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PubMed1993

Evolution of avian metallothionein: DNA sequence analyses of the turkey metallothionein gene and metallothionein cDNAs from pheasant and quail.

The turkey metallothionein gene (tkMT) was isolated from a phage lambda-turkey genomic DNA library by virtue of high identity with chicken MT cDNA. The nucleotide sequences of the proximal 240 bp of the 5'-flanking region, of each of the three exons, and of the intron/exon boundaries were determined. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of the tkMT and cMT genes revealed (1) absolute conservation of intronic DNA immediately flanking each respective intron/exon boundary, (2) high conservation (95.6%) of exonic DNA encoding translated regions of the mRNA, and (3) high conservation (95%) of exonic DNA encompassing the putative transcription start point and polyadenylation signals. Sequence comparisons of the tkMT and cMT promoters regions near the TATA box revealed that both promoters contain a highly conserved proximal metal-responsive enhancer (MRE-enhancer) motif. The deduced amino acid sequence (63 amino acids) of tkMT was identical with that of cMT. In order to further explore the degree of conservation of the protein coding regions of avian MT genes, partial MT cDNAs from turkey, quail (qMT), and pheasant (pMT) were amplified using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and primers corresponding to the amino- and carboxyl-terminal coding regions of cMT mRNA. RT-PCR reaction products were cloned and the DNA sequences of multiple cDNA clones from each species were determined. The results suggest the existence of a single MT mRNA in zinc-treated liver from turkey and pheasant and the existence of a major and possibly a minor MT mRNA in quail.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Recent studies on aspergillosis in turkey poults.

A review of the studies on aspergillosis in turkey poults at the National Animal Disease Center include limited field studies, pathogenicity studies, and vaccine development. Natural ventilation in turkey rearing houses was effective in reducing airborne propagules of four major fungal genera, but the effectiveness of ventilation appeared to be limited by the width of the building. Aspergillus fumigatus was more effective than A. flavus in producing mortalities in aerosol exposed poults. Toxigenicity of A. flavus did not enhance its pathogenicity, and no apparent aflatoxin production occurred during pathogenesis in infected turkey poults. Spores of A. fumigatus were disseminated quite rapidly in poults exposed to aerosols, and alveolar macrophages from respiratory lavages taken immediately after exposure contained spores of A. fumigatus. Vaccines produced from germlings of A. fumigatus and administered to turkey poults were the most efficacious of five vaccines tested against challenge exposure to aerosols of A. fumigatus spores.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1996

Natural occurrence of gliotoxin in turkeys infected with Aspergillus fumigatus, Fresenius.

Thirteen samples of infected turkey lung tissue from cases of 'airsacculitis' were collected either at the processing plant or from a local turkey farm and subjected to cultural and gliotoxin analysis. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from 6 of the 13 samples; all isolates were determined to be gliotoxin producers when grown in laboratory culture and assayed by HPLC procedures. Gliotoxin was isolated from 5 of the 13 tissue but was not isolated from all tissues that were infected with A. fumigatus. Gliotoxin was isolated from which no A. fumigatus was isolated and it was not detected in three tissues from which gliotoxin-producing isolates of A. fumigatus were obtained. The ability of this pathogenic fungs to produce this immunomodulating compound in naturally infected turkeys provides further evidence that gliotoxin may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, aspergillosis of turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Extraintestinal sporozoites of chicken Eimeria in chickens and turkeys.

