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PubMed2007

Inflammatory response to titanium surfaces with fibrinogen and catalase coatings: an in vitro study.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility to modulate the early inflammatory response in vitro by coating titanium surfaces with candidate proinflammatory (fibrinogen coated turned titanium "Fib") and antiinflammatory proteins (catalase on top of fibrinogen coated turned titanium "Cat"). Additionally, turned titanium surfaces (Ti) were used as controls. The discs were incubated with human mononuclear cells. Adhered cells were investigated with respect to number, viability, differentiation (acute marker 27E10 vs. chronic marker RM3/1), and cytokine production (TNF-alpha and IL-10), after 24 and 72 h. The results indicated that it is possible to modulate the inflammatory response with protein coatings. However, the strongest inflammatory response, indicated by increased number of adhered cells and release of pro and antiinflammatory mediators, was induced by Cat. Furthermore, the cytokine production on this surface was not sensitive to LPS stimulation. Differentiation measured as the expression of the chronic cell surface marker, dominated after 72 h for all surface modifications and Cat displayed an increased number compared to the others. A decrease in the total number of adhered cells and amounts of TNF-alpha were observed on all surfaces over time. The cell viability was, in general, high for all tested surfaces. In conclusion, the study proved it possible to influence the early inflammatory response in vitro by immobilizing protein coatings to titanium surfaces. However, the catalase surface demonstrated the strongest inflammatory response, and the possibility to selectively use the potent antiinflammatory capacity of catalase needs to be further evaluated.

Catalase↗
PubMed2003

In vivo histological response to anodized and anodized/hydrothermally treated titanium implants.

In the study, characterization of the anodized titanium surface was performed. In addition, histological evaluation and interfacial strength at the bone-implant interface of the characterized surfaces were then evaluated with the use of a rabbit model at 6 and 12 weeks after implantation. Surface treatments consisted of either anodization or anodization followed by hydrothermal treatments. Nontreated titanium surfaces were used as controls in this study. Using scanning-electron microscopy, porous oxide layers were observed on surfaces of anodized titanium implants, whereas porous oxide layers and HA needles were observed on anodized titanium implants following hydrothermal treatments. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the oxide layers were consisted mainly of anatase and a little of rutile. By the hydrothermal treatment on the anodizing surface, HA peaks, as well as the peaks of anatase and trace amounts of rutile peaks were observed. In EPMA analysis, the Ca/P ratio for the anodic oxide was 1.54 for anodized surfaces, whereas the Ca/P ratios for HA needles and the anodic oxide were 1.64 and 0.57, respectively, for anodized surfaces following hydrothermal treatments. Although no significant difference was observed for the percent bone contact on all implants evaluated in the in vivo study, the removal torque strength was significantly higher for anodized implants (48.02+/-5.92 N/cm) than the untreated implants (controls) (27.83+/-1.78 N/cm) at 6 weeks after implantation. As such, it was concluded that the surface anodized implants resulted in a high interfacial strength at an early implantation period as compared to the nontreated titanium implants.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

In vitro activation of human fibroblasts by retrieved titanium alloy wear debris.

Titanium-aluminum-vanadium wear particles isolated from the soft-issue membrane of a failed total hip arthroplasty were added to human fibroblasts in cell culture. The cellular response to particle challenge was determined by assaying for levels of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AB, and transforming growth factor-beta. Collagenase and gelatinase activities were analyzed by zymography and [3H]collagen degradation. Cell viability was assessed by measuring the uptake of [3H]thymidine. Over the range of particle concentrations tested, cell viability, as demonstrated by [3H]thymidine uptake, remained unaffected. Fibroblasts exhibited a dose-dependent release of interleukin-6 in response to exposure to titanium-aluminum-vanadium particles. At 6 and 48 hours, the highest concentration of titanium alloy particles (0.189% [vol/vol]) resulted in 7-fold and 16-fold increases in interleukin-6 release, respectively, when compared with negative controls. Neither interleukin-1 beta nor tumor necrosis factor-alpha was detected in the culture medium at any particle concentration tested for both dermal and foreskin fibroblasts. The pattern of prostaglandin E2 release by fibroblasts mirrored the pattern of interleukin-6 release. Fibroblasts exposed to the highest concentration of titanium alloy particles showed an increase in collagenase activity, starting at 12 hours. When medium samples were treated with amino phenylmercuric acetate to activate latent enzymes, a statistically significant increase in collagenase activity was observed as early as 6 hours (p < 0.001). Substrate gel analysis of medium from fibroblasts stimulated by high particle concentrations also showed an increase in gelatinolytic activity when compared with unstimulated controls. Analysis of medium samples for growth factors showed an increase in basic fibroblast growth factor at low particle concentrations, beginning at 12 hours. Levels of platelet-derived growth factor-AB and transforming growth factor-beta were not detectable in the controls or at any particle concentration tested. The results of this study showed that fibroblasts exposed to titanium alloy wear particles become activated and release proinflammatory mediators that influence bone metabolism. These data support the hypothesis that direct activation of fibroblasts by particulate wear may play a role in particle-mediated osteolysis. Fibroblast activation coupled with the biologic response of macrophages to wear debris in the loosening membrane may have a synergistic effect on pathologic bone resorption.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMed1998

