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PubMed1990

Identification of naturally occurring trans, trans delta 5,9 fatty acids from the sponge Plakortis halichondroides.

The first trans fatty acids from a sponge have been isolated from Plakortis halichondroides. The sponge was shown to contain the iso acids (5E,9E)-19-methyl-5,9-eicosadienoic, (5E,9E)-20-methyl-5,9-heneicosadienoic and (5E,9E)-21-methyl-5,9-docosadienoic acid, as well as the anteiso acids (5E,9E)-19-methyl-5,9-heneicosadienoic and (5E,9E)-20-methyl-5,9-docosadienoic acid together with the straight chain (5E,9E)-5,9-docosadienoic acid. The acids were shown by gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance to contain the trans configuration. An eicosadienoic acid, namely (6E,14E)-6,14-eicosadienoic acid, and 12-methyl-5-octadecenoic acid were also identified in a sponge for the first time. The fatty acids were shown to be the principal constituents of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. No sterols were found in the sponge. The results presented in this work should be helpful in taxonomy of Homoscleromorpha.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Relationship of dietary fat and serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid fatty acids to markers of insulin resistance in men and women with a range of glucose tolerance.

High-fat diets are associated with insulin resistance, however, this effect may vary depending on the type of fat consumed. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intakes of specific dietary fatty acids (assessed by 3-day diet records and fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters [CEs] and phospholipids [PLs]) and glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nineteen men and 19 women completed the study. Nine subjects had type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Fasting insulin correlated with reported intakes of total fat (r = .50, P < .01), monounsaturated fat (r = .44, P < .01), and saturated fat (r = .49, P < .01), but not with trans fatty acid intake (r = .11, not significant [NS]). Fasting glucose also correlated with total (r = .39, P < .05) and monounsaturated fat intakes (r = .37, P < .05). In multivariate analysis, both total and saturated fat intake were strong single predictors of fasting insulin (R2 approximately .25), and a model combining dietary and anthropometric measures accounted for 47% of the variance in fasting insulin. Significant relationships were observed between fasting insulin and the serum CE enrichments of myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic (C20:3n-6) acids. In multivariate analysis, a model containing CE 14:0 and percent body fat explained 45% of the variance in fasting insulin, and C14:0 and age explained 30% of the variance in fasting glucose. PL C20:3n-6 explained 30% of the variance in fasting insulin, and a model including PL C18:1n-11 cis, C20:3n-6, age and body fat had an R2 of .58. In conclusion, self-reported intake of saturated and monounsaturated fats, but not trans fatty acids, are associated with markers of insulin resistance. Furthermore, enhancement of dihomo-gamma-linolenic and myristic acids in serum CE and PL, presumably markers for dietary intake, predicted insulin resistance.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of ingestion of thermally oxidized sunflower oil on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzymes of rat liver and brain in development.

BACKGROUND: The current study was undertaken to assess the effects of oxidized sunflower oil ingestion (obtained by heating at 98 degrees C with air insufflation during 48 h and incorporated at 5% in a fat-free diet) on liver and brain fatty acid composition, and some serum parameters and protective enzymes against peroxidation (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). RESULTS: The main results show that the oxidized oil contains 262 mmol/kg of hydroperoxides, 5.7% of the esters are oxidized and 50.4% are polymerized. In the liver, we noticed that oxidized oil exercises a toxic effect as confirmed by the increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration. In the same way, we noticed that vitamin E exercises a favorable effect in the preservation against free radicals and lipid peroxidation; however, it cannot ensure this protection alone. In the liver, only glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were positively correlated with the TBARS concentration. In the treated groups, we also noted changes in the fatty acid profiles of liver and brain homogenates, essentially by the appearance of trans fatty acid (18:1 trans) and an increase in arachidonic acid content.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Bioactive lipids naturally occurring in bovine milk.

