Sensitivity to different chemotherapeutics of Treponema hyodysenteriae strains isolated in Hungary.
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Animals↗
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Application of a leukocyte migration-inhibition agarose test to swine dysentery.
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was demonstrated in swine naturally affected with swine dysentery (SD) by a leukocyte migration-inhibition agarose test (LMAT). Migration of leukocytes from SD-affected pigs was inhibited in the presence of soluble antigen of Treponema hyodysenteriae, whereas migration of leukocytes from noninfected swine was not inhibited by exposure to the same antigen. Cell-mediated immunity was detected initially after the appearance of clinical signs of the disease, and a peak migration index (MI) of 0.11 (P less than 0.01) was detected at 2 weeks thereafter. The MI gradually decreased over the remaining 3 weeks of the experiment. Humoral antibody correlated well with CMI, since both showed maximum production within the same time interval. Leukocytes of swine naturally affected with SD 4 months previously had a significant MI response of 0.73 (P less than 0.05), whereas uninfected swine of comparable age and weight showed a MI of 0.94 that was not significant (P less than 0.05). The results indicated that the LMAT may be useful for the diagnosis of SD.
Animals↗
Carbadox and lincomycin in the treatment and carrier state control of swine dysentery.
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Animals↗
Differentiation of Treponema hyodysenteriae from T innocens by enteropathogenicity testing in the CF1 mouse.
Fourteen isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae and 11 isolates of T innocens from eight different countries were evaluated in the CF1 strain female mouse for virulence. Mice were fasted for 24 hours and inoculated intragastrically with 1 ml of culture for two consecutive days. Mice were killed and necropsied at 12 to 15 days after inoculation. Caecitis was detected in mice from each of the groups receiving T hyodysenteriae (67 per cent) but not in mice receiving T innocens or sterile broth. Lesions consisted of hyperaemia, mucosal oedema, catarrhal inflammation and occasional haemorrhage. These studies suggest that the CF1 mouse may be an inexpensive in vivo means of differentiating T hyodysenteriae from T innocens.
Animals↗
Isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae from feces of pigs affected with swine dysentery by use of a medicated medium.
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Animals↗
Comparison of antigenic properties among various strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae.
Agglutinin-absorption and precipitin-absorption studies demonstrated that three strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae isolated from cases of swine dysentery were antigenically different from each other and also from a spirochete isolated from a clinically normal dog. Each of the strains of T. hyodysenteriae also possessed two common antigens.
Animals↗
Unusual manifestations of secondary syphilis and abnormal humoral immune response to Treponema pallidum antigens in a homosexual man with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection.
The case presented here involves a 32-year-old homosexual man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity and unusual manifestations of secondary syphilis. The patient presented with syphilitic keratoderma and chorioretinitis, and his appearance superficially resembled that of a patient with Reiter's syndrome. Although nontreponemal and treponemal tests for syphilis showed reactivity, the patient's humoral immune response to individual polypeptides of Treponema pallidum, measured by Western blot analysis, was markedly abnormal. The possible relationship between asymptomatic HIV infection and an abnormal humoral immune response to a second pathogen, in this case T. pallidum, is discussed. Our case is one of several recent cases of active syphilis reported in individuals with HIV seropositivity.
Adult↗
Response to standard syphilis treatment in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
In a study designed to evaluate the efficacy of penicillin in HIV-infected patients with syphilis and to determine the clinical and laboratory responses after treatment, 13 patients with HIV infection and syphilis were assessed at enrollment and at the last follow-up examination (median time of 21 months). The Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, the Treponema pallidum hemaglutination test, and leukocyte counts in cerebrospinal fluid were evaluated both at enrollment and at the last follow-up visit, and the polymerase chain reaction for Treponema pallidum DNA and the rabbit infectivity test were performed on cerebrospinal fluid samples at the last follow-up visit. Primary syphilis was confirmed in four patients, latent syphilis in five, and neurosyphilis in four. After penicillin treatment, all patients were asymptomatic. The serum rapid plasma reagin test became negative in five patients, and titers declined in eight. The VDRL test, Treponema pallidum DNA, and the rabbit infectivity test were negative in all 13 patients. Except for one patient whose serological titer was slow to decline, all patients had good clinical and serological responses to penicillin. In certain settings, factors other than penicillin treatment failure should be considered in HIV-infected patients with suspected relapse of syphilis.