Interleukin-10 inhibits cytokine synthesis in monocytes stimulated by titanium particles: evidence of an anti-inflammatory regulatory pathway.

The anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 was investigated as a potential inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine release in human peripheral blood monocytes activated with titanium particles. It inhibited the secretion of both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in a dose-dependent manner, with complete inhibition observed at 2 ng/ml. Co-culture experiments were performed to determine whether this cytokine may have functional importance as an inhibitor of the inflammatory response. When unstimulated lymphocytes and monocytes were co-cultured with titanium-stimulated monocytes, they significantly suppressed the secretion of both interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The inhibitory effect of these co-cultured cells could be partially blocked with the addition of an interleukin-10 neutralizing antibody. Interleukin-10 levels were measured in monocyte cultures treated with titanium particles as well as in fresh monocyte cultures treated with conditioned medium from titanium-stimulated monocytes. The latter experiments demonstrated marked stimulation of interleukin-10 secretion in conditioned medium-treated cultures, an effect that was related to the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the conditioned medium. The addition of titanium to conditioned medium-treated cultures markedly reduced the secretion of interleukin-10, suggesting that the most responsive cells are unstimulated monocytes exposed to agents released from activated monocytes. Altogether, the expression and responsiveness to interleukin-10 suggest a potential role for anti-inflammatory cytokines in regulation of the inflammatory response to wear debris.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1990

Clinical experience with titanium implants, especially with the limited contact dynamic compression plate system.

AO/ASIF with its collaborating laboratories has developed cold worked pure titanium material for implants with an outstanding biocompatibility. The first prospectively controlled clinical series dates back to 1966 and was reported to be most successful. Pure titanium also became the material of choice for implants to be used in patients suffering from metal allergy. Today, a long-term and well-documented experience with these implants exists. It therefore seemed logical to use pure titanium for the new limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) system described in the previous article by Perren. Pilot clinics started to implant titanium LC-DCP in 1987, and already 271 plates have been used, mainly for the treatment of fresh fractures. Some 57 plates have so far been removed. The preliminary results are most favourable; they confirm especially the outstanding biocompatibility of pure titanium.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2002

[Good long term results with a cemented straight femoral shaft prosthesis made of titanium].

A higher-than-average rate of aseptic loosening has been postulated to be associated with the combination of a titanium stem and bone cement. In this prospective follow-up study we therefore investigated our first consecutive series of 250 implantations of a cemented femoral shaft prosthesis made of titanium alloy (BiCONTACT((R)), Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany). Average time of follow-up evaluation was 9.7 years (range 8.7-10.3 years). At follow-up, mean patient age was 81 years; 89 patients with 93 hips have deceased and two could not be located. Follow-up rate was 98.7% for the patients still alive at time of follow-up evaluation. Five patients have been revised, two for infection and one for aseptic loosening of a varus-malaligned stem; two radiologically well-fixed stems had been revised during acetabular revision. Survival estimate showed a calculated cumulative survival rate of 97.5% after 11 years [confidence limits: 99.0% (upper) and 94.1% (lower)]. The average Harris hip score at time of follow-up was 82.25 points.Radiologically, signs of loosening could be detected in 3 stems: in one case varus malalignement deteriorated with time and in 2 cases osteolyses developed together with significant polyethylene wear. All 3 patients experienced only mild pain and revision had not been indicated so far. In conclusion, the long-term follow-up results with this cemented titanium femoral component are encouraging and are comparable to other successful cemented femoral components in primary total hip arthroplasty. No increased risk for aseptical loosening was associated to the combination of titanium and cement in this specific stem. Design parameters seem to play an important role in the development of aseptic loosening in cemented titanium stems.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Titanium modular revision prosthesis stem in revision hip prosthesis].