Bioactive properties of food components increasingly gain in importance in the modern diet. Bovine milk fat (BMF) exhibits bioactive substances mainly in the class of fatty acids. Currently, most interest is addressed to trans fatty acids (TFA) and particularly conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) with BMF being the main source of CLA in food. Whereas saturated fatty acids (C12-C16) and TFA are reported to be positively correlated (negatively for oleic acid) with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, CLA are regarded as potent anticarcinogens. Also butyric acid (C4) as well as some phospholipids and either lipids present in BMF are thought to have anticarcinogenic properties. Furthermore, BMF contains the essential fatty acids C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 that have many and diverse functions in human metabolism and, thus, control a variety of biochemical and physiological processes. Altogether, BMF contains approximately 75 wt% of bioactive substances. However, the overall impact on human health can hardly be assessed.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Preferential uptake of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by isolated human placental membranes.

Fatty acid uptake by the placenta is thought to be a carrier-mediated process, however the mechanism by which long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are preferentially accumulated from the maternal circulation to the fetal tissues is still unclear. To examine the role of the placenta in this process, binding of four different radiolabelled fatty acids (-14C-oleate, -14C-linoleate, [14C]a-linolenate and [14C]arachidonate) to human placental membranes was studied. Binding of fatty acid was found to be time- and temperature dependent. At equilibrium, the total binding of oleate was highest (5.1 +/- 0.1 nmoles/mg protein) followed by linoleate (2.8 +/- 0.31 nmoles/mg protein) and arachidonate (2.06 +/- 0.4 nmoles/mg protein) and alpha-linolenate binding was lowest (0.5 +/- 0.1 nmoles/mg protein). However, oleate had the lowest specific binding (37% of the total binding) whereas arachidonate had the highest specific binding (approximately 86% of the total binding) followed by linoleate and a-linolenate (62%, and 69% of the total binding, respectively). Binding of each [14C] fatty acid was also assessed in the presence of 20-fold excess of other unlabelled ligands. Binding sites seem to have preference for the binding of [14C] fatty acids in the following order: arachidonic acid >>> linoleic acid >> a-linolenic acid >>>>> oleic acid, whereas BSP and a-tocopherol did not show any competition with any of the [14C] fatty acids. These data suggest that the fatty acid binding sites in placental membranes are specific for the fatty acids but that they have heterogeneous affinities. Trans fatty acids (elaidic and linoelaidic acids) also competed very strongly for the [14C] fatty acid binding. Polyclonal antiserum raised against placental FABPpm inhibited binding of these [14C] fatty acids but with variable degrees of inhibition; EFA/LCPUFA binding was much more than that of oleate. Our data suggest that EFA/LCPUFA bound to albumin are preferentially transported by human placental membranes and that the placental FABPpm may be involved in the sequestration of EFA/LCPUFA by the placenta.

Arachidonic Acid↗

PubMed2000

Serum fatty acid, lipid profile and dietary intake of Hong Kong Chinese omnivores and vegetarians.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the serum fatty acid and lipid profiles and dietary intake of Hong Kong Chinese omnivores and vegetarians with respect to cardiovascular health. DESIGN: Random population survey stratified by age and sex. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and ninety-four omnivore subjects (81 men, 113 women) age 25-70 y, and 60 ovo-lacto-vegetarian adults (15 men, 45 women) age 30-55 y. MEASUREMENTS: Nutrient quantitation was by a food frequency method. Serum fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography, and serum lipid by standard laboratory methods. RESULTS: Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had higher serum concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and lower saturated fatty acids (SFA), long chain omega-3 and trans fatty acids (TFA). They also had lower serum cholesterol and higher apoA-1 concentrations, but the LDL/HDL ratio was not different. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids intake was higher in vegetarians. Compared with results from populations with higher incidences of coronary heart disease, while lower myristic and palmitic acid concentrations and higher eicosapentaneoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) may partly account for the difference in incidence, linoleic acid concentration was higher. Although the Chinese vegetarian diet may be beneficial for heart health in that antioxidant and fibre intakes are higher and saturated fat lower, the low EPA and DHA due to omission from dietary source and suppressed formation by high linoleic acid level, and the presence of TFA in the diet, may exert an opposite effect. CONCLUSION: There are some favourable features in the serum fatty acid profile in the Hong Kong Chinese population with respect to cardiovascular health, but the consumption of TFA is of concern. The Chinese vegetarian diet also contains some adverse features.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Cytoplasmic lipid bodies of neutrophils: formation induced by cis-unsaturated fatty acids and mediated by protein kinase C.