Adult↗
[Prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among high-risk patients attending a free anonymous HIV-screening center].
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among patients attending an anonymous HIV Screening Center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study was performed in the HIV Screening Center of University hospital in Reims (France) from May 1997 to December 1997. The inclusion criteria were the asymptomatic clinical presentation and the presence of risk factors for sexually transmitted infections referring to WHO criteria. The methods included clinical examination after application of acetic acid and urethral and endocervical swabs to identify:Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis in specific culture. Treponema pallidum and HIV-1 infection were both detected by Enzym Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS: One hundred and one patients (62 men and 39 women) were included in the study. Their mean age was 27 +/- 4 Years. Risk factors for sexually transmitted infections were: multiple sexual partners 81 p. 100; homo or bisexuality 16 p. 100; intravenous drug use 3 p. 100. The sexually transmitted infections were: HIV-1 infection 1 p. 100;Ureaplasma urealyticum 25 p. 100; genital warts 5 p. 100;Chlamydia trachomatis 3 p. 100; Gardnerella vaginalis 3 p. 100; Mycoplasma hominis 2 p. 100; Treponema pallidum 0 p. 100; Neisseria gonorrhoeae 0 p. 100; Trichomonas vaginalis 0 p. 100. The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections was significantly higher among women (p<0.05). DISCUSSION: Classical sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection were rarely detected in this study; but prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (genital warts, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum) was high. Ureaplasma urealyticum is considered as a possible pathogenic agent in pregnant women (preterm delivery, decrease of birth weight, chorioamniotitis). These results suggest that other than sexually transmitted infections in high risk patients attending a HIV Screening Center other sexually transmitted infections should also be systematically screened for.
Adult↗
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis and fetal congenital syphilis. A case report.
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis occurred secondary to a syphilitic infection. Ultrasonographic evaluation and cordocentesis were used to confirm the antenatal infection. An IgM antibody specific for Treponema pallidum wall antigen (anti-47-kDa) was used to document the fetal infection. High-dose intravenous penicillin was administered in an attempt to achieve adequate fetal levels.
Adolescent↗
Streptococcal gingivitis: a report of case with a description of a unique gingival prosthesis.
Acute streptococcal gingivitis is an acute inflammation of the oral mucosa. Specific bacterial infections of the gingiva may be due to neisseria gonorrhea, treponema pallidum, streptococci, and other organisms. Streptococcal infections are seen rarely. This case report describes a patient who presented with severe gingival inflammation and pain that was diagnosed as an acute streptococcal infection. Bacterial cultures were obtained from the lesion, and biopsies were obtained from the gingiva of lower incisors for histopathologic evaluation. The patient was successfully treated using conventional periodontal therapy (scaling, root planning, curettage) and antibacterial agents. The reconstructive phase for this patient consisted of the fabrication of a heat-cured acrylic gingival facade to mask the gingival recession. The treatment of acute gingivostomatitis is of importance because of the possibility of systemic secondary infections. When esthetics is important, a gingival prostheses can be considered. The differential diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of acute streptococcal gingivitis are discussed and the literature is reviewed in this report.
Gingivitis↗
Progress towards an effective syphilis vaccine: the past, present and future.