Oocysts were found in the feces of chickens (recipients) dosed orally with whole blood, liver, lung, or heart homogenates from chickens and turkeys (donors) inoculated 3 and 4 days previously with a mixture of 3.5 X 10(6) oocysts of chicken Eimeria. No oocysts were found in the feces of recipients given spleen homogenates from these same chickens and turkeys and none were found in the feces of recipients given similar material from uninoculated donors. Intracellular sporazoites were found in the peripheral blood of a turkey inoculated with chicken Eimeria. The results indicate that a small number of sporozoites are capable of invading and surviving for at least 4 days in the peripheral blood of chickens and turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Gliotoxin inhibits transformation and its cytotoxic to turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperizine mycotoxin, has been shown to be produced by, among other fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. This organism is the major causative agent of the respiratory disease aspergillosis in avian species, especially turkeys. Because gliotoxin has been shown to be immunosuppressive and has the potential for being involved in the pathogenesis of aspergillosis, the in vitro activity of this compound with avian lymphocytes was investigated. Immunosuppression was investigated using peripheral blood lymphocytes from turkeys in a lymphoblastogenesis assay and a cytotoxicity assay using conversion of the tetrazolium salt MTT to MTT formazan by the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase enzyme elaborated only by living cells. Gliotoxin appeared to have a threshold level in both tests because little or no response or stimulation was evident when cells were exposed to concentrations of the toxin below 100 ng/ml, but at 100 ng/ml, all cells appeared to be dead. Using T-2 mycotoxin as a known cytotoxic agent, the response in the MTT bioassay using turkey peripheral lymphocytes was linear with increasing concentrations of toxin. Gliotoxin may potentially cause immunosuppression in turkey poults through action on the lymphocytes or if this toxin were present in low concentrations stimulation could possibly occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Identification of the structural proteins of turkey enteric coronavirus.

Coronaviruses in the intestinal contents of turkey poults from Quebec flocks with outbreaks of enteritis were detected by electron microscopy. Five isolates were serially propagated in embryonic turkey eggs by inoculation of clarified intestinal contents into the amniotic cavity. Viral particles contained in the intestinal contents of infected embryos were purified by differential and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Intact virions present in fractions of densities 1.18 to 1.20 g/ml were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and the protein content was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least seven polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 27,000 to 180,000 were regularly detected after electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized virions. Homologous rabbit antisera to turkey coronaviruses and pooled sera from convalescent turkeys immunochemically stained five polypeptides of apparent molecular weights of 95,000, 72-75,000, 66,000, 52,000 and 27,000. A further polypeptide with a molecular weight of 140,000 appeared in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol and probably represents a dimer of the 66,000 polypeptide. One Quebec isolate differed from the Minnesota strain by two of its polypeptides, but no antigenic variations could be demonstrated amongst the various isolates either by immuno-electron microscopy, hemagglutination inhibition, or enzyme immuno assays on nitrocellulose.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The phylogenetic relationships of immunoglobulin allotypes and 7S immunoglobulin isotypes of chickens and other phasianoids (turkey, pheasant, quail).

Pheasants, quail and turkeys from different geographical locations were surveyed for the presence of eight 7S Ig and four IgM chicken allotypes. No IgM and only two 7S Ig allotypes were detected. Chicken 7S Ig allotypic specificity G-1.7 cross-reacted with pheasant and turkey isotypic specificities, and was absent in quail. The other determinant (G-1.9) cross-reacted with an allotype found only in turkeys and golden pheasants. These data suggest that G-1.7 and G-1.9 are probably phylogenetically ancient determinants and that polymorphism of chicken immunoglobulins arose after divergence of chickens from other phasianoid birds. Based on the allotypic and isotypic analysis of the 7S Ig antigenic determinants, turkey 7S Ig was as closely related to chicken 7S Ig as was pheasant 7S Ig. Jungle fowl, the ancestor of chickens, had most of the chicken 7S Ig and IgM allotypes present as polymorphic markers.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology of hepatitis C in Turkey.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are the principal causes of non-A, non-B hepatitis worldwide, and in Turkey one-third of the cases of acute hepatitis are non-A, non-B. To explore the epidemiology of HCV in Turkey (including the association of HCV with HEV), a seroprevalence study of HCV was conducted. Sera from residents from five distinct regions of the country were tested for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HEV (anti-HEV). Anti-HCV was detected in 21 (1.5%) of 1,374 persons and was more common in residents over 54 years of age (p = 0.02), with less than primary education (p = 0.013), more than two children (p = 0.003), and who lived in the regions of Ayvalik (p = 0.046) or Trabzon (p = 0.038) compared to Istanbul. Anti-HCV was marginally associated with anti-HEV, which was found in 5.9% of residents. However, this association was lost after controlling for age and education (p = 0.225). HCV infection occurs in all regions of Turkey and is more common in persons who are older and of low socioeconomic status. As resources permit, efforts to reduce the transmission of HCV in Turkey (such as screening blood donations for anti-HCV) are indicated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ventricular myosin pattern of spontaneously hypertensive turkeys is unaffected by labetalol treatment.