Lipid bodies, nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions, serve as repositories of esterified arachidonate and are increased in cells associated with inflammatory reactions. We have evaluated stimuli and mechanisms responsible for lipid body formation within human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Arachidonic acid and oleic acid stimulated dose-dependent formation of lipid bodies over 0.5-1 h. Other C20 and C18 fatty acids were less active and demonstrated rank orders as follows: cis-unsaturated fatty acids were much more active than trans-fatty acids, and activity diminished with decreasing numbers of double bonds. Lipid bodies elicited in vitro with cis-fatty acids were ultrastructurally identical to lipid bodies present in PMNs in vivo. Lipid body induction was not because of fatty acid-elicited oxidants or fatty acid-induced ATP depletion. Cis-fatty acid-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) was involved in lipid body formation as evidenced by the capacity of other PKC activators, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and two active phorbol esters, phorbol myristate acetate, and phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate, but not an inactive phorbol, to induce lipid body formation. The PKC inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycerol, inhibited PMN lipid body formation induced by oleic and arachidonic acids and by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and phorbol myristate acetate. Other PKC inhibitors (staurosporine, H-7) also inhibited lipid body formation. Formation of lipid bodies in PMNs is a specific cellular response, stimulated by cis-fatty acids and diglycerides and apparently mediated by PKC, which results in the mobilization and deposition of lipids within discrete, ultrastructurally defined cytoplasmic domains.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2006

Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein: effects on plasma lipoprotein patterns.

In general, under isoweight conditions, different types of dietary protein or individual amino acids have little effect on lipoprotein patterns. Dietary carbohydrate tends to increase plasma triglyceride when it displaces fat, accompanied by a decrease in HDL cholesterol concentrations. Potential differential effects of types of carbohydrate are difficult to assess because of differences in rates of absorption and confounding of dietary fiber. Saturated fatty acids increase LDL and HDL cholesterol, whereas trans fatty acids increase LDL but not HDL cholesterol. Unsaturated fatty acids decrease LDL and HDL cholesterol, polyunsaturated more so than monounsaturated. There has been considerable interest in the potential benefit of major shifts in dietary macronutrients on weight loss and lipoprotein patterns. Short-term data favor substituting protein and fat for carbohydrate, whereas long-term data have failed to show a benefit for weight loss. During an active weight loss period low-carbohydrate diets more favorably affect triglyceride and HDL and less favorably affect LDL cholesterol concentrations. Additional efforts need to be focused on gaining a better understanding of the effect of dietary macronutrient profiles on established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors, mechanisms for changes observed and contributors to individual variability. Such data are needed to allow reassessment and, if necessary, modification of current recommendations.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1998

[Less fat or a different fat?].

Current dietary advice with a view to avoiding cardiovascular pathology is to replace fatty foodstuffs and those rich in saturated fat and cholesterol by food rich in complex carbohydrates. Although substitution of carbohydrates for fat lowers the blood level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, it also lowers the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, thereby adversely influencing the risk profile for cardiovascular disease. Neither does a low fat diet appear to reduce obesity, another risk factor. A modern advice based on published research reads: obese persons should reduce their intake of saturated and trans-fatty acids by lowering the consumption of dairy fat, meat and hardened oils (bakery products and catering products fried in hardened fats), and in addition should consume less products with added sugars and refined starch. Carbohydrates should be provided by fruits, vegetables, leguminous plants and whole-wheat products. Persons of about the ideal weight should replace saturated and trans-fatty acids in their diet by unsaturated plant oils, and products with refined carbohydrates by fruits, vegetables and whole-wheat products.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2005

Modern fat technology: what is the potential for heart health?

