstrated to be vaccine related, and provide compensation and care for people who are affected.

Australia↗
PubMed1989

AIDS and law.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Employee wellness programs: a strategy for increasing participation.

Employee wellness programs can bring dramatic reductions in organizational health insurance premiums. However, employee participation in such programs is voluntary and averages only about 20% within sponsoring companies. Higher participation rates could be achieved by using a marketing approach. The authors illustrate a consumer-oriented marketing approach that examines the influences on employees' decisions to participate in employee wellness programs.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1992

Equity, autonomy, and efficiency: what health care system should we have?

The U.S. has a wide range of options in choosing a health care system. Rational choice of a system depends on analysis and prioritization of the basic moral goals of equitable access to all citizens, the just sharing of financial costs between well and ill, respect for the values and choices of subscribers and patients, and efficiency in the delivery of costworthy care. These moral goals themselves, however, tell us little about what health care system the United States should have. Equitable access does not demand a level and scope of care for the poor equal to that rationally chosen by the middle class, and there are ways within mixed systems, though not easy ways, to achieve a fair distribution of costs between well and ill. Despite pluralistic systems' apparent advantage in allowing subscribers to choose their own forms of rationing, problems in translating serious long-term subscriber choices into actual medical practice may be greater in pluralistic than in unitary systems. Final choice of a system hinges primarily on peculiar historical facts about U.S. political culture, not on moral principle.

Altruism↗
PubMed1994

A review of ethical issues in transplantation.

Unavoidable and unique characteristics of the transplant surgeon's practice require difficult moral judgments. The two major areas of moral quandary are organ procurement and organ allocation. This paper outlines the key ethical issues in transplantation and draws attention to some of the recent literature that argues more specific issues in greater detail. The subjects discussed include brain death, living organ donation, procurement policies, organ sales, distributive justice, free riders (nondonators), duties and debts, and research.

Disclosure↗
PubMed1992

Programs of safety surveillance and control of fishery products.

In the United States, fishery product safety at the federal level falls primarily under the authority of the Food and Drug Administration. However, other federal agencies play an important role. The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for setting and recommending pesticide limits in seafood, and the National Marine Fisheries Service operates a voluntary inspection program. The Centers for Disease Control is responsible for the collection and evaluation of data characterizing the source of seafood-borne illness. Individual states also play a dominant role in the control of seafood-borne risk because of the important differences in consumption and contaminant levels across regions of the country. State public health, environmental protection, and resource management agencies have developed programs designed to mitigate that risk. Because of the complication and variability of the fishery industry, an effective safety system can be developed based on partnership among federal and state agencies, in which state governments retain the dominant role and the federal government develops and updates guidance programs and provides oversight. The international community has developed practices and protocols impacting the regulation of seafood safety in the United States. In view of developing trade agreements, the international community should address the criteria of setting equivalent contaminant levels and consider the option of establishing import contract criteria for fishery products.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Screening for human immunodeficiency virus.

Screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies as a means of preventing both the progress and spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is problematic in terms of efficacy, effectiveness, and ethics. The few desired effects are mostly offset by greater and more certain undesirable effects on individuals and society.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