In most animal species, left ventricular hypertrophy due to pressure overload is associated with an advantageous increase of the "slow" V3 isomyosin. In contrast, in spontaneously hypertensive turkeys, the development of left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with the synthesis of a "fast" V1-like isomyosin, with high incidence of cardiac failure. This could be related to the high catecholamine levels found in these animals. This is why we studied the ventricular myosin pattern after lowering of blood pressure and regression of cardiac hypertrophy obtained by means of labetalol, and alpha- and beta-blocking drug which inhibits the effects of catecholamines. From the 2nd to the 32nd week of age, 22 turkeys were treated with increasing doses of p.o. labetalol (from 20 to 35 mg/kg body weight daily) and 16 other turkeys were given daily p.o. placebo. Blood pressure and heart rate were periodically measured by an indirect method. After sacrifice, the degree of cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by the biventricular weight to body weight ratio, ventricular myosin was purified, Ca++-activated ATPase activity assessed, and ventricular myosin pattern was determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of myosin heavy chains. Plasma and cardiac catecholamines were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Throughout the study period, blood pressure and heart rate were significantly reduced in the labetalol-treated animals as compared to the untreated ones. At the end of the study period, the ventricular mass was significantly lower in the labetalol group. Nevertheless, no differences were observed in ventricular myosin pattern and Ca++-activated ATPase activity levels between the two groups. In the labetalol group, an increase in plasma catecholamines and only a slight, but not significant, increase in cardiac catecholamines was found. These data indicate that in spontaneously hypertensive turkeys, the synthesis of the "fast" V1-like isomyosin is not influenced by known pathophysiological stimuli like blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and catecholamines.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of different vitamin D metabolites on the leg weakness syndrome of turkeys].

In two experiments the influence of vitamin D metabolites on leg weakness in turkeys belonging to the Big 6 line was studied. The metabolites were given orally or intravenously in different dosages. There are no differences in vitamin-D-dependent parameters between healthy turkeys and turkeys with leg weakness. Additional oral application of 1,25 (OH)2D3 in dosages of 2, 5 or 10 micrograms per animal day and of 400 micrograms 25 (OH)D3 per animal day had no influence on leg weakness. Even after intravenous application of 2 or 5 micrograms 1,25(OH)2D3 per animal day there were no changes concerning the degree of leg weakness nor were any signs of hypervitaminosis D observed (increase of serum calcium level or increase of the activity of duodenal calcium binding protein). Our results indicate that this form of leg weakness in turkeys is not connected to a disturbance of vitamin D metabolism.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Dieldrin-14C elimination from turkeys.

A series of experiments were conducted to find ways of removing dieldrin2 residues from tissues of broiler-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). The turkeys were contaminated with dieldrin and dieldrin-14C by oral dosing. Elimination was measured by assaying for 14C in the droppings. Carcass retention was measured by assaying the tissue for 14C, and in one experiment, dieldrin residues were measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Charcoal, Colestipol, and cholestyramine at dosages approximately equal to an intake of 5% of the diet were ineffective gastrointestinal adsorbants for removing dieldrin residues from the turkeys. Starvation accelerated the elimination of dieldrin from the turkeys, but only if the body lipids were reduced to approximately 10% or less of the carcass dry matter.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Age related Ca-Mg content and strength in turkey tendon.

