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PubMed2005

Correspondence between Interactive Voice Response (IVR) and Timeline Followback (TLFB) reports of drinking behavior.

This study compared reports of alcohol consumption using an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system and the Timeline Followback (TLFB). One hundred eighty-two daily smokers who were not alcohol dependent provided once daily reports of alcohol consumption using an IVR system and participated in a weekly TLFB interview. The reporting time period was 7 days after participants attempted to quit smoking as part of participation in a smoking cessation clinical trial. The results revealed moderate to high correlations between reports of drinking behavior as assessed by IVR and TLFB. Reporting biases for both IVR and TLFB were approximately equal, with a slight trend toward underreporting drinking on the TLFB. Compliance with the IVR system was poor. This study provides preliminary evidence that it is possible to use an IVR system for the assessment of alcohol use in smokers participating in a clinical trial, and IVR seems to adequately assess drinking behavior in those that use the system. However, future studies should focus on improving compliance with IVR in this population.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Hanging in" with HIV/AIDS in the rural north of Thailand: a grounded theory study.

A study was undertaken in 1997 through 2000 in the rural north of Thailand to describe and theorize the HIV/AIDS experiences of wives and widows there. Participants confronted four causally interrelated problems in their struggle to survive with HIV/ AIDS: physical, economic, psychoemotional, and sociocultural, and they used two social processes to manage them: namely, "hiding out" and "hanging in" with HIV/AIDS. This report describes and discusses the second of these basic social processes through which wives and widows in the rural north of Thailand cope with their HIV/AIDS infection. Hanging in involves a range of very active strategies derived from both traditional Thai culture and Western medicine and aimed at allowing participants to make the best of their predicament. In addition, this report renders explicit what is typically left implicit in grounded theory research; that is, that culture is the source both of the problems participants experienced and the means to their effective amelioration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Learning through connections with others: women's cardiac symptoms.

Conducting group sessions in which women can share experiences, develop connections, and learn from each other may potentially be a powerful health educational tool. In a focus group conducted for evaluative feedback, the authors found that women began spontaneously sharing their experiences and feelings, receiving validation, and learning from each other almost from the start of the group session. The participants who were dissimilar in age, ethnicity/race, and socioeconomic status developed a strong connection based on the common experience of having had a heart attack. Although the participants had received patient education after their heart attack, they learned new information about cardiac symptoms and how to respond to them in the group session. This case example is a compelling reminder that women learn through connections. Therefore, a group approach to health education that acknowledges the salience of personal experiences, the experiences of others, the development of connections, and the exchange of information may provide a meaningful learning environment. Further research needs to be conducted to determine if conducting group appointments for women that fosters the development of connections and the exchange of information enriches the learning environment and enhances patient education.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Illness stories on the Internet: features of websites disclosing breast cancer patients' illness stories in the Dutch language.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the way in which breast cancer patients' illness stories in the Dutch language are disclosed on the Internet. METHODS: Websites containing Dutch illness stories written by breast cancer patients were selected using a search engine on the Internet. A checklist was developed based on a theoretical framework for analysing communication processes in order to examine the selected websites. RESULTS: None of the websites implements search facilities based on either the content of an illness story, or the personal features of the author. A minority of the websites offers information about the illness stories, such as author's genuineness and editor's review. CONCLUSION: The Internet's opportunities are not fully utilized with respect to disclosing breast cancer patients' illness stories. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In order to support a patient in finding appropriate illness stories in the diverse set of available stories, we are in the process of developing an application that combines symbolic and statistical natural language analysis techniques to facilitate content-based retrieval.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Do self-reports of perceptual anomalies reflect gating deficits in schizophrenia patients?

Jin and colleagues presented an innovative study examining P50 suppression and patients' self-reported perceptual anomalies as two related operational measures of sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia patients. They found that those schizophrenia patients who endorsed experiences of sensory inundation had normal levels of P50 suppression, whereas patients who tended to endorse fewer complaints of perceptual anomalies had P50 suppression deficits. Jin et al's finding challenges the common belief that P50 suppression deficits are associated with cognitive and sensory anomalies reflecting poor gating in schizophrenia patients. This article comments on how the dissociation between phenomenological experiences of gating disturbances and P50 suppression might be explained by the limits of self-report in schizophrenia patients who have deficient insight and self-awareness. We hypothesize that the self-reported inability to screen out irrelevant stimuli reflects a voluntary, controlled process that is different from the involuntary, automatic process measured by P50 suppression.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Associations of self-reported past "psychotic" phenomena with features of personality disorders.

Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may present with "psychotic" phenomena, which can be defined as a range of specified "altered experiences of reality." This study investigated the associations between self-reported past psychotic phenomena and features of DSM-III-R personality disorders (PDs) in 57 inpatients without a previous diagnosis of the main disorders that involve delusions and hallucinations. The present findings include associations between past psychotic phenomena and features of BPD, between repeated self-harm and a report that "thoughts seemed put into head," and between psychotic phenomena and features of other PDs, particularly schizotypal PD. There was a high prevalence of BPD in the present sample. Dissociation, in the context of the features of BPD, may be a causal factor for the development of some of the psychotic phenomena presented by patients with PD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of data obtained from self-reports of socially sensitive behaviors.

