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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Golgi-associated filament networks in duct epithelial cells of rabbit submandibular glands: immunohistochemical light and electron microscopic studies.

The duct epithelial cells of rabbit submandibular glands expressed keratin 8, keratin 14, and actin in the supranuclear region, and these cytoskeletal proteins formed ring structures, approximately 1-2.5 microm in diameter. Ultrastructurally, these ring structures were observed as a 'Golgi-associated filament network' surrounding Golgi apparatuses. Double immunofluorescent studies showed that keratin 8 and keratin 14 formed keratin 8/14 filaments, and that these filaments and actin filaments colocalized as components of the Golgi-associated filament network. Our studies suggested that the Golgi-associated filament network maintains the complex structure and location of the Golgi apparatus of the duct epithelium of rabbit submandibular glands. Tubulin was distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm of columnar cells, but no special relationship was found between tubulin and the Golgi apparatus.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1984

Acidic isozyme of a chymotrypsin-like esteroprotease from mouse submandibular gland.

An acidic isozyme of a chymotrypsin-like esteroprotease from the mouse submandibular gland was purified and its properties were compared with those of the basic isozymes purified previously (Takuma, T., et al. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 755, 70-75), bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin, and other chymotrypsin-like enzymes of mice. The isoelectric point of the purified enzyme was pH 4.7, and the molecular weight was estimated to be 25,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme hydrolyzed benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (Bz-Tyr-OEt) 7 times more slowly than basic isozymes did, but hydrolyzed casein as slowly as the basic isozymes did. The acidic isozyme was 40 times more sensitive to chymostatin than basic isozymes were, but 10 times less sensitive than alpha-chymotrypsin was. Moreover, acidic and basic isozymes were immunologically distinct. Chymotrypsin-like esteroproteases in the submandibular gland were antigenically unique among chymotrypsin-like enzymes in various tissues of mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The epithelium of the excretory duct of the human submandibular gland: a transmission and scanning electron microscopic study.

The duct of the human submandibular gland (Wharton) is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium consisting of principal and basal cells. Scattered among them are a few goblet and ciliated cells. The principal cells are columnar in shape with many mitochondria, numerous dense bodies and a central nucleus with some indentations. Their apical cytoplasm shows a number of clear vesicles, some of which are reactive to silver and are extruded by exocytosis into the lumen. Other vesicles, which are unreactive, may represent the products of the absorption process. A mechanism of apocrine secretion is also observed in the principal cells. Thus, with regard to its functions, the duct of the human submandibular gland modifies the composition of saliva by adding a secretory component to it. This latter material is derived from the goblet cells but chiefly from merocrine (exocytosis) and apocrine secretion of principal cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Regulation of autonomic receptors in rat submandibular gland.

The binding of receptor specific radioligands to autonomic receptors in the rat submandibular gland was characterized after chronic drug administration and surgical sympathetic denervation. Reserpine administration resulted in an up-regulation of both alpha 2-adrenergic receptors labeled by [3H]clonidine and beta 1-adrenergic receptors labeled by [3H]dihydroalprenolol. The increase in alpha 2-receptors was half-maximal 24 hr after a single injection of reserpine, and was about 10-fold greater than control after seven daily injections. By contrast, the beta-adrenergic receptor density was the same as control after 3 days of reserpine administration, but within 7 days was about 2-fold greater than control. Guanethidine or yohimbine administration also resulted in an up-regulation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Reserpine administration or unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy increased the density of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor binding sites 24-80%. Norepinephrine and methoxamine, but not clonidine, caused potassium to be released from submandibular gland slices. Prazosin, but not yohimbine, blocked this response to norepinephrine, indicating that the response was mediated by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. Potassium release elicited by alpha 1-agonists was augmented in slices from animals that received reserpine. Neither drug treatment nor sympathetic denervation altered muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding. The densities of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors were found to be 23-51% higher in glands from female rats than in glands from male rats.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1980

Localization of kallikrein in submandibular gland of cat, guinea pig, dog, and man by the immunoperoxidase method.

