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PubMed2005

Television advertisement format and the provision of risk information about prescription drug products.

BACKGROUND: Considerable attention has been afforded to analyzing the content of and assessing consumers' reaction to print direct-to-consumer drug ads, but not so for televised ads. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether advertisements with different risk severity and risk presentation would significantly affect viewers' (1) recall of information contained in the advertisement, (2) evaluation of the advertisement, and (3) perceptions of the advertised product's risks. METHODS: Data were collected from a sample of 135 first-year pharmacy students at a Midwestern college of pharmacy. After viewing 1 of the 6 advertisements designed for this study, participants were asked to complete a self-administered survey. Chi-square and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. A 2x3 between subjects design was used to test the effects of 2 levels of risk severity (high- vs low-risk severity) and 3 levels of risk presentation (original ad containing integrated risk message, deintegrated risk message/dual modality using male voice-over, deintegrated risk message/dual modality using female voice-over). RESULTS: Results of analysis of variance procedures revealed that deintegrating risk information by placing it at the end of the advertisement and the use of captions in addition to oral messages (dual modality) (1) improved the recall of general and specific side effect information, (2) led to a perception that the advertisement had greater informational content, (3) resulted in lower Advertisement Distraction, and (4) lessened cognitive and affective aspects of information overload for the advertisement containing the high-risk severity medication. However, this pattern of findings was not found for the low-risk severity medication. CONCLUSION: Alternative methods for presenting risk information in direct-to-consumer ads affected some aspects of information recall and advertisement evaluation, but were not shown to affect risk perceptions regarding the advertised products.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Determinants of participation in a health education and exercise program on television.

BACKGROUND: The daily television program 'the Netherlands on the Move' (NOM-tv), which primarily targets people aged over 55 (estimated Dutch 55+ population: 4 million), was designed as part of a national campaign for promoting physical activity. The aim of the study was to identify the determinants of exercise participation and viewing NOM-tv. METHODS: The method used was baseline test by quota digit dialing in the country (n = 988, stratified age 35+ and 55+), and follow-up after 7 months (n = 362). The main outcome measures are: intention and actual participation in exercises. The determinants are: attitude, social influences, self-efficacy, age, sex, education, knowledge about the health effects of exercise, habits, stage of change in exercising, and perceived barriers. The backgrounds were: marital status, living situation, mental health and vitality. RESULTS: NOM-tv attracted at least 21% of the physically non-active people at baseline to viewing and increased knowledge. The best predictors of intention to participate were: attitude, social influences, self-efficacy, age and gender. Actual participation was best predicted by age (higher), gender (female), intention, knowledge, and the (lower) number of perceived barriers. CONCLUSIONS: NOM-tv is a successful (high number of viewers) and relatively cheap way of getting inactive, older people-especially women-to exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

An asset-based community initiative to reduce television viewing in New York state.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is an epidemic. Addressing this problem will require the input of many sectors and change in many behaviors. The "community" must be part of the solution, and the solution must be constructed on existing assets that lend strength to positive environmental change. OBJECTIVE: To catalyze an established asset-based community partnership to support efforts to reduce television viewing time by developing and providing alternative activities as part of a broader, 3-year study to reduce childhood obesity among preschool-aged children in rural, upstate New York. METHOD: Asset mapping was utilized to compile an inventory of individual and community strengths upon which a partnership could be established. Facilitated focus group sessions were conducted to better understand childcare environmental policies and practices, and to guide changes conducive to health and fitness. Planning meetings and targeted outreach brought key stakeholders together for a community-participatory initiative to support positive environmental change. RESULTS.: The partnership planned and initiated an array of after-school and weekend community activities for preschool-aged children and their families in the weeks preceding, during, and following a designated 'TV Turn-off' week in April, 2004 and March, 2005. CONCLUSION: Methods of asset-based community development are an effective way to engage community participation in public health initiatives.

Community Networks↗
PubMed2003

Content analysis of television advertising for cars and minivans: 1983-1998.

Very little systematic information is available about the predominant advertising themes automobile manufacturers have depicted over the years. The goal of the present study was to analyze television vehicle advertising to understand how cars and passenger vans are being portrayed in the media and how this has changed over time. A virtually complete sample (561) of car and passenger van advertisements from 1998, and a sample of advertisements from 1983 (98), 1988 (96), and 1993 (95), was analyzed for content. Performance, most often exemplified as speed, power, and maneuverability, was the primary theme in 17% of advertisements in 1998 and was depicted in half of all advertisements. Performance was also the most frequent theme over time. Sales incentives also was a popular theme in each year studied, and was predominant in 1993. Safety was mentioned infrequently, except in 1993; a time when manufacturers were competing to install airbags in their vehicles. A focus on vehicle performance in advertising that does not depict the potential negative consequences can have the deleterious effects of glamorizing and legitimizing high-speed travel. Furthermore, manufacturers are missing an opportunity to promote vehicle safety, a feature that consumers have indicated is very important to them.