The age related variation in magnesium and calcium content and mechanical properties of turkey tendon from ages 9-14 weeks has been studied. The results show that magnesium content decreases with age during this period and calcium content remains essentially constant. This is in accord with a previously proposed mechanism of calcification, namely, that the local concentration of magnesium and calcium may be an important factor relating to the initiation of calcification in a given tissue. The tensile strength of the turkey tendon has been found to decrease with age during the precalcified period of 9-12 weeks, after which there is an increase in tensile strength coincident with the onset of calcification. The ultimate elongation decrease of approximately 4% between 9 and 13 weeks is attributed to the difference in extensibility of the "wavy" collagen fibers observed in uncalcified turkey tendon vis a vis the straight fiber bundles in turkey tendon specimens observed at the onset of calcification.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Selenium content of milk and milk products of Turkey. II.

Selenium content of 1028 milk and milk products of Turkey are presented in this study. The selenium content of human milk (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk), various kinds of milk [cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, paper boxes (3%, 1.5%, 0.012% fat), bottled milk, condensed milk (10% fat), mineral added milk (1.6%), and banana, strawberry, and chocolate milk] and milk products (kefir, yogurt, Ayran, various cheese, coffee cream, ice cream, butter, margarine, milk powder, and fruit yogurt) in Turkey were determined by a spectrofluorometric method. The selenium levels of cow milks collected from 57 cities in Turkey were also determined. Selenium levels in cow milk varied with geographical location in Turkey and were found to be lowest for Van and highest for Aksaray. The results [milk (cow, sheep, goat, buffalo and human) and milks products] were compared with literature data from different countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effect of sodium chloride solutions on mineralized and unmineralized turkey leg tendon.

Previous studies showed that the equatorial diffraction spacing of the collagen molecules in mineralized tissues decreases when the tissue is dried and that the spacing in totally dried tissue is about the same (1.1 nm) whether mineralized or not. Here we report that spacing decreases were observed in both mineralized and unmineralized turkey leg tendon after soaking in various sodium chloride solutions up to 4.0 M concentration. The effect was seen by X-ray diffraction as well as by neutron diffraction. No effect was seen in turkey leg tendon soaked in 3.0 M ethylene glycol solution. The spacing in unmineralized tissue decreased from 1.459 +/- 0.011 nm in 0.15 M saline to 1.403 +/- 0.025 nm in 1.5 M saline, a change of 0.056 +/- 0.03 nm or 3.84%. In mineralized turkey leg tendon the corresponding spacings were 1.387 +/- 0.012 and 1.321 +/- 0.019 nm, a change of 0.046 +/- 0.02 nm or 3.4%. No significant dimensional change was noted in the thickness even though the equatorial diffraction spacing decreased by 3.4%. Electron microscopy showed the collagen fibrils within the mineralized turkey leg tendon to be surrounded by highly mineralized material. Presumably the composition of the extrafibrillar material is different from the intrafibrillar and therefore the extrafibrillar material is a different kind of composite. If it is assumed that the extrafibrillar material does not change dimensions significantly, then the collagen molecules in the fibrils can be mobile within the dimensionally stable cage-like structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The number and distribution of computerised tomography scanners in Turkey.

The goal of this study was to investigate the number and distribution of CT scanners in Turkey. Our results show 173 CT scanners in Turkey in 1994, which equals 2.9 scanners per million people. All of the scanners are located in 45 cities, where 81 % of the population resides. The other 31 cities in Turkey have no scanners. Of the 173 scanners, 103 (59.6 %) are owned by the private sector and the other 70 are owned by the public sector. Of Turkey's CT scanners, 49.2 % are located in private health centres, 21.9 % in university hospitals, 16.7 % in Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals, 10.4 % in private hospitals and 1.8 % in social security hospitals.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2002