Syphilis is a disease caused by infection with the spirochetal pathogen Treponema pallidum subspp. pallidum. Despite intensive efforts, the unusual biology of T. pallidum has hindered progress towards the development of a vaccine to prevent infection. This review describes previous endeavors to develop a syphilis vaccine, outlines the key issues in the field and proposes new directions in the design of a T. pallidum vaccine. Following a brief overview of the disease symptoms, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, a case is put forward for the benefit of pursuing a syphilis vaccine. Relevant material concerning immunity to T. pallidum infection is summarized and evaluated, and pilot experiments describing the use of whole-cell bacterin vaccines and similar preparations are included. A detailed section concerning subunit vaccines is provided, incorporating discussions pertaining to relevant antigen selection, the identification of putative T. pallidum surface-exposed outer membrane proteins, factors hindering previous attempts to vaccinate with recombinant outer membrane proteins, problems and pitfalls of syphilis outer membrane protein-based vaccines, anti-attachment vaccines and the potential use of nonprotein subunit preparations as vaccinogens. Subsequently, critical aspects concerning vaccine antigen preparation and delivery are noted, including protein conformation, synergy, post-translational modifications, live attenuated organisms as vaccine vectors, prime-boost methodologies, adjuvant selection and immunization routes. Finally, animal models are discussed with particular reference to immunoprotection studies. A more thorough understanding of immunity to syphilis, a comprehensive assessment of the immunoprotective capacity of the putative surface-accessible antigens of T. pallidum and utilization of the latest advances in vaccine science should set the scene for future development of a syphilis vaccine.
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Surface mucopolysaccharides of Treponema pallidum.
The viscous mucoid fluid that accumulates within syphilitic lesions may be due to breakdown of host tissue during infection, or may be synthesized by Treponema pallidum. Experiments were performed to investigate the acidic mucopolysaccharides that occur at the surface of T. pallidum (Nichols strain). These mucopolysaccharides were demonstrated by reaction with acidified bovine serum albumin and by agglutination with wheat germ agglutinin and soybean agglutinin. The polycations ruthenium red and toluidine blue influenced treponemal survival. Concentrations of both compounds at 200 mug/ml inhibited survival, whereas concentrations at 0.1mug/ml enhanced survival. The mucopolysaccharide concentration within the mucoid fluid that accumulates during intratesticular infection was determined by reaction with acidified bovine serum albumin; it ranged from 10,000 mug/ml to less than 8 mug/ml. The addition of this mucoid fluid to treponemal suspensions resulted in differing effects on T. pallidum survival. Some preparations were inhibitory, and others were stimulatory. Commercial preparations of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate at 400, 200, 100, and 50 mug/ml were detrimental to treponemal survival. The organisms exhibited pronounced clumping in the presence of the higher concentrations of hyaluronic acid. These clumps of treponemes were comprised of mucopolysaccharides as shown by acidified bovine serum albumin and toluidine blue reactions and by hyaluronidase degradation. Results are discussed in terms of the derivation and potential role of acidic mucopolysaccharides at the surface of T. pallidum.
Animals↗
Characterization of the components in circulating immune complexes from infants with congenital syphilis.
Immunoglobulin class-specific Clq-solid-phase assays were used to detect circulating immune complexes in the sera of infants with congenital syphilis. Elevated levels of IgM complexes were present in the sera of all infants with overt disease and in two of 14 asymptomatic infants considered to be "at risk." The sera of infants born to normal, serofast, and biologic false-positive mothers did not contain immune complexes. Immunoblotting techniques revealed that complexes isolated from the sera of the infected infants contained endogenous host antigens, as well as a limited number of treponemal polypeptides. Consistent with earlier findings examining purified immune complexes from adults with secondary syphilis and from infected animals, an 83-kilodalton Treponema pallidum antigen was present in all of the isolated complexes from infants with congenital syphilis. Our findings emphasize the fact that current serological and clinical measures of infection are inadequate and that certain "at risk" infants should be treated despite normal cerebrospinal findings and the absence of clinical manifestations.
Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
Treponemal infection rates, risk factors and pregnancy outcome in a rural area of Senegal.