This study examined the effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of self-reports of socially sensitive health-related behaviors. A sample of 155 male and 203 female undergraduate students was randomly assigned to an anonymous and a confidential (i.e., nonanonymous) assessment condition. Gender, erotophilia, self-reports (of substance use, sexual behaviors, illegal activity), and perceived item threat were assessed by questionnaire. Data quality was strongly affected by experimental condition and gender. Thus, terminations were more frequent in the confidential condition and among women. In the confidential condition, women were significantly more likely to "prefer not to respond" to sensitive items compared to men. Both female gender and confidential condition were associated with lower frequency reports of sensitive health behaviors, and greater perceived threat of the assessment questions. Self-reported engagement in sensitive behaviors was positively related to both perceived question threat and erotophilia. Path analyses suggest that question threat mediates the effects of anonymity manipulations and gender on data quality (item refusal, termination), and that erotophilia mediates the effects of gender on incidence and frequency self-reports. The results indicate that anonymous assessments as well as male gender are associated with better data quality.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Self-reported suicide attempts by adolescents.

A thorough medical literature review of adolescent self-reported suicide attempts focused on comparing the following: (1) the prevalence of attempts in anonymous vs. face-to-face surveys; (2) the prevalence rates in the United States and Canada vs. those reported elsewhere; and (3) the prevalence of attempt findings vs. self-harm behavior in anonymous surveys. The major findings were: (1) 29 anonymous self-report questionnaire studies from nine countries revealed that a median of 7-10% of adolescent students acknowledged having made one or more suicide attempts; (2) seven structured interview studies revealed a 3-4% lifetime prevalence of attempted suicide by adolescents; (3) self-report questionnaire responses failed to reveal any overlap between deliberate self-harm behavior and suicide attempts; (4) nonanonymous studies had an unusually high rate of refusal. Thus, self-reported suicide attempts are surprisingly frequent in adolescence and are reported two to three times more often under conditions of anonymity. Furthermore, youths report self-harm behavior as distinct from suicide attempts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

How do respondents construe ambiguous response formats of affect items?

Ambiguous response formats predict correlations from -.467 to -1 between opposite items, depending on whether the respondent's interpretation of the format is unipolar or bipolar. The authors present a procedure to investigate the proper interpretation in each case. It consists of applying nonparametric and parametric item response theory models (the Mokken and the graded response models) to pairs of opposite items in order to find the locations of the response options along the latent scale and, therefore, identify the response format construction. The authors tested this procedure on 4 samples (Ns=142-1,150) and 2 item pairs ("relaxed"-"tense" and "optimistic"-"pessimistic"). The results revealed that respondents constructed the formats as bipolar and supported the bipolarity of the item pairs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Here's looking at me: the effect of memory perspective on assessments of personal change.

Five studies manipulated the memory perspective (1st-person vs. 3rd-person) individuals used to visually recall autobiographical events and examined its effects on assessments of personal change. Psychotherapy clients recalled their first treatment (Study 1), and undergraduates recalled past social awkwardness (Study 2). Participants who were induced to recall from the 3rd-person perspective believed, and acted as though (Study 2), they had changed more since the events occurred. Subsequent studies revealed a crucial moderator: Third-person recall produces judgments of greater self-change when people are inclined to look for evidence of change, but lesser self-change when they are inclined to look for evidence of continuity. This pattern emerged when motivation (Studies 1 and 2), goals (Study 3), instructions (Study 4), and self-esteem (Study 5) determined participants' focus on change versus continuity. Results have implications for constructivism in memory and judgment and for the ability to sustain self-improvement efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychologists' ethical responsibilities in Internet-based groups: issues, strategies, and a call for dialogue.

How can psychologists participate ethically as facilitators, advisers, and peer members in Internet-based groups? The astonishing growth of Internet technology and on-line groups has outpaced the development of formal ethical guidelines for psychologists involved in on-line groups. This article provides an initial appraisal of psychologists' ethical responsibilities in discussion, support, and self-help groups that operate on the Internet and offers practical strategies for avoiding ethical problems. By presenting initial strategies and guidelines for ethical behavior in Internet-based groups, the authors hope to stimulate the field to further discuss and analyze these issues.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2002

Reconciling voices.

There is a lack of nursing research in relation to how people with mental health problems make sense of their experiences of mental distress. Furthermore, few nursing related studies have conveyed service user's understandings and meanings for their experiences of mental 'disorder'. Narrative psychology claims that people make sense of the world and their lives by using narrative structures to organize diverse experiences. By sharing these stories with others, interpretations are negotiated and personal and cultural meanings are formed. This study used a tried and tested approach to narrative analysis to analyse the transcribed narrative of one man, Gary, who was experiencing mental health problems. The study explores Gary's process of meaning making as it appears in his narrative; the frameworks and metaphors that he uses to help him make sense of his experiences. The tensions between Gary's internal voices and beliefs and the external voices of surrounding culture and psychiatry are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the importance of attending and responding to personal meanings embedded in narratives as a means of developing sensitive nursing care and enriching nursing research.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of interviews during body weight checks in general population surveys].