Hydatidosis of central nervous system and its coverings in the pediatric and adolescent age groups in Turkey during the last century: a critical review of 137 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Hydatid disease is still a major problem in infested areas of the world, especially in the rural areas, including Turkey. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to analyze the literature on the management of central nervous system (CNS) hydatidosis with an emphasis on their specificities in childhood and adolescence, with the aim of determining the clinical and neuroradiological findings and treatment modalities, medical or surgical, in these age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To establish some guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this controversial condition, publications reported from Turkey in national ( n=33) and international ( n=55) journals during the last century and databases containing medical literature were used. Strikingly, the numbers of articles produced by Turkish authors on CNS hydatidosis have risen tremendously during the study period. Although a total of 272 cases of intracranial and intraspinal hydatid cysts were reported from Turkey, only 137 cases for which detailed information was available were selected for further analysis, in keeping with our inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Despite the inherent limitations, this type of study indicates that the incidence of hydatidosis has not decreased in Turkey in recent years. The clinical findings were mostly atypical, and it was interesting that 4 patients were described as having cerebrovascular occlusive disease and 3 as having symptoms of movement disorders. Computed tomography and/or MRI techniques were extremely useful, both in reaching the correct diagnosis and for proper surgical management of hydatid disease, because of the absence of a pathognomonic clinical picture of this disease. The treatment of choice for hydatid disease of the CNS and its coverings was complete intact removal of the cyst. In contrast to that in intracranial hydatid cysts, however, surgical intervention was palliative, not curative, in almost all cases of intraspinal hydatidosis. According to this critical review of the literature, CNS hydatidosis is therefore still a life-threatening condition, in spite of all the advances in imaging techniques and therapeutic methods. The most important factors in prognosis are the localization of the focus of infection, rupture and of the cyst and dissemination of its content, and treatment modality. At present, surgical intervention preceded by careful neuroradiological evaluation remains the best surgical therapy, and this plus adjuvant chemotherapy is advocated in some cases as the gold standard for therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

High sequence diversity in infectious bursal disease virus serotype 1 in poultry and turkey suggests West-African origin of very virulent strains.

Fifty-eight outbreaks of Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were observed in vaccinated chicken flocks in four Southwestern states of Nigeria between 1995 and 2000. Bursa samples from 40 flocks were found virus-positive in VP2-specific nested RT-PCR. Sequences of the hypervariable region of VP2 were compared to reference strains of the different IBDV variants including also 1988 isolates from Nigeria. Sequence analysis revealed that all 40 Nigerian isolates belonged to the very virulent (vv) variant. The maximum sequence diversity of 5.7% was higher than in all other vvIBDV sequences listed in Genbank (3.6%). Two clusters within Nigerian isolates are unique to this region. Serotype 1 IBDV was also detected in four symptomatic turkey flocks. The turkey isolates were found within 2 of the 3 VV-clusters of chicken isolates. Full length sequence of a turkey isolate (NIE009t) confirmed its close relation to vvIBDV strain D6948NET for both segment A (1.4% sequence diversity) and segment B (2.1%). Thus, turkeys should be considered susceptible to vvIBDV infection. The unusually high sequence diversity of vvIBDV may be an indication of a West-African origin of this virus, from where it spread to other continents.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Global attention to Turkey due to desertification.

Desertification has recognized as an environmental problem by many international organizations such as UN, NATO and FAO. Desertification in Turkey is generally caused by incorrect land use, excessive grazing, forest fires, urbanization, industry, genetic erosion, soil erosion, salinization, and uncontrolled wild type plants picking. Due to anthropogenic destruction of forest, steppe flora gradually became dominant in Anatolia. In terms of biodiversity, Turkey has a significant importance in Europe and Middle East. Nine thousands plant species naturally grown in Turkey, one third of them are endemic. Also, endemic species of vertebrates, thrive in the lakes and marshy areas. The studies of modelling simulation of vegetation on the effects of Mediterranean climate during the Roman Classical period by using vegetation history showed that, in 2000 years BP, Mediterranean countries were more humid than today. Turkey is a special place on the global concern in terms of desertification because of biodiversity, agricultural potential, high population, social and economical structure, topographical factors and strategic regional location. Communication among scientists, decision makers and international non-profit organizations must be improved.

Climate↗