Saturated and trans-fatty acids raise total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and are known to increase the risk of CHD, while dietary unsaturated fatty acids play important roles in maintaining cardiovascular health. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats in the diet often involves many complex dietary changes. Modifying the composition of foods high in saturated fat, particularly those foods that are consumed daily, can help individuals to meet the nutritional targets for reducing the risk of CHD. In the 1960s the Dutch medical community approached Unilever about the technical feasibility of producing margarine with a high-PUFA and low-saturated fatty acid composition. Margarine is an emulsion of water in liquid oil that is stabilised by a network of fat crystals. In-depth expertise of fat crystallisation processes allowed Unilever scientists to use a minimum of solid fat (saturated fatty acids) to structure a maximum level of PUFA-rich liquid oil, thus developing the first blood-cholesterol-lowering product, Becel. Over the years the composition of this spread has been modified to reflect new scientific findings and recommendations. The present paper will briefly review the developments in fat technology that have made these improvements possible. Unilever produces spreads that are low in total fat and saturated fat, virtually free of trans-fatty acids and with levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFA that are in line with the latest dietary recommendations for the prevention of CHD. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome have a 2-4-fold increased risk of developing CHD; therefore, these spreads could make a contribution to CHD prevention in this group. In addition, for individuals with the metabolic syndrome the spreads could be further modified to address their unique dyslipidaemia, i.e. elevated blood triacylglycerols and low HDL-cholesterol. Research conducted in the LIPGENE study and other dietary intervention studies will deliver the scientific evidence to justify further modifications in the composition of spreads that are healthy for the heart disease risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2002

Diet activity, and lifestyle associations with p53 mutations in colon tumors.

Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is a common event in the development of colon cancer. We use data collected as part of a multicenter case-control study of colon cancer to evaluate associations between p53 mutations and diet and lifestyle factors. p53 mutational status was determined for 1458 incident cases of colon cancer using single-strand conformational polymorphism/sequencing of exons 5-8. We determined associations among those with and without mutations compared with population-based controls (N = 2410) and to cases with p53 mutations compared with cases without p53 mutations. Associations also were examined by location and function of specific types of p53 mutations. p53 mutations were identified in tumors in 47.1% of cases; 81.9% of people with mutations had a missense mutation. Cases with a p53 mutation were more likely to consume a Western-style diet, compared with controls [odds ratio (OR), 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.53-2.69], than were cases who were p53 wild type (Wt), compared with controls (OR, 1.57;95% CI, 1.20-2.06). Specific components of the Western-style diet, including diets with a high glycemic load (mutation versus control: OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.98 and Wt versus control: OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28) and diets high in red meat, fast food, and trans-fatty acid (mutation versus control: OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.47-2.50 and Wt versus control: OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.08-1.80) appeared to be most strongly associated with p53 mutations. Diets with a high glycemic load (relative to lowest intake) were significantly associated with missense mutations (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.23-2.33 comparing p53+ to controls and OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.19-2.50 comparing cases p53+ to cases p53 Wt), as were diets high in red meat, fast food, and trans-fatty acids (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.14-2.56 comparing p53+ to controls and OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.00-1.98 comparing cases p53+ to cases p53 Wt). Physical inactivity, large body mass index, cigarette smoking, using aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other dietary factors appeared to be comparably associated with colon cancer in those with and without p53 mutations. These data suggest that components of a Western-style diet such as high consumption of red meat and foods that increase glycemic load are associated with a p53 disease pathway.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Trends in total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and their determinants in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe trends in plasma total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997 and to examine whether these trends in cholesterol could be explained by changes in body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, use of cholesterol lowering medication, intake of saturated fat, trans fatty acids and dietary cholesterol. METHODS: Each year a random sample of men and women aged 20-59 years living in three towns in The Netherlands was invited to participate in the study. In total more than 21 000 people were examined. RESULTS: Between 1993 and 1997 plasma total cholesterol decreased significantly by 0.19 mmol/l in men and by 0.27 mmol/l in women. During this period HDL cholesterol remained stable in both men and women. Small decreases were observed in the intake of saturated fat, trans fatty acids and dietary cholesterol in both men and women. The use of cholesterol lowering medication and for women oral contraceptives and prescribed oestrogens increased significantly. After adjustment for these determinants in multivariate analyses the trend in total cholesterol remained highly significant. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1993 and 1997 the mean total cholesterol level decreased significantly while the mean HDL cholesterol remained stable in both men and women in The Netherlands. The observed trend in total cholesterol could only for a small part be explained by changes in the determinants studied.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Life style changes for prevention of coronary heart disease].

