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PubMed1993

Clinical applications of adolescent female sexual development.

Growth and development during the teenage years encompass two closely related maturational phenomena: 1) puberty, the process of physical growth and development, and 2) adolescence, the process of cognitive and psychosocial growth and development. Puberty and adolescence usually proceed in an orderly, predictable sequence. Knowledge of the usual sequence of adolescent physical and psychosocial development is critical for distinguishing normal developmental processes from pathologic conditions. Providing effective anticipatory guidance to adolescents and their parents requires an understanding of the wide range of normal adolescent behavior and the ability to identify young people who are not developing normally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The induction of sexual development and virulence in the smut fungus Ustilago maydis depends on Crk1, a novel MAPK protein.

MAP kinases (mitogen-activated protein kinases) are activated by dual phosphorylation on specific threonine and specific tyrosine residues that are separated by a single residue, and the TXY activation motif is a hallmark of MAP kinases. In the fungus Ustilago maydis, which causes corn smut disease, the Crk1 protein, a kinase previously described to have roles in morphogenesis, carries a TXY motif that aligns with the TXY of MAP kinases. In this work, we demonstrate that Crk1 is activated through a mechanism that requires the phosphorylation of this motif. Our data show that Fuz7, a MAPK kinase involved in mating and pathogenesis in U. maydis, is required to activate Crk1, most likely through phosphorylation of the TXY motif. Consistently, we found that Crk1 is also required for mating and virulence. We investigated the reasons for sterility and avirulence of crk1-deficient cells, and we found that Crk1 is required for transcription of prf1, a central regulator of mating and pathogenicity in U. maydis. Crk1 belongs to a wide conserved protein group, whose members have not been previously defined as MAP kinases, although they carry TXY motifs. On the basis of our data, we propose that all of these proteins constitute a new family of MAP kinases.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1994

Sexual development of malaria parasites is inhibited in vitro by the neem extract azadirachtin, and its semi-synthetic analogues.

We have shown that azadirachtin, a compound from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, and selected semi-synthetic derivatives, block the development of the motile male malarial gamete in vitro. Changes in the hemiacetal group at position C11 in the molecule result in a loss of activity in this assay. The motility of fully formed male gametes, and other selected flagellated cells, is unaffected by azadirachtin in vitro. These findings raise the possibility of developing azadirachtin-based compounds as antimalarials with transmission-blocking potential, as well as permitting the further study of structure-activity relationships in these compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Addison's disease associated with precocious sexual development in a boy.

An eleven-year-old boy was diagnosed to have Addison's disease with an ACTH level of over 4500 pg/ml after a short episode of fever and dehydration. From the age of 6 years his skin and buccal mucosa had been hyperpigmented but there were no other subjective complaints. The clinical examination also revealed signs of advanced puberty for his age (3rd--4th stage according to Tanner's criteria), with advanced bone age (13 years). The elevated levels of plasma testosterone and gonadotropins and their response to LH-RH stimulation were appropriate for his clinical stage of puberty and supported the diagnosis of true precocious puberty. It is proposed that the concomitant appearance of Addison's disease and precocious puberty is due to a "drift" phenomenon of LH-RH and/or gonadotropins following the prolonged elevation of ACTH secretion.

Addison Disease↗
PubMed2006

The intracellular siderophore ferricrocin is involved in iron storage, oxidative-stress resistance, germination, and sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans.

Iron is required by most organisms, but an excess of this metal is potentially toxic. Consequently, uptake and intracellular storage of iron are tightly controlled. The filamentous fungus A. nidulans lacks the iron storage compound ferritin but possesses an intracellular siderophore, which is accumulated in a highly regulated manner as iron-free desferri-ferricrocin or iron-containing ferricrocin via transcriptional regulation of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase SidC. Biosynthesis of desferri-ferricrocin was low during iron-replete conditions but up-regulated by both iron starvation and intracellular iron excess, the latter caused by either a shift from iron-depleted to high-iron conditions or deregulation of iron uptake. Consequently, ferricrocin constituted only about 5% of the total iron content under iron-replete conditions but up to 64% during conditions of intracellular excess. In contrast, during iron starvation, desferri-ferricrocin was accumulated, which appears to represent a proactive strategy to prevent iron toxicity. Accumulation of the intracellular siderophore was also up-regulated by oxidative stress, which underscores the intertwining of iron metabolism and oxidative stress. Lack of the intracellular siderophore causes pleiotropic effects, as SidC deficiency results in (i) less-efficient utilization of iron, indicated by reduced growth under iron-depleted conditions and a higher iron demand under iron-replete conditions, (ii) delayed germination under iron-depleted conditions, (iii) increased sensitivity of conidia to oxidative stress, and (iv) elimination of cleistothecia formation in homothallic conditions.

Aspergillus nidulans↗