In revision arthroplasty of the hip, femoral defects and fractures must be bridged by a long stem. The implant has to be adapted exactly to the diameter of the cortical tube and has to be placed distally beyond the pathologic area. The titanium modular revision prosthesis (MRP) stem consists of the titanium alloy Ti6Al7Nb and is offered in various diameters, lengths, and special devices, which allows individual and load-stable reconstruction. The aim of the current study is to scrutinize first clinical and radiological results of the titanium MRP revision stem in revision arthroplasty of the hip. We report the midterm results of 130 non-cemented revision arthroplasties of the hip using the titanium MRP revision stem with a mean follow-up of 2.9 years (minimum: 1 year, maximum: 8 years), including 56 men and 74 women. The indication for revision arthroplasty was aseptic loosening of the cup and stem in 94 cases, loosening of the stem in 17 cases, reimplantation in a Girdlestone situation in 11, and periprosthetic fractures in 8 cases. The Harris hip score improved from 50.9+/-24.6 preoperatively to 88.5+/-11.5 postoperatively. The score according to Merle d'Aubigné improved from 9.8+/-4.0 preoperatively to 15.2+/-2.8 postoperatively. We found three recurrent dislocations, two lesions of the sciatic nerve, three cases of persisting deep infection, two periprosthetic fractures, and one case of subsidence of the stem of 2 cm required revision of the MRP stem. Atrophy of the proximal femur was visible in all cases with a stem diameter >17 mm (39/130). Stable primary fixation was achieved in 129 of 130 cases. The titanium MRP revision has proved to be a very reliable implant in cementless revision arthroplasty of the hip.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on adsorption of amino acids from aqueous solutions onto oxidised titanium surfaces.

Osseointegration is concerned with processes at the cellular level. However, the titanium surface is also capable of interactions with organic structures at the molecular level. These properties of titanium are presented from a physicochemical viewpoint. Adsorption experiments are described that should simulate molecular processes in the organism. The selected model substances, amino acids, were adsorbed from aqueous saline solutions with various pH values onto evaporated titanium layers. The evidence of adsorbates was determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. The pH values at which adsorption occurred, the binding energies and signal intensities according to curve fit allow conclusions to be drawn from the adsorption reactions. Thus, the titanium surface preferentially forms a surface complex with the carboxyl groups of the amino acids in an acidic solution. The resulting positions of the adsorbed molecules can be confirmed through evaluation of the line intensities. The results show clearly that there is chemical bonding between the titanium surface and the organic substances. Assuming that a comparable situation occurs in the organism, such processes or similar ones can be viewed as preliminary stages of osseointegration.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

In vitro assays for adhesion and migration of osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) on titanium surfaces.

The first event occurring at the boundary between a metal implant and living tissue is the attachment of cells onto the metal surface of the implant. The attachment characteristics of the metal in this situation are critical in determining its biocompatibility and usefulness as artificial bone and tooth implants. Using the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2, we attempted to establish simple and reliable methods for evaluating the attachment of cultured osteoblastic cells onto titanium samples that had been subjected to various surface treatments. Fluorescence actin imaging showed that cells cultured on titanium with hydrofluoric acid etching (HF-Ti) exhibited delayed spreading of their cytoplasm, as compared to cells cultured for the same length of time on nitrided titanium or physically polished titanium. The HF-Ti-cultured cells also exhibited poor assembly of focal contacts, as visualized by vinculin immunofluorescence. Furthermore, in motility assays based on an in vitro wound model, cells cultured on HF-Ti migrated more slowly than cells cultured on other titanium surfaces. These data suggest that Saos-2 cells attach less effectively to the HF-Ti surface. The methods described in this study should be useful for assessing the initial interactions of cultured cells with various materials, including metals.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2005

Totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty with titanium-coated lightweight polypropylene mesh: early results.

