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PubMed1995

Structural analysis of the carbohydrate moiety of arabinogalactan-proteins from stigmas and styles of Nicotiana alata.

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) from the female reproductive tissues (stigmas and styles) of Nicotiana alata were isolated from the saturated ammonium sulfate supernatant of buffer-soluble extracts by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent, followed by gel-filtration chromatography under dissociating conditions. The AGPs had characteristics typical of other AGPs: a high proportion of carbohydrate (95%) with a high ratio of Gal p to Ara f (2:1), and a low protein content (5%) with high levels of alanine, serine, and hydroxyproline. The AGPs consisted of a major species which was almost neutral, and a minor species which was more negatively charged. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed that the purified AGPs had a weight-average molecular weight of 143 kD. Linkage analysis showed that the AGPs contained a highly branched backbone of 3-, 6-, and 3,6-linked Gal p residues, bearing terminal Gal p and terminal Ara f residues. Analysis by one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of these glycosyl linkage types, and showed a high mobility of the terminal Ara f residues consistent with their location on the periphery of the molecules. This analysis represents the most complete 1H assignment for AGP molecules in solution. No difference in the carbohydrate analyses was found between AGPs isolated separately from stigmatic or stylar tissue, or between AGPs isolated from stigmas and styles of plants of different self-incompatibility genotypes.

Arabinose↗
PubMed1989

The S-locus specific glycoproteins of Brassica accumulate in the cell wall of developing stigma papillae.

Self-incompatibility in Brassica oleracea is now viewed as a cellular interaction between pollen and the papillar cells of the stigma surface. In this species, the inhibition of self-pollen occurs at the stigma surface under the influence of S-locus specific glycoproteins (SLSG). We used antibodies specific for a protein epitope of SLSG to study the subcellular distribution of these molecules in the stigmatic papillae. The antibodies have uncovered an interesting epitope polymorphism in SLSG encoded by subsets of S-alleles, thus providing us with useful genetic controls to directly verify the specificity of the immunolocalization data. Examination of thin sections of Brassica stigmas following indirect immunogold labeling showed that SLSG accumulate in the papillar cell wall, at the site where inhibition of self-pollen tube development has been shown to occur. In addition, the absence of gold particles over the papillar cell walls in the immature stigmas of very young buds, and the intense labeling of these walls in the stigmas of mature buds and open flowers, correlates well with the acquisition of the self-incompatibility response by the developing stigma.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1991

A Brassica S locus gene promoter directs sporophytic expression in the anther tapetum of transgenic Arabidopsis.

The S locus glycoprotein (SLG) gene of Brassica encodes stigmatic glycoproteins that are implicated in the pollen-stigma interaction of self-incompatibility. We have transformed the related plant Arabidopsis thaliana with a chimaeric gene consisting of the promoter region of an SLG gene fused to the reporter gene beta-glucuronidase (GUS). In transgenic plants the gene was expressed in two cell types of the flower. In stigmas, the timing and distribution of GUS activity was similar to that previously described for SLG expression in Brassica. In anthers, expression was detected at an earlier stage of flower development with GUS activity restricted to the tapetal cell layer. The novel finding of SLG-promoter activity in the anther supports the hypothesis that sporophytic control of self-incompatibility is a result of SLG-gene expression in the tapetum.

DNA, Recombinant↗
PubMed1991

Orthognathic surgery for mentally retarded patients.

The surgical treatment of mentally retarded children for esthetic reasons is discussed. In mentally retarded adults a facial deformity can give rise to functional problems; in some cases a facial deformity can stigmatize the mental state. In selected cases orthognathic surgery may offer a solution for either problem. Two cases are reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A pollen tube growth stimulatory glycoprotein is deglycosylated by pollen tubes and displays a glycosylation gradient in the flower.

In plant sexual reproduction, pollen tubes elongate from the stigma, through the stylar transmitting tissue, to the ovary of the pistil to deliver the male gametes for fertilization. TTS protein is a tobacco transmitting tissue glycoprotein shown to attract pollen tubes and promote their growth. Here, we show TTS proteins adhere to the pollen tube surface and tips, suggesting that they may serve as adhesive substrates for pollen tube growth. TTS proteins are also incorporated into pollen tube walls and are deglycosylated by pollen tubes, suggesting that they may provide nutrients to this process. Within the transmitting tissue, TTS proteins display a gradient of increasing glycosylation from the stigmatic end to the ovarian end of the style, coincident with the direction of pollen tube growth. These results together suggest that the TTS protein-bound sugar gradient may contribute to guiding pollen tubes from the stigma to the ovary.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1983

The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome.