The sensitive immunoperoxidase method was used to localize kallikrein in the submandibular gland of the cat, guinea pig, dog, and man. In every instance, kallikrein was localized in the apical region of duct cells, a location suggesting its secretion into the duct system. There was no evidence of the enzyme in other cells or interstitial tissue in the gland. The major source of submandibular gland kallikrein, therefore, must be of ductal origin. The classification of kallikreins with the widely distributed group of serine proteases is discussed, as is their possible significance in regulating physiological processes by specific and limited proteolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An investigation of the vascular organisation of the canine submandibular gland.

It is known that parasympathetic nerve stimulation elevates venous pressure in the dog submandibular gland, and that the venous pressure wave is transformed to that of the arterial pulse. The vascular arrangements and histological characteristics of the dog submandibular gland were therefore examined to establish which anatomical structures are responsible for the change in venous pressure during salivation induced by parasympathetic stimulation. The acinar and ductal circulations were found to be arranged in parallel and arteriovenous anastomoses were identified in both. Microsphere injection studies demonstrated the opening of arteriovenous anastomoses in actively secreting glands. Smooth muscle cells were rarely found in venous blood vessels but venous valves were abundant in both circulations. Dense connective tissue was observed to enclose the ductal system and its accompanying structures (blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves); it was most abundant in the hilum and diminished aborally. The mechanism responsible for elevating venous pressure during parasympathetic salivation is thus probably related to opening of the arteriovenous anastomoses; the increase in the amount of surrounding dense connective tissue in a central direction may facilitate the preservation of the transmitted arterial pressure and pulse in the venous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Expression of phosphodiesterase 3 in rat submandibular gland.

The expression of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 isoforms was investigated in extracts of rat submandibular gland by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR fragments were then sequenced. PDE3 activity was detected in gland homogenates; about 90% of the activity was in the supernatant fraction and about 10% in the particulate fraction. PDE3A and 3B mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in RNA from the gland. The nucleotide sequences of the fragments were identical to those of rat PDE3A and 3B. The results indicate that two PDE3 isoforms are present in rat submandibular gland and may regulate an important cAMP pool.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1997

Importance of nidogen binding to laminin gamma1 for branching epithelial morphogenesis of the submandibular gland.

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are major driving forces for the development of most solid organs. The importance of these interactions was first shown for the embryonic submandibular gland more than 40 years ago. We here present evidence that interactions between two basement membrane components, nidogen (entactin) and laminin gamma1 chain, could be important for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in this gland. Nidogen mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in the mesenchyme, and yet the protein was detected in epithelial and endothelial basement membranes. The role of nidogen-laminin interactions for epithelial morphogenesis was studied by applying antibodies to submandibular gland organ cultures. Antibodies reacting strongly with the nidogen-binding site of laminin gamma1 chain drastically perturbed branching epithelial morphogenesis. Electron microscopy of the epithelial-mesenchymal interface showed that blocking antibodies disrupted the formation of the basement membrane. Epidermal growth factor was shown to increase the expression of nidogen in mesenchyme, and could counteract the effect of the blocking antibodies. We suggest that nidogen could be an important mesenchymal factor for submandibular gland development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and Na+ concentrations in rat submandibular gland acini exposed to carbachol and ATP.