BACKGROUND: This prospective study of a new titanium-coated low-weight polypropylene (PP) mesh (16 g PP/m2) was designed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of totally extraperitoneal endoscopic hernioplasty (TEP). METHODS: In this study, 400 patients (average age, 53.5 years; range, 19-80 years) with a total of 588 inguinal hernias underwent surgery with the TEP technique between September 2002 and October 2003. Of these patients, 12.4% had experienced recurrent hernias after open suture herniotomy. In 92% of the cases (368 patients with 540 hernias), a lightweight (16 g PP/m2) titanium-coated polypropylene mesh was implanted without fixation, and in 8% (32 patients with 48 hernias) an identical medium-weight (35 g PP/m2) mesh was implanted. The first follow-up examination was scheduled for postoperative week 6. RESULTS: In the lightweight mesh group, the mean group, operating time per patient was 61 min, corresponding to a calculated time per hernia of 41 min. Two intraoperative major complications occurred: an injury to the cecum and an injury to the bladder. In 12 cases (2%), bleeding from epigastric, testicular, or pubic bone vessels was observed. No injuries to pelvic vessels were seen. One patient was underwent an endoscopic revision to deal with an anticoagulation-related bleed. The mortality rate was 0%. In 12 patients, postoperative hematomas developed. One preperitoneal lipoma had to be extirpated. No infections of the mesh occurred. The median follow-up period for 371 patients (92.3%) was 7.2 weeks (range, 4-14 weeks). These 343 patients (with 504 hernias) had been provided with a lightweight titanium-coated polypropylene mesh (16 g PP/m2) (follow-up rate, 93.2%). Of these patients, 3.5% reported persistent ingunial pain, 1.7% described a sensation of rigidity in the region of the groin, and 3.2% reported dysesthesia. The early recurrence rate was 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The TEP procedure can be performed safely and effectively with the appreciably material-reduced and titanium-coated polypropylene mesh without the need for fixation of the implant. The low early recurrence rate of 0.2% is evidence that the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is adequately augmented. The question whether the material reduction and the titanium coating of the mesh may bring about a reduction in postoperative chronic pain and the sensation of rigidity in the inguinal area via an improvement in biocompatibility must await the results of the scheduled follow-up examination 1 year after the surgical procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The in vitro stabilising effect of polyetheretherketone cages versus a titanium cage of similar design for anterior lumbar interbody fusion.

UNLABELLED: This biomechanical study was performed to test the primary segmental in vitro stabilising effect of a standard and large footprint radiolucent poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) box cage versus a titanium box cage for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Eighteen L2-L3 and sixteen L4-L5 cadaveric motion segments were divided into three groups and received a titanium cage or a radiolucent PEEK cage with standard or large footprint. All specimens were tested in three testing conditions: intact, stand-alone anterior cage and finally with supplemental translaminar screw fixation. Full range of motion and neutral zone measurements were determined and anterior cage pull out force was tested. The titanium design was significantly more effective in reducing the range of motion only in axial rotation. The larger footprint radiolucent cage did not increase stability as compared to the standard footprint. The titanium cage pull out force was significantly (P=0.0002) higher compared to both radiolucent cage constructs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Supplemental posterior fixation is strongly recommended to increase initial stability of any anterior interbody fusion cage construct. Although the biomechanical stability necessary to achieve spinal fusion is not defined, the radiolucent designs tested in this study, with a standard footprint as well as with a larger footprint, may be insufficiently stabilised with translaminar screws as compared to the titanium implant. Supplemental pedicle screw fixation may be required to obtain adequate stabilisation in the clinical setting.

