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PubMed1994

Risk and protective factors for disruptive behavior disorders in children.

Biological, psychological, and social risk and protective factors in the development of disruptive behavior disorders were assessed in 50 disordered and 50 control preadolescents. Significant risk factors included learning difficulties, hyperactivity, perinatal complications, and violence in the home. Significant protective factors included ability to express feelings and a good relationship with grandparents.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Universities as resources to state health agencies.

In a survey of the 50 State health agencies in the spring of 1992, officials were asked about their manpower and research needs in the specific areas of administration, behavioral and social science, education and information, environmental health, environmental protection, epidemiology, laboratory, law, occupational health, policy and planning, and statistics. In all, 40 agencies (80 percent) responded. Indepth telephone interviews to determine whether universities and schools and graduate programs in public health filled these needs completed the data collection process. Agency officials indicated that their resources were least adequate in environmental protection, behavioral and social science, and occupational health. They did not feel their research needs were being met. There was a general feeling that universities and schools and programs in public health have different agendas than State agencies and that practical solutions to the shortage of research resources are not forthcoming from these sources. Suggestions are made as to what can be done to improve relationships between those who train public health personnel and those who employ them.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and correlates of sun protection and skin self-examination practices among cutaneous malignant melanoma survivors.

Little is known about the level of engagement and correlates of sun protection and skin self-exam among individuals diagnosed with melanoma. Participants (N = 229) completed measures of skin self-exam and sun protection practice and knowledge and attitudes. Approximately eighty-four percent of patients reported engaging in skin self-examination at least once in the past year. Engagement in sun protection practices was moderate. Self-exam practice was associated with gender, physician recommendation about self-exam, and perceived benefits and barriers of self-exam. Sun protection was associated with gender, age, medical status and health care access, physician recommendation, knowledge, and a number of psychological factors. Behavioral interventions to improve skin surveillance and sun protection may benefit from an emphasis on physician education regarding self-exam and sun protection, education regarding the efficacy of sunscreen and the risks associated with sunbathing, reducing perceived barriers to self-exam and sun protection, and reducing reliance on social influences on sun protection practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Public health versus public policy? An appraisal of British urban transport policy.

The most visible aspect of the relationship between transport and health is in the realm of road traffic accidents (RTAs). But the effects of transport policy upon the public health are much wider-ranging. They include exacerbation of social and health inequalities, separation from directly health-protective amenities and social isolation, as well as health damage by physico-chemical pollution. It is arguable that these factors may account for more years of life lost annually than do RTAs. The current focus on accident reduction as the sole means of avoiding adverse health effects of transport distracts attention from the wide health erosive effects of road traffic. Universal mobility and accessibility, independent of the car, is required for public health protection and advancement, since private transport carries many external, and poorly recognised health costs.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

Social support and the relationship between family and community violence exposure and psychopathology among high risk adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the protective effect of social support in the relationship between exposure to violence and psychopathology. Exposure to violence in the family and exposure to violence in the community were examined separately. Exposure to violence was further divided according to whether violence was experienced as a victim or as a witness. Internalizing and externalizing forms of psychopathology, as well as post-traumatic stress symptomatology were examined. METHOD: Participants consisted of 65 high-risk adolescents admitted consecutively to psychiatric inpatient units. Data were collected by means of individual interviews, self-report questionnaires, and hospital charts. RESULTS: Social support emerged as a protective factor with respect to the maladaptive effects of family violence, experienced as either a victim or as a witness. In contrast, social support did not appear to buffer the maladaptive effects of community violence, regardless of whether violence was experienced as a victim or as a witness. In fact, the relationship between community violence and psychopathology was found to be generally nonsignificant regardless of social support status. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that exposure to family violence may affect development differently than exposure to community violence, allowing social support to effectively buffer the effects of family, but not community violence. This finding highlights the importance of examining violence exposure that occurs within the family separately from violence exposure that occurs within the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The concept of protection: a dimensional analysis and critique of a theory of protection.

Dimensional analysis clarifies the concept of protection, which has a commonly understood definition but is used inconsistently in research literature. Concepts such as protective factors and protective behaviors are often used interchangeably without adequately representing the phenomenon of protection itself. This article critiques a situation-specific theory of protection and presents dimensions of a model with an ecological view of protection. It uses dimensional analysis methods to derive the social construction of protection from its use in a broad range of literature; vigilant management and vigilant communication are salient dimensions of protection. The article compares conceptual literature with research literature to identify inconsistencies in use.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia.