A rural population of east Senegal has been under demographic surveillance for more than 30 years and a high rate of infertility has been reported. The aim of the study is to describe HIV and treponemal infection epidemiology and association with outcome of pregnancy in a population of rural Senegal. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 952 randomly-selected adults of a rural community of Senegal. No participant was found to be infected with HIV, 11% had evidence of past syphilis and 5% of active syphilis. Active syphilis was associated among men with age, long-term mobility and having partners in an urban area in the last 12 months and among women with being divorced or widowed. No association was found between past or active syphilis and abortion or stillbirth but women aged 40 and more with past or active syphilis were significantly more likely to have had no history of gestation than women with no evidence of syphilis infection. In conclusion our results call for more research to understand the epidemiology of treponemal infection and to elucidate types of Treponema pallidum involved.
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Alterations in the course of experimental syphilis associated with concurrent simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
Case reports suggest that the course of syphilis is altered in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To investigate this issue, a model of syphilis in rhesus macaques with and without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was developed. After intradermal inoculation with Treponema pallidum, 2 SIV-infected monkeys had persistent ulcerative primary lesions and 1 developed secondary syphilis. Two SIV-uninfected controls developed transient nonulcerative primary lesions. Only the controls showed consistent VDRL antibody responses. In contrast, reciprocal antibody titers to T. pallidum detected by microhemagglutination were higher in SIV-infected animals (greater than or equal to 20,480) than controls (greater than or equal to 1280). All 4 animals developed a full range of T. pallidum antigen-specific antibodies shown by immunoblot and had similar peak lymphocyte proliferative responses to T. pallidum antigens. These results support the contention that retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency delays clearance of T. pallidum from sites of infection and may impair the humoral immune response to syphilis.
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[The intradermal reaction to suspensions of pathogenic Treponema (Nichols strain) treated with formol; its value and limitations for the diagnosis of syphilitic infection].
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Formaldehyde↗
Evidence that autologous idiotypic regulation of anti-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid autoantibodies may influence development and progression of syphilitic lesions in infected rabbits.
The 83-kDa receptor protein of Treponema pallidum (TpN83) recognizes and binds fibronectin (Fn) at the amino acid sequence RGD site. By using experimentally infected animals, we have demonstrated that immunoglobulin G antibodies to this antigen and autoantibodies to the RGD site of Fn are putative components of immune complexes. This, and other findings, led us to initially hypothesize that anti-idiotypes (anti-Id) of an anti-TpN83 response are autoantibodies to RGD. Alternatively, we reasoned that if anti-Fn autoantibodies played a role in the pathogenesis of syphilis, then down-regulation of such a response by the Id network might directly affect progression of the disease. To test the hypothesis, rabbits were immunized with either affinity-purified TpN83 antigen or the synthetic Fn-7 peptide, KYGRGDS, and subsequently challenged with T. pallidum. Compared with results obtained with unimmunized, control rabbits, accelerated lesion development was noted in the rabbits immunized with TpN83. Pronounced, though unexpected, differences with respect to lesion development and progression were noted in the animals immunized with Fn-7 and then challenged intravenously; a minimal number of lesions appeared with a delayed onset. These lesions, like the localized chancres seen following intradermal challenge, were smaller and minimally ulcerated, and they healed rapidly. The Fn-7-immunized rabbits all differed from the controls in that anti-Id to anti-RGD F(ab')2 were demonstrable within 4 weeks following infection; decreases in anti-Fn autoantibody levels were associated with concomitant increases in anti-Id levels. Immunoglobulin Gs (anti-Id) from these animals following elution from anti-RGD F(ab')2 immunoaffinity columns also reacted with affinity-purified TpN83 antigen in immunoassays. These results suggest that down-regulation of autoreactive clones by manipulation of the idiotypic network in experimental syphilis warrants further investigation.
Amino Acid Sequence↗