Child victims of sexual abuse face secondary trauma in the crisis of discovery. Their attempts to reconcile their private experiences with the realities of the outer world are assaulted by the disbelief, blame and rejection they experience from adults. The normal coping behavior of the child contradicts the entrenched beliefs and expectations typically held by adults, stigmatizing the child with charges of lying, manipulating or imagining from parents, courts and clinicians. Such abandonment by the very adults most crucial to the child's protection and recovery drives the child deeper into self-blame, self-hate, alienation and revictimization. In contrast, the advocacy of an empathic clinician within a supportive treatment network can provide vital credibility and endorsement for the child. Evaluation of the responses of normal children to sexual assault provides clear evidence that societal definitions of "normal" victim behavior are inappropriate and procrustean, serving adults as mythic insulators against the child's pain. Within this climate of prejudice, the sequential survival options available to the victim further alienate the child from any hope of outside credibility or acceptance. Ironically, the child's inevitable choice of the "wrong" options reinforces and perpetuates the prejudicial myths. The most typical reactions of children are classified in this paper as the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. The syndrome is composed of five categories, of which two define basic childhood vulnerability and three are sequentially contingent on sexual assault: (1) secrecy, (2) helplessness, (3) entrapment and accommodation, (4) delayed, unconvincing disclosure, and (5) retraction. The accommodation syndrome is proposed as a simple and logical model for use by clinicians to improve understanding and acceptance of the child's position in the complex and controversial dynamics of sexual victimization. Application of the syndrome tends to challenge entrenched myths and prejudice, providing credibility and advocacy for the child within the home, the courts, and throughout the treatment process. The paper also provides discussion of the child's coping strategies as analogs for subsequent behavioral and psychological problems, including implications for specific modalities of treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Secondary prevention--serving families at risk.

Secondary prevention of child abuse and neglect aims at protecting children who live in high-risk environments when overt abuse has not yet occurred, but is likely to occur in the future. Several screening strategies to identify families at high risk for child maltreatment have been reported in the literature, none of which has been translated into practice so far. For practical but foremost ethical reasons, general screening programs to identify vulnerable children and families cannot be recommended. Traditional welfare and health-care agencies have encountered difficulties in reaching out to population groups believed to be at higher risk for child maltreatment. The system of care or services often contributes to isolation, defensiveness, and noncompliance of families. The concept for the Child Protection Center in Lübeck focused on a nonpunitive, self-help approach to reach out to families and encourage them to determine their own needs. There is a significant guarantee not to involve law enforcing agencies or to initiate court proceedings without the families' consent. Over half of all the families seen in the Center over a 2-year period were self-reported, almost a fifth of all families received help to prevent violence against children before child abuse or neglect had yet occurred. We conclude that nonpunitive concepts that avoid labeling and stigmatizing, and offer free, easy accessible, family oriented services will help prevent child maltreatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Not guilty by reason of insanity: a research note.

The question of the insanity defense centers around the moralist-determinist debate. Insanity defense laws are premised on the assumption that individuals choose between right and wrong, and are responsible for that choice. Mental disease, however, can overpower, and thus, not of their own volition, insane persons become out-of-control. Hence, they cannot be held responsible for their behavior or subject to criminal punishment. It is the purpose of the insanity defense, of course, to distinguish between offenders in need of punitive disposition and ones where a medical-custodial disposition is best. The research presented here indicates that defendants who successfully raise the plea of NGRI do not beat the rap. In other words, they do not spend fewer days in confinement via an NGRI plea than had they been convicted and sentenced. Thus, for the reasons of justice, equity, and fairness the insanity defense should be kept intact. The wave of public fear and reaction to the decision in a few highly publicized cases is insufficient grounds for eliminating the plea. Not only is the use of the insanity defense infrequent, but defendants who select it give up important safeguards. Namely, they are unable to plea bargain, are stigmatized as "mad and bad," have no access to probation or parole, and are confined for an indeterminate amount of time. That some would call this leniency we find surprising. And, of course, we should not forget the findings reported here. NGRI acquittees spend more time being locked up. Defendants who successfully raise the NGRI plea are confined until professionals say they are no longer dangerous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Colorado↗
PubMed1985

Commentary: psychiatry and primary care.