While surveying actually measured body weight is largely impractical in national surveys, self-reported weight is a simple and inexpensive method of collecting data. Previous research shows that data on reported body weight are falsified by systematic mis-reporting. This bias is said to be the consequence of the sensitive nature of information on body weight. Numerous studies on survey response suggest that certain modes of data collection are more conducive than others for probing sensitive information. This paper investigates the effect of the anonymous interviews, characteristics of the interviewer and respondents' familiarity with the survey, as factors that may impinge on reported body weight. Findings of this paper show that refusals to state the body weight are rare. Moreover, characteristics of interviewers account for only a small fraction of the variance in reported body weight. Yet the hypothesis that the absence of an interviewer in self-administered interviews increases reported body weight can be confirmed. This interview effect, however, occurred in men only. On average, male respondents in anonymous interview settings report on a body weight which is 1 kg more than they would report in other settings. The repeated participation of respondents in the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) increases their reported body weight accuracy which suggests a positive panel effect on respondents' willingness to disclose sensitive information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover.

In the workplace, emotional dissonance is the conflict between experienced emotions and emotions expressed to conform to display rules. This study is an empirical examination of the impact of emotional dissonance on organizational criteria and its moderation by self-monitoring and social support. Emotional dissonance was theorized to stimulate turnover intentions, either solely through job dissatisfaction or through both job dissatisfaction and reduced organizational commitment. Job dissatisfaction was found to be the sole mediator. Emotional dissonance resulted in job dissatisfaction, which, in turn, stimulated withdrawal intentions. Self-monitoring and social support exerted moderator effects, albeit in opposing directions. Emotional dissonance aroused feelings of job dissatisfaction and reduced organizational commitment among high self-monitors. In contrast, social support lessened the negative impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome measurement in female sexual dysfunction clinical trials: review and recommendations.

Defining and measuring Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) is a complex and challenging task. Several factors have confounded the theory and measurement of FSD including: the use of an inappropriate male paradigm; difficulty in capturing the complexity of women's sexual response; an evolving but presently untested nosology; and the relative independence between subjective and objective aspects of women's sexual response. Each of these factors have contributed to the difficulty in developing meaningful and valid endpoints for clinical trials. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 2000 draft guidance document for female sexual dysfunction clinical trials recommended the use of daily diary measures as primary and self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) as secondary endpoints. Event logs or diary measures may be adequate for assessing aspects of male sexual performance (e.g., erectile function), or in other therapeutic areas with discrete and readily observable endpoints (e.g., incontinence). However, psychometric theory suggests that for female sexual dysfunction clinical trials, SAQ instruments may provide more sensitive and reliable measures of outcome. We offer an alternative set of recommendations in the hope that the FDA will reconsider its position and to serve as potential guidelines for non-industry sponsored research on female sexuality as well. First, we propose that SAQs be elevated from their current status as secondary endpoints to be considered as potential primary endpoints in clinical trials of FSD. Second, we recommend that depending on the trial design and intervention under study, either an SAQ or diary measure (typically one or the other, and not both), might serve as a primary endpoint in a clinical trial. Third, SAQs and diaries should be employed, analyzed and interpreted in their particular areas of strength. Diaries are most useful for enumerating events and/or counting frequencies. SAQs are superior at gathering subjective data related to women's sexual function. Fourth, we believe there is a theoretical basis for considering SAQs to be superior measurement tools compared to diaries in assessing sexual dysfunction in women. At present, however there is insufficient objective data to fully support this opinion. Conversely, we do not anticipate either theoretical or objective evidence to support the alternative hypothesis (that diaries are superior to SAQs). If this proves to be correct in the future, diary measures may no longer be considered as primary endpoints for FSD clinical trials. Finally, we recommend that the FDA and/or other regulatory agencies reconsider the emphasis given to the number of successful or satisfactory sexual events over time as primary endpoints because they do not definitively demonstrate whether there has or has not been any improvement in the FSD endpoint under study (e.g., sexual desire). Successful and satisfactory encounters represent an amalgam of subjective assessments that are too far removed from the essential FSD component.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1996

A community support group for HIV-seropositive drug users: is attendance associated with reductions in risk behaviour?

Although support groups for HIV-seropositive persons are a potential source of emotional support and information, there has been little assessment of such groups as to their role in changing risk behaviour for transmission. The present study combines observations from over 52 group sessions with baseline and follow-up interview data to assess changes in sex and drug behaviour among seropositive drug users participating in an ongoing group for African Americans. The sample of 100 adults was recruited from drug treatment centres and from the community in Atlanta, Georgia. At the 6-month interview, frequency of group attendance was associated mainly with healthier drug behaviour, the topic most frequently discussed by members. Findings suggest that training for support group facilitators needs to target two areas for technology transfer: successful strategies for reducing both high-risk sex and drug behaviour and methods for introducing these behavioural change tools into a setting designed for socio-emotional support. We conclude that community support groups are an untapped opportunity for low-cost prevention services.

Adult↗