Benzophenones↗
PubMed2005

Influence of different treatment approaches on the removal of early plaque biofilms and the viability of SAOS2 osteoblasts grown on titanium implants.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different treatment approaches on: (1) the removal of early plaque biofilms grown on titanium implants, and (2) the biocompatibility of the instrumented implant surfaces. Five volunteers wore acrylic splints with sand-blasted and acid-etched titanium discs for 24 h to build up supragingival plaque. A total of 80 specimens were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) an Er:YAG laser (100 mJ/pulse, 10 Hz) (Y), (2) an ultrasonic system (U), (3) plastic curettes and rinsing with chlorhexidine digluconate (P), or (4) unworn titanium discs (C). Autoclaved specimens were incubated with SAOS2 cells for three days. The following parameters were measured: treatment time (T), residual plaque biofilm (RPB) and clean implant surface (CIS) areas (%), and mitochondrial cell activity (MA) (counts/s). Statistical analysis within and between groups revealed the following mean scores (+/-SD): RPB areas: P (61.1+/-11.4)>U (36.8+/-4.5)>Y (5.8+/-5.1); CIS areas: Y (94.2+/-5.1)>U (63.2+/-4.5)>P (38.9+/-11.2); T: Y (5.6+/-1.2)>U (2.4+/-0.5)>P (2.3+/-0.5); MA: C (1.528.636+/-188.371)>U (831.594+/-370.228)>Y (678.250+/-367.902)>P (144.105+/-120.961). Within the limits of the present study, it may be concluded that Y seems to be most suitable for the removal of supragingival early plaque biofilms grown on SLA titanium implants, and (2) all treatment procedures failed to restore the biocompatibility of previously-contaminated SLA titanium surfaces.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

[Long-term results following reconstruction of maxillary sinus wall defects with titanium micro-mesh: a CT-based study].

BACKGROUND: Extensive bony defects of maxillary sinus walls have to be reconstructed to prevent long-term complications. Different autogenous, allogeneic, and alloplastic materials, e.g., titanium mesh, are used for reconstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 26 patients large defects of the facial and laterodorsal walls of the maxillary sinus were reconstructed using titanium micro-mesh. The mean follow-up period was 49 months (5 months-10 years). All patients were examined with computed tomography applying multiplanar reconstruction techniques and three-dimensional volume rendering. RESULTS: In the CT scans stable scars of 3-6 mm thickness could be found on the antral surfaces of all titanium meshes bridging the defects. In 70% of the patients the volume of the reconstructed maxillary sinus reached 80-100% of the contralateral side. Volume losses were not due to poor adaptation of the titanium mesh but were caused by thickening of maxillary sinus walls or traumatic malpositions. In 77% of the patients ventilation of the maxillary sinus was undisturbed. After mesh removal neither facial contour disturbances nor changes of sinus volume were noted. Soft tissue invasion into the sinus was prevented by a stable scar which had formed underneath the mesh. Three-dimensional reconstruction confirmed symmetrical facial contours in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The titanium micro-mesh offers a simple and effective alternative to autogenous tissue with stable long-term results for reconstruction of large maxillary sinus wall defects.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Calcium phosphate formation on titanium by low-voltage electrolytic treatments.

Electrochemical treatments are expected to be effective for the coating of calcium phosphate ceramics to a titanium substrate. In the present study, two types of chronoamperometry with a step potential and a cyclic wave potential at low voltage (up to 2.0 V) and low current density were performed in Hanks' solution to modify the surface characteristics of titanium. Titanium oxide film formed by self-passivation, that formed as reconstructed film during electrochemical treatments, and a calcium phosphate layer precipitated through treatments were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The thickness and compositions of the surface films and layers were quantified from the XPS results. Calcium phosphate formation during immersion in Hanks' solution for 1.0 Ms was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The results confirmed that the electrolytic treatments in this study were effective to accelerate calcium phosphate formation on titanium in Hanks' solution in spite of their lower voltage than conventional methods. The results also suggested that the hydroxyl group in the surface oxide film might contribute to the formation of calcium phosphate. This technique is a promising process for the treatment of thin titanium materials.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1994

Bond characteristics of porcelain fused to milled titanium.

OBJECTIVES: A bonding agent has recently been introduced that prepares the surface of milled titanium copings for bonding to low fusing dental porcelains. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the bonding agent by comparing the shear and three-point bending strength of specimens made with three combinations of materials: 1) milled titanium/porcelain with bonding agent, 2) the same milled titanium/porcelain without bonding agent, and 3) cast high palladium/conventional porcelain. METHODS: Shear specimens consisting of porcelain cylinders 6 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length were fired to the ends of metal cylinders 6 mm in diameter and 13 mm in length. Three-point bend specimens made of 25 x 3 x 0.5 mm metal bars were veneered with 8 x 3 x 1 mm of porcelain in the bar's center. Specimens were tested in shear and bending in a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Newman-Kuels post hoc tests (p = 0.05). RESULTS: When a titanium bonding agent was used, porcelain to titanium bond strength was slightly but statistically significantly greater than the porcelain to high palladium bond strength. The result was the same when measured by both shear and three-point bending tests. Without the bonding agent, the shear strength of porcelain to titanium was significantly lower than that of the bonding agent and high palladium groups. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of a bonding agent improves the bond strength of porcelain-fused-to-milled titanium.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1995