The role of the psychiatrist in educating primary care physicians has evolved from one of leadership to that of weakened collaboration. Concurrently, other mental health professionals compete with the psychiatric physician for actual clinical referrals. The primary care physician's fear of loss of control, stigmatization from psychiatric labels, and issues of time and money are reasons cited for limiting psychiatric intervention. Although the consultation-liaison service has proved to be a useful vehicle for integrating psychiatric services in hospital settings, how best to integrate psychiatric education and service in the ambulatory-based practice is still a challenge. Issues of clinical uncertainty and medical responsibility that the primary care provider regularly experiences may offer solutions for reestablishing the psychiatric physician as the leader in such educational and clinical initiatives.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Illness concerns, attitudes towards homosexuality, and social support in gay men with AIDS.

High levels of illness-related psychologic distress, marked social stigmatization and loss of social support, and negative internalized feelings towards homosexuality have previously been reported in homosexual men with the diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). We assessed 50 homosexual or bisexual men who were within 3 months of their AIDS diagnosis with respect to medical status, illness concerns, attitudes towards homosexuality, and social support. Subjects reported levels of illness-related concerns comparable to previously studied cancer patients. Their attitudes towards homosexuality were similar to previously studied healthy homosexual males. Their social support needs were variable, as was their satisfaction with specific types of social support. Their social networks were moderately small. In this AIDS subject group, illness concerns, attitudes toward homosexuality, and social support satisfaction were significantly correlated with each other, and with previously reported levels of psychologic distress and subjective (but not objective) measures of health status.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

The aftermath of suicide on the psychiatric inpatient unit.

Suicide in the hospital setting results in a complex array of reactions by the staff, the institution, the remaining patients, the family of the patient, and the outpatient caregivers. In the aftermath of a suicide survivors pass through four predictable and parallel stages: shock, recoil, posttrauma, and recovery. Specific approaches to these stages are addressed. The management of the shock phase requires carefully orchestrated crisis-intervention strategies, containment, and risk management. The numbness and disbelief of this period gives way to the reactions of the recoil phase, which include guilt, shame, anger, depression, self-doubt, and a search for meaning. Group meetings, outreach to the family, the suicide review conference, and, in particular, informal peer contact, are key aspects of recovery in this stage. Family survivors require specialized interventions that take into account the stigmatization that commonly accompanies suicide. In addition, as one fourth to one third of hospital suicides result in lawsuits, specialized approaches to assessment and documentation are indicated. In the posttraumatic phase more general issues of professional efficacy are addressed. The resolution of this phase is enhanced by an open dialogue focusing on the limitations of assessment and treatment of the suicidal patient. Final recovery for staff includes a posture of anticipation appropriate to the clinical setting.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Social perception of AIDS in the general public: a French study.

The paper presents the results of the first national survey about social perception of AIDS in a representative sample of the French general public (which was carried out in June 1987). A large majority of the French public (73.1% of respondents) support mandatory screening for HIV, and a significant part (21.9% of respondents) even favours isolation of AIDS patients. Results show the relations between false beliefs on transmission of AIDS by casual contact and willingness to agree with measures that carry a great danger of stigmatization for AIDS patients and HIV carriers; but strong correlations between support of coercive measures for prevention of AIDS and similar opinions on other controversial issues suggest that, for a fraction of the public, attitudes about AIDS are rather determined by a priori ideological and ethical values than by risk perception of the disease per se. Results also suggest that any ambiguity in scientific information about AIDS may increase social pressure, even among the most educated part of the population, for unnecessary measures. Tentative conclusions for public policy on prevention and information about AIDS are drawn.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Ethical dilemmas in care for HIV infection among French general practitioners.

A survey was carried out in May-June 1992, in the city of Marseille (South-Eastern France), to analyze attitudes towards ethical issues associated with the care of HIV-infected patients in a random sample of general practitioners (GPs) (telephone interviews; answer rate = 78.6%; n = 313). A total of 70.6% were consulted by HIV carriers and 48.9% regularly took care of these patients over the past year. Multi-dimensional analysis showed that support for HIV mandatory screening was related to lack of knowledge and experience with HIV infection, high perception of risks associated with HIV care, and the individual characteristics of GPs, such as religious beliefs and intolerance to uncertain situations. GPs with experience of regular care of HIV carriers had the same opinions than the rest of the sample about 'creation of specialized hospitals for AIDS patients' and similar attitudes toward HIV testing 'without patients' consent' or breaching of confidentiality of HIV diagnosis. Debates on ethical issues among GPs cannot be reduced to a simplistic division of a 'liberal group' highly involved in prevention and HIV care and a 'conservative' majority more or less inclined to stigmatize HIV-infected patients. Ambiguous messages on these issues from health authorities and professional ethical bodies may have very negative impacts on the attitudes of primary care physicians regarding the acceptability of HIV-infected patients.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Genetic testing in the workplace: a view from the USA.