The relationship between cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+ (Ca2i) and Na+ (Na+i) were studied in preparations of rat submandibular and pancreatic acini loaded with the Ca(2+)-sensitive dye Fura-2 or the Na(+)-sensitive dye SBFI. Pancreatic acini showed no changes in Na+i during either transient or persistent changes in Ca2+i. Increases in Ca2+i produced by exposure of submandibular gland acini to carbachol, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, were followed by an increase in Na+i after a delay of 5-10 s. When Ca2+ stores were mobilized without Ca2+ influx Na+i also increased, but in acini loaded with BAPTA, a nonfluorescent Ca2+ chelator, the transient increase in Ca2+ caused by mobilization of stored Ca2+ was virtually abolished, as was the increase in Na+i. In the presence of inomycin, increases in Ca2+i were followed by increases in Na+i. Ca(2+)-dependent increases in Na+i were abolished in Na(+)-free buffer and by the presence of furosemide, a blocker of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport. In other studies, extracellular ATP (ATPo) produced an increase in Ca2+i and Na+i. The steady-state increase in Ca(i)2+ was reduced by increasing extracellular Na+ concentrations (Na+o in dose-dependent fashion (IC50 = 16.4 +/- 4.7 mM Na+). Likewise, increasing Na+o reduced ATPo-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake at steady state (IC50 = 15.8 +/- 9.2 mM Na+). Changing Na+o had no effect on carbachol-stimulated increases in Ca2+i. We conclude that, in rat submandibular gland acini, ATPo promotes an increase in Ca2+i and Na+i via a common influx pathway and that, under physiologic conditions, Na+ significantly limits the ATPo-stimulated increase in Ca2+i. In the presence of carbachol, however, Na+i rises in Ca2+i-dependent fashion in submandibular gland acini via stimulation of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1998

Metastasizing malignant oncocytoma of the submandibular gland.

Malignant oncocytomas are extremely rare tumours of the salivary glands. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported in the world literature so far, 34 of which were located in the parotid gland. Only three of these tumours have been located in the submandibular gland. We report one further case of a malignant oncocytoma of the submandibular gland in a 47-year-old man. Since a definite histological diagnosis of malignant oncocytoma can rarely be made both clinical and histopathological findings are essential in establishing the diagnosis. Treatment consists of wide surgical excision, neck dissection and post-operative radiotherapy. The prognosis with regard to five-year survival is poor because of metastatic disease.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗
PubMed1992

Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists on the secretion of fluid and protein by submandibular glands of the hamster and the rat.

1. Significant differences were observed between the hamster and the rat in terms of the secretion of fluid and protein from submandibular glands in response to pilocarpine, phenylephrine and isoproterenol. 2. In both the rat and the hamster the secretory responses induced by pilocarpine, phenylephrine and isoproterenol were inhibited by pretreatment with 4-DAMP, prazosin and metoprolol, respectively. 3. These results suggest that the submandibular glands of the hamster and the rat have M3-cholinoreceptors, as well as alpha 1- and beta 1-adrenoceptors, and that these receptors play different roles in the secretion of fluid and protein from hamster and rat submandibular glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Calcium-dependent K+ efflux from rat submandibular gland. The effects of trifluoperazine and quinidine.

The Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux from rat submandibular gland was studied using a K+-sensitive electrode. A K+ efflux was induced by either adrenalin or by using the divalent cation ionophore A23187 plus added Ca2+ to bypass the receptor mechanism. Trifluoperazine, which was used to investigate the role of calmodulin, was found to block the adrenalin-induced K+ efflux but not the A23187/Ca2+-induced K+ efflux. The adrenalin-induced K+ efflux was abolished by quinidine and the A23187/Ca2+-induced K+ efflux was significantly reduced by quinidine. In other experiments, the presence of indomethacin did not inhibit the adrenalin-induced K+ efflux, and exogenously added arachidonic acid did not induce a K+ efflux. It is concluded that neither prostaglandin synthesis, nor a cytosolic Ca2+-calmodulin complex is involved in the agonist-induced K+ efflux from rat submandibular gland. A similarity between the Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux mechanism of erythrocyte ghosts and submandibular tissue is indicated by their common response to quinidine.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of alloxan-diabetes on alpha-amylase and sialic acid levels in the parotid and submandibular glands of rats.

The relationship of diabetes to salivary gland metabolism has been investigated by comparing the levels of alpha-amylase, sialic acid and total protein in the parotid and submandibular glands, plasma and kidneys of control and alloxan-diabetic rats. A significant decrease in alpha-amylase activity was found in both the parotid and submandibular glands of the diabetic rats by use of both a chemical and an electrophoretic assay. Plasma and kidney levels of the enzyme were not altered in the diabetic rats. Sialic acid levels were not affected by the alloxan-induced diabetes. Although the total protein concentration was significantly altered only in the kidneys of the alloxan-diabetic rats, the electrophoretic patterns of both the parotid and submandibular gland soluble proteins were markedly different between the control and alloxan-diabetic rats. The electrophoretic data indicate that protein metabolism in general, and the alpha-amylase concentration specifically, are altered in the salivary glands of alloxan-diabetic rats.