BACKGROUND: In developed countries arteriosclerosis is responsible for the majority of all deaths. With growing prosperity the life expectancy is increasing, and cardiovascular disease is becoming the primary cause of premature death. Most complications of arteriosclerosis occur unexpectedly. Because of the severe morbidity and high mortality prevention is the only true solution. CHANGES OF LIFESTYLE: Unhealthy nutrition, physical inactivity, overweight and smoking have been identified as the primary causes of arteriosclerotic vascular disease. Central obesity is responsible for the risk factors characterizing the metabolic syndrome. This is the result of inappropriate caloric intake and expenditure. In addition, the nutrients themselves can bear harmful consequences either indirectly by deteriorating risk factors like lipid parameters or by affecting directly the vessel wall. This can add to the deleterious effects of smoking. Evidently saturated fat is the single most decisive nutrient for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Cholesterol and trans fatty acids act additive, while unsaturated fatty acids appear to be beneficial. However, total fat intake is an important determinant of the energy supply, which again influences body weight and composite. Physical activity can counteract, but appears to be beneficial by several additional ways. Quitting smoking is highly effective already within few years. Together with physical activity and healthy nutrition more than 80% of all cardiovascular events can be prevented. CONCLUSION: Preventive medicine needs to focus on lifestyle changes because they are feasible and highly effective. A nutrition low in total fat primarily by avoiding saturated and trans fatty acids, but rich in carbohydrates and fiber is recommended. Daily physical activity in any preferred way should be encouraged, and quitting smoking needs to be strongly emphasized.

Cause of Death↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical care in the treatment of dyslipidemias in adults.

OBJECTIVE: To review each therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) component listed in the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) cholesterol guidelines and discuss how the guidelines can be used by pharmacists in the treatment of patients with dyslipidemias. DATA SOURCES: Published guidelines and abstracts identified through PubMed (May 1987-March 2004), Medline (January 1966-March 2004), using the search terms cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, diet, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, trans-fatty acids, overweight, obese, exercise, physical activity, program adherence, and guidelines; as well as the NCEP ATP III guidelines, the 2004 ATP III update, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Guidelines, and Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. STUDY SELECTION: Performed manually by author. DATA EXTRACTION: Performed manually by author. DATA SYNTHESIS: TLC components are recommended in the NCEP ATP III guidelines for treatment of patients with dyslipidemias independent of medication use. Dietary modifications are the primary focus of TLC therapy. Saturated fat intake should be limited to less than 7% of total caloric intake and trans-fatty acid intake should be low for patients with dyslipidemias. Persons who are overweight or obese with dyslipidemias should reduce body weight through a combination of physical activity, total calorie reduction, and behavior therapy modifications. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists, given the proper training, can be effective at offering preventive pharmaceutical care for decreasing high blood cholesterol and the risk for coronary heart disease through patient counseling on TLC components as well as drug therapy in patients with dyslipidemias.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil and butter on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in men.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO-diet), partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO-diet) and butterfat (butter-diet) on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to in vitro oxidative modification. DESIGN: A strictly controlled, randomized, single-blind dietary study with cross-over design. SUBJECTS: Thirty-three healthy men aged from 21 to 46 years entered the study; 29 men completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Fat provided approximately 35% of the energy intake in all three test diets, and the content of trans-fatty acids was 8.0, 8.5 and 0.9% of energy in the PHFO-, PHSO- and butter-diets, respectively. The subjects consumed all three test diets each during three weeks, in a single-blind, random order. LDL isolated from the participants given the three different diets was subjected to Cu(2+)-induced oxidation. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen on either conjugated dienes, lipid peroxides, uptake by macrophages or relative electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Vitamin E level in serum from subjects on the PHFO-diet was significantly higher compared to the two other diets. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the composition of the LDL particle between the three diet groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that consumption of trans-fatty acids does not alter the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Diet and cardiovascular diseases.