Advertising↗
PubMed1978

An improved microsurgical ceiling-mounted unit and automated television.

To increase the versatility of a ceiling-mounted microsurgical unit, we instructed an instrument company to redesign an existant unit according to our requirements. The modified instrument has improved microscope supporting arms capable of supporting an inserted X-Y translation stage. The unit houses diathermy, cautery, fiberoptic light source, and suction devices. Most of these devices can be exchanged for other to adapt to individual requirements. Mirror image design increases versatility. Floor-mounted outlets avoid a multitude of cables. A double color television system for automatic recording of surgery has been installed.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Television entertainment and the US health-care debate.

Some experts on the media say that entertainment can be more successful than news at providing insights into certain institutions, medicine being a good example. US television series that feature physicians as the central characters have been immensely popular. In the early series, dating back to the 1952 debut of City Hospital, the physician was an all-powerful hero working in a sparkling centre of healing, with medicine portrayed as a resource freely available to all. The programmes began to change in the 1970s. Plots centred more around the physicians' personal problems than on the patients, but economic and health-policy issues were still rarely discussed adequately. In the end, what viewers come away with may lead them towards false expectations, and they may increasingly blame doctors for decisions that others make and enforce.

Drama↗
PubMed1997

The treatment of insomnia through mass media, the results of a televised behavioral training programme.

An important trend in behavioral medicine is a psycho-educational approach to health problems. A training course aimed at the treatment of sleep disorders has been developed using the following basic principles: (1) a symptomatic approach, (2) emphasis on information on sleep and sleep disorders, (3) self-management, and (4) interventions based on behaviour therapeutic principles that are further developed for the treatment of sleep disorders. Because the results of courses used in primary health care were encouraging, a similar training course of eight programmes was broadcasted by the Dutch educational radio and television station Teleac. About 200,000 people viewed the course, 23,000 of whom ordered the course material. The results of the training course were assessed from a sample (N = 325) by means of a sleep diary in a pre-test, post-test and a follow-up condition. In addition, several questionnaires were used to collect information on personality factors and on physical and psychological complaints. The training produced an estimated decrease in sleep latency of 25 minutes. The duration of sleep increased by nearly 40 minutes. Of the people using hypnotic drugs 40% ceased their use after the course. The training course broadcasted by Teleac is found to be an effective means of improving sleeping behaviour. The results of the course are comparable with interventions that use direct therapist-client contact, suggesting that the presence of a therapist in this approach may not be of crucial importance. The decrease in the use of hypnotics makes the approach cost-effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Several cases of EEG registration of epilepsy induced by television].

We present 6 cases of television epilepsy; there appear to be 2 distinct populations. The first group has seizures only when near the screen, is sensitive to the alternating appearance of odd and even lines and most often is not sensitive to photic stimulation at 50 Hz; the second group has seizures far from the screen and is sensitive to photic stimulation at 50 Hz. Therapeutic approaches are discussed for both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Television violence and its effect on children.

Television (TV) has become a large part of children's activities. Much discussion exists as to the level of violence on TV programs and its effect on children's behavior. This article reviews the literature, discusses social issues, and presents some interventions available to nursing professionals to assist children and families in coping with the impact of TV on children's lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Throw that epidemiologist out of the emergency room! Using the television series ER as a vehicle for teaching methodologists about medical issues.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiology and biostatistics graduate students have diverse backgrounds, but many have little prior training in medicine or biology. This lack of content knowledge in future health researchers has recently been raised as a concern. METHODS: As part of a graduate course on the epidemiology of major diseases, the television series ER was used as a vehicle for learning more about diseases in general, and to become familiar with medical terminology and the ICD-10 by practicing coding on the patients seen. Furthermore, we wanted to provide human faces to the type of disease data students usually work with. RESULTS: In this article, the authors discuss how the ER sessions were organized and the problems that were encountered. The course evaluation concluded that the students found the exercise to be an interesting break from regular teaching.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Multicultural media portrayals and the changing demographic landscape: the psychosocial impact of television representations on the adolescent of color.

The developmental stage of adolescence can be a challenging period with the need for the young person to negotiate certain early psychosocial and physiologic developmental tasks. The developmental tasks that are common to most adolescents can include some unique social, economic, and educational experiences for minority youth because of the sociocultural construction of American society. This article explores some of the theories, concepts, and creative issues related to the psychosocial impact on adolescents of color and multicultural portrayals that appear on television and in other emerging media.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Form and content: looking at visual features of television.

Television viewing at home by 50 individuals in 5 age groups (2-, 5-, 8-, 12-year-olds, and adults) was recorded on 1-s time-lapse videotapes over 10-day periods. Coding was based on 5-min point samples. Analysis examined looking at the TV screen in relation to the visual presence of the features cuts, movement, animation, man, woman, child, and nonhuman; content features were child vs. adult programming and overt purposeful character behavior. Cuts, movement, and overt purposeful character behavior were positively related to looking independent of child vs. adult programming. Associations with looking for the remaining features depended on the viewer's age or sex or type of content within which they occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reducing alcohol consumption through television advertising.