Progress in human genetics, accelerated by the Human Genome Project, is leading to a rapid proliferation in the number of genetic tests. Although they have their benefits, genetic tests have in the past been used by various societal institutions, including employers, to discriminate against and stigmatize individuals. In the light of the increase in the number of tests and some current reports of discrimination in employment, a variety of legal and regulatory measures have been proposed to prevent genetic discrimination in the workplace.

Genetic Diseases, Inborn↗
PubMed1991

Leprosy vaccines.

Leprosy is the clinical manifestation of chronic infection with Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular parasite with a predilection for skin and nerves. Disabilities and mutilations associated with this disease, which are attributable primarily to nerve involvement, have made leprosy among the most feared and stigmatizing of all diseases. It is still widespread in the warmer regions of the globe, including southern Europe, southern USA and most of the developing countries. Though widespread, the distribution of the disease in endemic regions is sparse (a prevalence rate of 1 per 1000 is high) and predominantly rural, for reasons which are not understood, but which add to the difficulty of providing effective disease control.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1982

Hansen's Disease in the United States.

This article offers a general overview of Hansen's Disease (leprosy) and examines in some detail the spatial characteristics and demographic profiles of known sufferers. Over the years the pejorative labels attached to the disease and the societal and psychological attitudes which produce and accompany them have stigmatized leprosy sufferers. Unfortunately this stigma has often pre-empted rational understanding and treatment. Contrary to popular belief, leprosy, caused by the bacteriological agent Mycobacterium leprae, is relatively non-contagious and can be rendered completely non-contagious by chemotherapy. Incidence rates in the United States are extremely low (0.08 per 100,000 in 1979), but have shown a slight if erratic increase since 1942. Most of this can be attributed to increases in the number of foreign born cases; a result of immigration from areas of higher incidence (e.g. Southeast Asia, Latin America). Six states, California, Texas, Hawaii, New York, Florida, and Louisiana accounted for over 80% of the 1432 cases reported in the United States between 1967 and 1976.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Psychological correlates of length of hospitalization and rehospitalization in patients with acute, severe asthma.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between emotions, attitudes and personality traits, and length of hospitalization and incidence of rehospitalization in patients with acute, severe asthma. For a group of 40 Dutch hospitalized asthma patients, length of hospitalization was significantly correlated with a personality dimension reflecting anxiety as a personality trait, feelings of stigma because of being an asthma patient, neuroticism, and hostility. No associations were found between length of hospitalization and the severity or duration of the disease. It was further found that patients who were rehospitalized within 6 months after their first admission were significantly more anxious, less optimistic, and felt more stigmatized than patients who were not rehospitalized. These findings point to the importance of the relationship between patterns of coping with asthma and medical outcome. Suggestions for interventions regarding maladaptive patterns of adjustment to asthma are formulated. These suggestions not only focus on interventions at the level of the individual patient, but also aim at the physician, and societal norms and values concerning asthma.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Treatment-seeking for depression by black and white Americans.

This paper examines data from a psychiatric epidemiologic survey of 3004 households in St Louis to determine whether there are distinctions between black and white Americans in their propensities to seek treatment for episodes of depression and to discover those groups least likely to seek care. The process initiated by the experiencing of unusual or distressing signs or symptoms and completed by seeking treatment for those complaints is a complex one, involving several steps. Numerous factors may affect decisions regarding treatment-seeking including characteristics of the individuals themselves, characteristics of the symptoms, and attitudes and beliefs about the causes and proper treatment of psychiatric problems or mood. We, therefore, also examine the available epidemiologic data for some clues concerning those factors which may have contributed to the observed patterns of treatment-seeking. Significantly fewer blacks meeting psychiatric criteria for a diagnosis of depression had sought professional care. Moreover, severity of the problem was significantly related to treatment-seeking among blacks and it was among those with the least severe problems that the greatest differences were found. Whites did not significantly exceed blacks in seeking care when depressive episodes were long lasting, severe or frequent. Although there was some indication that blacks may be more tolerant of depressive symptoms, a considerable proportion of blacks who felt they had a troublesome problem had never sought professional care. There was little evidence to suggest that a fear of being stigmatized prevented blacks from seeking care. However, blacks were more likely to report that fear of treatment and of being hospitalized had prevented them from seeking care. A number of hypotheses generated by the epidemiologic data are presented. Once large-scale surveys such as this have delineated the patterns of health care utilization and identified those groups at high risk of not receiving care, anthropological concepts and problem-oriented field research may be extremely useful in testing hypotheses concerning those factors underlying the observed behavioral patterns.

Adult↗