The recent availability of longitudinal data on the possible association of different lifestyles with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) allow some preliminary conclusions on this topic. This review systematically analyses the published longitudinal studies exploring the effect of social network, physical leisure, and non-physical activity on cognition and dementia and then summarises the current evidence taking into account the limitations of the studies and the biological plausibility. For all three lifestyle components (social, mental, and physical), a beneficial effect on cognition and a protective effect against dementia are suggested. The three components seem to have common pathways, rather than specific mechanisms, which might converge within three major aetiological hypotheses for dementia and AD: the cognitive reserve hypothesis, the vascular hypothesis, and the stress hypothesis. Taking into account the accumulated evidence and the biological plausibility of these hypotheses, we conclude that an active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life protects against dementia and AD. Further research is necessary to better define the mechanisms of these associations and better delineate preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Promoting "dual protection" from pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease: a social ecological approach.

High rates of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease in women challenge health promotion to identify improvements in "dual protection" interventions. Findings from an exploratory qualitative study using a social ecological model identify causal, contextual, and intervening factors that influence dual protection. The study examined 48 U.S. women completing a sexually transmitted disease clinic process and focused on women at high risk of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. We frame findings from these interviews using social ecology to illustrate the levels where intervention to promote the concept of dual protection and associated behaviors might occur. Presenting findings within this framework offer an understanding of complex factors that influence dual protection and also present an opportunity to consider strategies for promoting dual protection that include interventions at the structural/environmental level, the social/interpersonal level, and the individual level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injectors and their social network members.

Using epidemiological and social network research methods, this study examines gender differences in HIV risk and protective behaviors and social network characteristics among 193 young injection drug users (IDUs) and 127 referred members of their social networks. Respondents reported on their drug use, sexual behavior, and relationships within three types of social networks: hang out (i.e., friendship); drug use; and sexual networks. Most respondents were homeless and had experienced numerous life stressors. Females' social networks consisted more predominantly of drug injectors, and members more frequently appeared multiple networks. Females reported needle sharing more frequently than males, but also reported more protective behaviors such as needle exchange use and carrying clean syringes. Young female IDUs may compound their risk by having sex and injecting with higher risk partners. However, their propensity to practice protective behaviors may provide an opening for interventions to reduce their HIV risk and that of their social network members.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Risk and protective factors for juvenile eating disorders.

Eating disorders are prevalent and complicated disorders which are difficult to treat. Unicausal and main effects models are not likely to do justice to the complexity of psychopathology encountered, as one considers etiology and pathogenesis. Risk and protection can arise out of several domains: biological, psychological and social. Risk and protective factors aggregate in specific developmental phases and interact to produce adverse outcomes. Temperamental factors, eating dysregulation, attachment, deficient self regulation and sociocultural ideals of health and beauty all contribute to pathogenesis. Applying the insights of developmental psychopathology to these disorders has considerable potential to lead to early and preventive interventions. Reviewing the current literature from this perspective and updating a similar discussion from 8 years ago, we witness a continued accumulation of quality empirical data. Compared to previous reviews, the field's attention has shifted to psychosocial/cultural domains relevant to eating, away from biological risk. In the aggregate, these data make possible the increasing differentiation of eating disorders from other psychopathology, and the specific pathways in which anorexia and bulimia may develop. Understanding of risk and vulnerability still outweighs our knowledge of protective factors and resilience. While an ideal study would be longitudinal, such studies are still extremely difficult to conduct and costly, thus, forcing us to further our understanding from lagged designs, cross-sectional data and case control studies. While these have many limitations, they do seem to produce an increasingly coherent account of the development of these disorders and prepare us for more targeted and longitudinal study of high risk populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sensitivity to intranasal oxytocin in adult men with early parental separation.