Amylases↗
PubMed1990

Changes in protein secretion by rat submandibular glands in response to isoproterenol, alpha-methylnoradrenaline, and clonidine during post-natal development.

We studied developmental changes in salivary volumes and proteins secreted by the submandibular glands of male rats at weekly intervals from two to ten weeks of age in response to the beta 1-, alpha 1-, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, isoproterenol (IPR), alpha-methylnoradrenaline (alpha-mNA), and clonidine (Clonid). The types of proteins in saliva samples were determined and compared by isoelectric-focusing electrophoresis with the Phast system in both the gradient pH -3.5-to-5 and pH-3.5-to-9 gels by means of silver staining. Salivary volume and protein concentration in saliva samples elicited by IPR and alpha-mNA were positively related to the weight of the submandibular glands up to six or seven weeks of age, whereas in saliva elicited by Clonid, no relation was found in the protein concentration [corrected]. The isoelectric-focusing electrophoretic patterns of proteins secreted by the glands in response to three stimuli were different from each other during post-natal development. Within one stimulation, differences were also observed at two and three weeks of age for Clonid, and from seven weeks of age for the three stimuli, respectively. The alpha-type proteins, but not the beta-type proteins, were very similar to those in extracts from glands of rats at seven weeks of age. Almost all of the alpha-type proteins, but not the beta-type proteins, reacted with antibodies to two proteases. We conclude that functional maturation precedes morphological maturation in the submandibular glands of rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Immunocytochemical localization of renin in the submandibular gland of the mouse during postnatal development.

The localization of renin in the developing mouse submandibular gland was studied immunocytochemically using the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method of Sternberger ('74). Bouin-fixed submandibular glands of mice of both sexes were examined at 5-day-intervals from birth (day 0) to 50 days of age. At all stages studied, only granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells stained immunocytochemically for renin; such cells were first seen in glands of 30-day-old males and of 30-day-old females. The size and number of renin-containing GCT cells increased rapidly in males, attaining adult status by 50 days of age. In females, differentiation of GCT cells immunoreactive for renin was slower and less regular than in males, and at 50 days of age the GCT segment had not yet reached adult conditions with respect to the distribution of renin. Renin appears in GCT cells at later ages than other GCT cell products (e.g., EGF and amylase), suggesting the existence of independent developmental control for the expression of various biologically active substances in the GCTs.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cystic papillary adenocarcinoma of the submandibular gland in a child.

A 12-year-old boy reported that a mass in his left jaw had been growing slowly for 8 months. Axial and coronal contrast-enhanced spiral CT showed a 5-cm cystic mass within an enhancing, mildly enlarged submandibular gland. Excisional biopsy revealed a cystic papillary adenocarcinoma of the left submandibular gland, very rare in children.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed2003

Hormonal influence on expression and functionality of alpha1-adrenoceptor in rat submandibular gland.

In this work, we characterized alpha(1)-adrenoceptor expression and functionality in rat submandibular gland. Cumulative dose-response curve of methoxamine was constructed to determine the peroxidase secretion by glands from proestrous, estrous, metestrous and diestrous rats. They were compared to those from animals untreated or treated with sex hormones, estradiol and progesterone. The sensitivity of glands to an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist varied depending on hormonal state, i.e. glands from proestrous and estrous were more sensitive to the stimulatory action of methoxamine than those from metestrous, diestrous and ovariectomised animals. The efficacy of the alpha(1) agonist was enhanced in glands from ovariectomised estrogen-treated rats but it was ineffective in glands from ovariectomised progesterone-treated rats. The functional studies correlated with 3H-prazosin binding assays in which estrogen increased alpha(1)-adrenoceptor density while progesterone decreased it. The results demonstrated that alpha(1)-adrenoceptor expression and functionality in rat submandibular glands are apparently under hormonal control and probably represent other examples of bidirectional interactions between neuronal and exocrine systems.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