In spite of the decreasing trend in age-adjusted cardiovascular disease mortality in Western European countries, an increase in the cardiovascular morbidity is expected because of the ageing of the population. Consequently the health care cost for these diseases will increase. This article focuses on the role of diet in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Total and HDL cholesterol are major determinants of coronary heart disease. Saturated and trans fatty acids have a total and LDL cholesterol elevating effect and unsaturated fatty acids a lowering effect. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to have a protective effect on coronary heart disease occurrence independent of cholesterol. Dietary antioxidants could be of importance because they may prevent oxidation of the atherogenic cholesterol rich LDL lipoproteins. There is however no convincing evidence that either vitamin E, carotenoids or vitamin C protect against coronary heart disease. Observational research has shown that flavonols, polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties present in plant foods, may protect against coronary heart disease. Blood pressure is a major determinant of coronary heart disease and stroke. Historically salt is viewed as the most important dietary determinant of blood pressure. Recent research shows that also a low-fat diet rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium lowers blood pressure substantially. This suggests a multifactorial influence of different nutrients on blood pressure. It can be concluded that a diet low in saturated and trans fatty acids and rich in plant foods in combination with regular fish consumption is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular mortality.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in Europe.

Within Europe large differences exist in mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. These diseases show a clear West-East gradient with high rates in Eastern Europe. In spite the decreasing trend in age-adjusted cardiovascular disease mortality in Western European countries an increase in the number of cardiovascular patients is expected because of the ageing of the population. Consequently the health care cost for these diseases will increase. Total and HDL cholesterol are major determinants of coronary heart disease. Saturated and trans fatty acids have a total and LDL cholesterol elevating effect and unsaturated fatty acids a lowering effect. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to have a protective effect on coronary heart disease occurrence independent of their effect on cholesterol. Dietary antioxidants could be of importance because they may prevent oxidation of the atherogenic cholesterol rich LDL lipoproteins. There is however no convincing evidence that either vitamin E, carotenoids or vitamin C protect against coronary heart disease. Observational research has shown that flavonols, polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties present in plant foods, may protect against coronary heart disease. Blood pressure is a major determinant of coronary heart disease and stroke. Historically salt is viewed as the most important dietary determinant of blood pressure. Recent research shows that also a low-fat diet rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium lowers blood pressure substantially. This suggests a multifactorial influence of different nutrients on blood pressure. It can be concluded that a diet low in saturated and trans fatty acids and rich in plant foods in combination with regular fish consumption is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular mortality.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

A case-control study of colorectal adenomatous polyps and consumption of foods containing partially hydrogenated oils.

The trans fatty acids produced by partially hydrogenating vegetable oils may cause colorectal neoplasia by interfering with cell membrane function or eicosanoid synthesis. This possibility provides a rationale for looking at the relation between colorectal adenomatous polyps and consumption of foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVOs). A total of 516 cases and 551 controls who underwent screening sigmoidoscopy from 1991-1993 were recruited from a prepaid Los Angeles health plan. Subjects were interviewed and given a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Food items containing PHVOs were divided into four groups characterized by principal ingredients and preparation methods: sweetened baked goods, candy bars, oils and condiments, and french fries and chips. After adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, total energy, and red meat and vegetable intake, there was a positive association between polyps and sweetened baked goods [350+ versus <50 kcal/day (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.5)]. No association was found with the other food groups after adjustment for dietary and nondietary covariates. Neither was total dietary trans fatty acid associated with adenomas after adjustment for sweetened baked goods and other covariates. These results do not support the hypothesis that eating foods containing PHVOs increases the risk of colorectal adenomas, but they are consistent with the hypothesis that foods high in fat and sugar and low in fiber and correlated micronutrients increase the risk of adenomas.

Adenomatous Polyps↗