BACKGROUND: Central oxytocin (OT) is critically involved in mediating social bonding and protecting against stress, depression, and anxiety. In animal models, early social experiences induce changes in central OT systems. In humans, early parental separation (EPS) increases the risk for emotional disorders in adulthood. We examined neuroendocrine responses to intranasal OT administration in men with EPS and healthy control subjects as an estimate of central OT sensitivity. METHODS: Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured in 9 healthy men with EPS and 10 control subjects before and after double-blind intranasal administration of placebo and OT (24 IU Syntocinon). RESULTS: Relative to placebo, intranasal OT resulted in attenuated cortisol decreases in EPS subjects compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results may suggest altered central sensitivity to the effects of OT after EPS. Future studies should replicate these results and scrutinize the role of OT in mediating risk versus resilience to psychopathology after early social adversity.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2001

Occupational health and social resources.

There is a relationship between the changes in work-related diseases and the following factors: the transformation of the organization of work, organizational development, as well as human and social changes in the work environment. These factors also influence the maintenance of industrial health and safety standards at work. Safety technology will continue to be important, but will be reduced in significance compared to the so-called soft factors, that is, all dimensions and parameters affecting people's health and social environment at the work place. It seems that in the future the relationship between the social resource development and work protection will become more relevant. Social resource development influences the quality of work performance and motivation, the quality of work and work protection, the likelihood of accidents and breakdowns, and the level of self-control and capacity of change. The consequences of work protection research will be discussed in this article with a focus on the contribution of social sciences.

Germany↗
PubMed1994

Traumatic child death and documented maltreatment history, Los Angeles.

OBJECTIVES: Child abuse is a presumed but largely untested risk factor for child homicide. This research investigated the social and child protective service history of child homicide victims. METHODS: A pairwise matched case-control design was used to assess documented child maltreatment as a risk factor for homicide vs unintentional injury death. Homicide victims aged 0 to 14 years were identified through Los Angeles Police Department case summaries. Control subjects (children who died of an unintentional injury) were matched to case subjects (children who died from homicide) by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and date of death. Case and control subjects were linked with county service records to determine any known history of maltreatment. RESULTS: A total of 220 children were homicide victims during 1978 through 1987 in the city of Los Angeles. Only one in six children who died (of homicide or unintentional injury) or his/her family was known to county social or child protective services prior to the death. Recorded history of child protective services was associated with homicide victimization (adjusted odds ratio = 3.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.25, 9.27). CONCLUSIONS: Current service systems need assistance in identifying and protecting children at high risk of homicide.

Accidents↗
PubMed1997

Protective and risk effects of peer relations and social support on antisocial behaviour in adolescents from multi-problem milieus.

This article addresses the relation between antisocial behaviour and social resources in a 2-year longitudinal study of 100 high-risk adolescents in residential care. Problem behaviour was measured with the Externalizing Scale of the Youth Self Report. Social resources were recorded using semi-structured methods. Hierarchical regression analyses showed interactions suggesting that the same variables can fulfil risk as well as protective functions: clique membership and satisfaction with social support fostered behavioural continuity. In contrast, a lack of social embeddedness had a risk effect for well-adapted adolescents and a protective effect for the deviant ones. Social resources were more influential in girls. Theoretical implications and methodological problems are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Psychosocial processes and general susceptibility to chronic disease.

The concept of general susceptibility to disease has developed as a unifying explanation for the findings that a variety of diseases are associated with certain social and cultural situations. This hypothesis was tested in a prospective study of 4251 men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii who answered a psychosocial questionnaire in 1971. The seven-year incidence rates of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, and all deaths during the period December 1971-January 1979 were analyzed for association with individual questions and five summary scores measuring geographic and generational mobility, sociocultural and spousal inconsistency, and social networks. Among all questions and summary scores measuring mobility and inconsistency, there was only one statistically significant association with any disease, and this association was in the opposite direction to that predicted by the hypothesis. The measures of social networks were not associated with either the incidence of stroke, cancer, or all diseases combined, but were associated with coronary heart disease, as reported in detail earlier. The authors examined the joint interaction of the postulated stressful processes of mobility and inconsistency with the protective effects of social networks, with special attention to the men in the highest levels of mobility and inconsistency. They found no significant associations, and thus there was no support for the hypothesis that social networks are especially protective among persons in the highest levels of mobility and inconsistency. The inclusion of known health hazards, cigarette smoking, and high systolic blood pressure levels did not alter these findings.

Aged↗