Regular drinkers from the general public whose drinking behavior was known to be unaffected by a previous antidrug advertising campaign were involved in a field experiment to assess the impact of a television commercial based on controlled-drinking principles. In a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of exposure to the advertising campaign (advertisement, no advertisement) and exposure to a letter announcing the campaign (letter, no letter), 96 subjects from two cities in tropical North Queensland provided baseline and posttreatment details of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related attitudes. Baseline measures were taken approximately 12 months prior to the start of the campaign, and posttesting occurred 3 weeks after the campaign. Results were consistent with the proposition that the advertisement reduced intake provided that subjects also received the standard letter alerting them to the start of the campaign.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention.

Smokers registering for a televised cessation program who also expressed interest in joining a support group and who had a nonsmoking buddy were randomly assigned to 3 conditions: no-contact control, discussion, and social support. All Ss received a self-help manual and were encouraged to watch the daily TV program. Ss in the discussion and social support conditions were scheduled to attend 3 group meetings (one with a buddy). Social support Ss and buddies received training in support and relapse prevention. A 4th analysis group was composed of Ss who failed to attend any of the scheduled meetings (no shows). There were strong group effects at the end of treatment. Abstinence rates were highest in the social support group, followed, in order, by the discussion group, no shows, and no-contact controls. The social support group improved outcome by increasing both the level of support and program material use (reading the manual and watching TV).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Television violence and children's aggression: testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions.

The effect of television violence on boys' aggression was investigated with consideration of teacher-rated characteristic aggressiveness, timing of frustration, and violence-related cues as moderators. Boys in Grades 2 and 3 (N = 396) watched violent or nonviolent TV in groups of 6, and half the groups were later exposed to a cue associated with the violent TV program. They were frustrated either before or after TV viewing. Aggression was measured by naturalistic observation during a game of floor hockey. Groups containing more characteristically high-aggressive boys showed higher aggression following violent TV plus the cue than following violent TV alone, which in turn produced more aggression than did the nonviolent TV condition. There was evidence that both the violent content and the cue may have suppressed aggression among groups composed primarily of boys low in characteristic aggressiveness. Results were interpreted in terms of current information-processing theories of media effects on aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Association of family environment with children's television viewing and with low level of physical activity.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations between the family environment and children's television (TV) viewing and likelihood of being low-active. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In 2001, children were recruited from 19 primary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child's TV viewing and the family environment. Children also completed a questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for 8 days. Movement counts were used to identify low-active children (lowest quartile). Data were analyzed in May 2004. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 878 children (mean age = 11.5 +/- 0.6 yrs). Multiple logistic regression revealed that socioeconomic status [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 0.4 boys], frequency families watched TV together (AOR = 2.0 boys), mothers' (AOR = 1.8 boys; AOR = 2.5 girls) and fathers' (AOR = 2.6 boys; AOR = 2.8 girls) TV viewing, and rules prohibiting TV during mealtimes (AOR = 0.6 boys; AOR = 0.6 girls) related to children watching TV >or=2 h/d. Variables associated with low-level physical activity included self-reported enjoyment of Internet use (AOR = 1.7 boys) and preference for watching TV (AOR = 2.3 girls), perception that mother uses computer a lot (AOR = 1.9 boys) and likes using the computer (AOR = 0.6 girls), fathers' reported computer/electronic games use (AOR = 1.7 girls), frequency families used computer together (AOR = 0.4 girls), rules that TV viewing must be supervised (AOR = 1.9 boys; AOR = 0.6 girls), and having pay TV (AOR = 0.6 boys) and electronic games at home (AOR = 2.6 boys). DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that the relationships between the family environment and TV viewing and low-level activity are complex and that these behaviors are distinct.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of television (TV) viewing in long-term maintenance of weight loss. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: All subjects (N = 1422) were enrolled in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a national sample of adults who have maintained a minimum weight loss of 13.6 kg for at least 1 year. Participants self-reported the average number of hours of weekly TV viewing at entry into the NWCR and at a 1-year follow-up. Cross-sectional and prospective analyses were performed to determine the frequency of TV viewing and the extent to which TV viewing was independently associated with weight regain over the 1-year of follow-up. RESULTS: A relatively high proportion (62.3%) of participants reported watching 10 or fewer hours of TV per week on entry in the NWCR. More than one third of the sample (36.1%) reported watching <5 h/wk, whereas only 12.4% watched > or =21 h/wk, which contrasts markedly from the national average of 28 hours of TV viewing per week reported by American adults. Both baseline TV viewing (p < or = 0.02) and increases in TV viewing (p < or = 0.001) over the follow-up were significant predictors of 1-year weight regain, independent of physical activity and dietary behaviors. DISCUSSION: Individuals who are successful at maintaining weight loss over the long term are likely to spend a relatively minimal amount of time watching TV.

Adult↗