SEM observations on stress corrosion cracking of commercially pure titanium in a topical fluoride solution.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether commercially pure titanium is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking/hydrogen embrittlement in a topical fluoride solution used in preventive dentistry. METHODS: Thin electropolished titanium test specimens were previously cold-rolled or cold-rolled and annealed before testing. For the stress corrosion tests, the U-shaped specimens of both treatment types were stressed into a radius of curvature of 30 mm. Then, the bent part was placed in the fluoride solution at 37 degrees C for 1, 5, 10, and 20 d. The effects of the fluoride solution on cold-rolled and annealed titanium were studied using a scanning electron microscope. In addition, mechanically fractured surfaces of cold-rolled titanium specimens exposed and not exposed to the fluoride solution were examined by SEM. A qualitative evaluation of the surfaces was conducted. RESULTS: Narrow cracks were observed in cold-rolled specimens following exposure to the fluoride solution for 5 d. The cracks were associated with branching, a characteristic of stress corrosion cracking. The cold-rolled specimen exposed to the fluoride solution exhibited a brittle fracture. In contrast, the fracture mode of the unexposed specimen was ductile in nature. SIGNIFICANCE: Topical fluoride solutions can cause stress corrosion cracking of commercially pure titanium.

Amines↗
PubMed1986

An ultrastructural characterization of the interface between bone and sputtered titanium or stainless steel surfaces.

Experimental implants of polycarbonate covered with a thin metallic layer were inserted in the rabbit tibial metaphysis. The implants had either a magnetron sputtered 316 L stainless steel or commercially pure titanium surface (or an evaporated commercially pure titanium surface). The aim of the experiment was to investigate the interfacial arrangements between bone and the coatings used. Three months after implant insertion, the animals were sacrificed and the intact interface between bone and metal analysed using ultrastructural techniques. In the case of stainless steel a coat of 1-2 cellular layers separating the bone from the metal was found. Inflammatory cells were abundant as well as a wide proteoglycan coat lacking collagen filaments. In the case of titanium there were no cells in the interface which consisted instead of a proteoglycan layer of about 200-400 A width. Bundles of collagen appeared at a minimum distance of 1000-2000 A from the metal surface. Calcium deposits were sometimes seen in direct contact (resolution level 30-50 A) with the titanium oxide. There were no ultrastructural differences in tissue reactions when magnetron sputtered titanium surfaces were compared with evaporated ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Leukotriene B4, interleukin 1 and leucocyte accumulation in titanium and PTFE chambers after implantation in the rat abdominal wall.

The inflammatory reaction elicited after implantation of non-biologic materials was studied by analysis of the exudate in pure titanium or polytetrafluorethylene chambers 1-9 d after insertion in the abdominal wall of the rat. In chambers made of pure titanium, the number of leucocytes increased about twofold from 1.8 x 10(6)/ml to 4.1 x 10(6)/ml between 24 h and 6 d, whereas a larger increase from 2.1 x 10(6)/ml to 8.3 x 10(6)/ml was observed in the polytetrafluorethylene chambers. Irrespective of implant material, polymorphonuclear granulocytes constituted the vast majority of leucocytes (greater than 81%). After 24 h the leukotriene B4 content was slightly higher in polytetrafluorethylene chambers than in titanium chambers. In contrast to the titanium chambers, a marked increase in leukotriene B4 levels was detected in polytetrafluorethylene chambers 6 d after insertion, whereas the greatest amount of leukotriene B4 in titanium chambers was measured at 9 d. Interleukin 1 was only detected in both types of chambers after 6 d. The present study, together with previous findings, shows that the materials used in this study elicit different degrees of inflammatory reactions in the chamber exudate. Since the number of leucocytes in the exudate retrieved from the chambers correlated well with the leukotriene B4 levels, it is suggested that leukotriene B4, but not interleukin 1, may be an important mediator for polymorphonuclear granulocyte migration into the implant-tissue interface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdominal Muscles↗